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Any three centres related with Indian National Movement -

Champaran, Dandi. Bombay, Kheda, Ahmadabad, Chauri-Chaura, Amritsar, Benaras, Lahore, Bardoli, Karachi 

Sloper is a term given to a very basic set of pattern pieces used to make additional patterns of any style.

7 inches below the waistline on centre front line.

Claire McCardell, Donna Karan and Ann Klien.

Opening seams or stitches.

Roots and leaves are two vegetative parts of the plants which can be used for vegetative propagation. Root propagule includes the propagation of a new plant through its fleshy roots; such as in the case of sweet potato and dahlia. Vegetative propagation through leaves includes case of Bryophyllum.ln Bryophyllum fleshy buds are produced in the axil of foliage leaves, When these buds are shed and fall on ground, they grow to form new plants.

(i) 

a : Spermatogonia 

b : Interstitial cells 

c : Spermatozoa 

d : Sertoli cells 

(ii) 

a : The spermatogonia or male germ cells undergo meiotic divisions leading to sperm formation. 

d : Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells

Difference between Biotic and Abiotic

Ori is a sequence from where replication starts and any piece of DNA to replicate in the host cell needs to be linked to it.

It also controls the copy number of the linked DNA.

(i) ∠i = ∠e. 

(ii) Angle of emergence also increases. 

(iii) The light ray falls along the normal or the refractive index of the two optical media are equal.

(i) Concave mirror ; f = 35 - 15 = 20 cm 

(ii) Because the incident rays parallel to each other after reflection from concave mirror meets at focus and produce sharp image at focus.

People prefer use of condoms as it prevents STDs/gives privacy to the user. Condoms help create a mechanical barrier preventing meeting of sperms and ovum.

When a particle meets its antiparticle, the two annihilate each other to form 2 photons due to conservation of momentum, with sum total of energy equivalent to total mass-energy of the particle.

For eg. e^- + e⁺ →  γ+ γ

The maximum wavelength of incident light for a metal surface above which the incident light cannot reject electrons is called threshold wavelength for that metal.

Here, Principal (P) =  ₹ 1,200, Rate (R) = 12% p.a., Time (T) = 3 years

Simple Interest =(Px R x T)/100

=(1200 x 12 x 3)/100

= ₹ 432

Now, Amount = Principal + Simple Interest

= 1200 + 432

=  ₹ 1,632

(b) Here, Principal (P) = ₹ 7,500, Rate(R) = 5% p.a., Time (T) = 3 years

Simple Interest =(Px R x T)/100

=(7500 x 5 x 3)/100

=₹1,125

Now, Amount = Principal + Simple Interest

= 7,500 + 1,125

= ₹ 8,625

Given, sin α  = 1/2,

then 3 sin α - 4 sin³ α  = 3 x 1/2 - 4 x (1/2)³

^{= 3/2 - 4/8}

^{= 1}

CD/AD = CE/BE 

(x+3)/2x = x/(2x-1)

5x = 3

x = 3/5

Area of the sector = 1/2 x (length of the corresponding arc) x radius

= 1/2 x l x r

= 1/2 x 12 x 6

= 36 cm²

sin(A + B) = 1 = sin 90^o

A + B = 90^o ........(i)

sin (A-B) = 1/2 = sin 30^o

A - B = 30^o  ........(ii)

Solving eq. (i) and (ii),

A = 60^o and B = 30^o

Total no. of cases = 200 

Favourable cases = 200 - 12 = 188

Required probability = 188/200 = 47/50

90 = 2 x 3² x 5

144 = 2⁴ x 3²

HCF = 2 x 3² = 18

LCM = 2⁴ x 3² x 5 = 720

When percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price, the demand is said to be Inelastic

Price elasticity of demand is the degree of responsiveness quantity demanded of the commodity, to the change in its price.

Perfectly elastic demand implies an infinite change in quantity demanded as a result of a slight change in price.

The demand of a good is called perfectly inelastic when with the change in the price there is no change in demand for the good.

When the Percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to percentage change in price, the elasticity of demand is called unitary

Price elasticity of demand is equal to infinity (e_D=∞), when demand curve is a horizontal straight line

Price elasticity of demand is equal to zero (e_D=0), when demand curve is a vertical straight line.

When percentage change in quantity demanded is greater than the percentage change in price, the demand is called elastic

Perfectly elastic demand curve is parallel to x-axis because as a result of the slightest change in price, there is an infinite change in the quantity demanded

E_d=(-) ΔQ/ΔP x P/Q

Where ΔQ = Change in Quantity Demanded

ΔP = Change in Price

Q = Initial Quantity

P = Initial Price

Return on Equity = Profit after interest and tax / Equity × 100

Raman should invest in Beta Company as its ROE is better than that of Alpha Company

(a)Vikas has graduated in Business Management from one of the premier institutes of India. An institute is renowned for its ability to churn out well-groomed budding managers, who are capable of putting hard labour and using latest techniques in management.

Most of the modern organizations recognize human resource as most important resource. A valuable lesson on how to manage human resources can be learnt from Japanese. Any firm that intends to compete in the world’s international arena will have to compete with the Japanese and their ability to get the utmost from their people. In the present case, Vikas might be trying to give congenial environment to workers which is conducive to satisfaction level and thus may help in increasing production. At this, his father has taken a negative stand and has criticized his son for being nice to people and also Hawthorne studies which is not justified. The Hawthorne studies were conducted by Elton Mayo, a Harvard consultant and his associates. A number of lessons were drawn from the studies.

Firstly, they alerted management for focusing on the needs and feelings of employees and workers in work setting. They highlighted the influence of psychological, social and other intangible factors on worker productivity and satisfaction. Secondly, the studies revealed the incidence of informal groups and interpersonal relations which exert more influence over workers’ behavior than formal organizational requirements. Similarly, the importance of informal group leaders, the key role of free communication, friendly and considerate supervision in improving workers’ productivity and satisfaction were brought out for the first time.

A large number of theorist and thinkers in social sciences began to exhort on the importance of humanizing the relations between management and workers. Many organizations started taking interest in the welfare and happiness of workers. They initiated measures to socialize workers, to relax supervisory styles, to improve working conditions, to encourage informal and interpersonal relations, to show respect and warmth to workers, to inject feelings of importance and belongingness and so on. However, at the same time, Elton Mayo also found that the same work factors (such as working conditions, pay, etc.) can be sources of satisfaction for some workers and dissatisfaction for other workers. A humanistic philosophy is basically sound, provided it is understood and practiced properly in the context of organizations.

(b) Vikas must be in great dilemma. His father is asking him to bring radical changes in his behavior which must have been groomed by the premier management institute. He has to be very tactful and diplomatic in his approach. He should try to patiently explain that people are motivated better if treated nicely. But first, he should fully understand the view point of his father. He should understand that views of his father are conditioned by his long experience as a Government officer and entrepreneur.

He should request his father to be more patient and judge the results of his approach only after passage of some time. He can emphasise that one week is a very short period to form an opinion about success or failure of his actions. He needs to emphasise that his behavior is directed towards increasing productivity and bring out better performance from the workers. At the same time, he should also assure his father that this will not undermine his authority or the respect in which he is held.

This statement is False.

Reasons :

1. Planning means deciding the future course of action. To do any job we have first to study the exact nature of the job, the factors necessary for executing the job, the method of doing the job, the time when the job is to be completed and many other considerations. Thus, planning is the very first stage of management.

2. Planning is a systematic activity which determines when, how and who is going to perform a specific job. It is a sort of detailed programme regarding the job to be completed in the future. It is the foremost, fundamental and important function of management.

3. Planning makes the arrangement of requisite men, materials, machinery, methods and money, so that the job can be completed effectively and efficiently. Planning takes into consideration the available and potential human, physical and financial resources of the organisation and gets their effective co-ordination and necessary contribution.

4. Planning is concerned with both the processes of determining the objectives of the business and choosing the most suitable course of action. Planning bridges the gap between where we are standing now and where we want to reach. It is really looking ahead and preparing for future.

Business format franchise opportunity- In this approach, a company provides a business owner with a proven method for operating using the name and trademark of the company. The company also provides significant amount of assistance. 

SIDBI objectives 

i. Initiate steps for technological upgradation, and modernization of existing units. 

ii. expand channels for marketing of SSI sector products in India and abroad. 

iii. Promote employment - oriented industries

(a) He has to plan his budget for the next year and he has to understand why he is currently spending more than he had been budgeted-he has to control. He talked with his boss about reorganizing by eliminating a post and organizing by creating two new posts in his department. Planning is not just figuring out the budget for the coming year. Kunal is also planning when he decides what phone calls to return and whether or not to keep his lunch appointment. He has to decide what objectives were important, and he must do routinely. Talking with his boss is an obvious case of organizing. Giving feedback to a subordinate is a way of controlling. Talking to new manager of the other department at lunch table, is coordinating the efforts of two departments and by attending the Grievance Committee meeting he also interacted and coordinated. His decision to give up smoking is derived from a desire to set a better example of leadership. Spending time with the customers also indicates his leading and controlling aspects. While doing so he got important information that he could transmit both to his subordinates for his report and to his boss for better planning, and thus he communicated well. He motivated his subordinate by persuading him to stay back. He did staffing work by holding interviews. Kunal’s office work shows that management is a dynamic process and management functions do not have a beginning, middle, and end. His day seems to be an endless series of interruptions or disconnected activities. 

(b) Kunal engaged himself in interpersonal, informational and decisional roles throughout the day. Mintzberg’s managerial roles approach correctly explains as to what do managers do. 

(c) Yes, kunal is a good manager since he has ability to manage which is evidenced by his organizing, planning, controlling, leading, communicating, leading, communicating, motivating, and staffing qualities. He is an effective manager since his department achieves high levels of task performance and human resource maintenance. 

(d) Nothing, because kunal has already performed the job of a good and effective manager. 

A businessman has to keep different kinds of goods, so there is always a need for different types of warehouses, which are as follows :

1. Private Warehousing : Private warehouses are owned and managed by the manufacturers or traders to store their own goods. Big business firms which need large storage capacity on a regular basis construct their own warehouses. Generally these warehouses are constructed by farmers near their fields, by wholesalers and retailers near their business areas and by manufacturers near their factories.

2. Public/Commercial Warehouses : This type of warehouses provide storage facilities to the general public for payment of certain fees. It may be owned by an individual, partnership firm, company, etc. These warehouses have to obtain the license from the government and work as per the rules framed by the government. They are generally located near railway stations, highways, airport, seaport, etc.

3. Government Warehouses : These warehouses are owned, managed and controlled by central and state governments or public corporations or local authorities. It is difficult for the small traders, farmers, businessmen, etc. to own a warehouse, so these government warehouses assist them in storing their goods at a nominal charge. State Warehousing Corporation and Food Corporation of India are examples of agencies maintaining government warehouses.

4. Bonded Warehouses : Bonded warehouses are licensed by the government for storing imported goods till the custom duty is not paid. They are located within the dock area. They are either operated by the government or custom authorities. The goods are held in bond and cannot be withdrawn without paying the custom duty.

5. Duty Paid Warehouses : If an importer faces any problem in transportation of goods, after making payment of duty, then goods can be stored at a Duty Paid Warehouses. All duty paid warehouses are public warehouses which are available to all the importers whether big or small. Such warehouses are more helpful for some businessman, who re-export the goods.

6. Co-operative Warehouses : These warehouses are owned, managed and controlled by cooperative societies. They mainly provide warehousing facilities at the rural areas. These type of warehouses are very useful for farmers and traders. They provide warehousing facilities at the most economical rates to the members of the society and also to the public.

7. Cold Storage Warehouses : Cold Storage warehouses provide facilities for perishable commodities like fisheries, poultry, dairy products, vegetables, fruits, flowers, etc. In cold storage warehouse, goods are stored and refrigerated at very low temperatures so as to preserve them and use them in the future.

The advantages of outsourcing are explained as follows :

1. Efficiency and effectiveness : Many a time tasks are outsourced to the vendors who are specialised in their fields, having deep knowledge, experience, specific equipment and technical expertise. As a result the tasks can be completed faster effectively with greater efficiency and with better quality output.

2. Concentration on core business process : Outsourcing supporting the business processes, facilitates the organisation more time to strengthen their business processes as they need not focus one non-core activities.

3. Cost reduction: Outsourcing reduces its own cost. Outsourcing avoids the need to hire employees in houses. Hence, recruitment and operational costs can be eliminated of minimised.

4. Manpower available at low cost : In every organisation manpower is required to operate machineries, to do routine work, to perform jobs, to administer and manage business affairs. Recruitment and appointment of personnel on permanent basis are most costly. Manpower through outsourcing is available at a lower cost. Outsourcing is beneficial in some portions of business process.

5. Less investment requirement : Due to lack of expert labour, some portions of business process are outsourced by the organisation. Similarly, to reduce or cut the cost, still some portions of business process are outsourced. As a result organisation itself is required to manage only remaining portions of business process. Hence, investment requirements of the organisation is very less.

6. Knowledge sharing : Most of the times tasks are outsourced to the vendors who are specialised and expert (knowledgeable) in their fields. While working together outsourced partners (vendors) share their knowledge, experience, technical expertise, etc. with the employees of the organisation. This is one of the prime advantages of outsourcing.

7. Stimulates entrepreneurship : Outsourcing encourages and stimulates entrepreneurship, employment and expertness in the country from where outsourcing is done.

The significance of principle of management is given as below :

1. Helps to improve understanding : Principles of management help the managers in getting better insight or understanding of situations and problems. They also help managers in resolving these problems and handling various situations.

2. Helps in increasing the efficiency: Scientific principles help to cut down the wastages in operations and save time, energy and efforts through the maximum utilisation of the resources. As a result, organisation gets higher returns in terms of quantity and quality of performance at a same or lower cost than before.

3. Helps to develop the objective approach : By using principles of management, the manager can develop an objective approach. The manager can find out and identify the problems in right direction and can provide solutions in an objective manner.

4. Helps to co-ordinate and control: Principles of management serve as guidelines to co-ordinate the departmental goals with the goals of the organisation. These principles help the managers to co-ordinate the activities of different departments. Managers can easily exercise the control over the entire organisation. The proper use of these principles helps to achieve the given targets easily.

5. Understanding social responsibility : Business is a part of the society. It makes use of the resources of the society and therefore, it has to perform some social responsibilities. Management principles guide the managers to understand and perform social responsibilities. For example, the principle of fair remuneration insists the management to pay adequate salary to the employees and to take care of other interests of the employees also.

6. Research and development: Principles of management are evolutionary in nature and have evolved with passage of time. They have undergone certain changes on account of changes in the business world. They are developed over the years to suit the current needs of organisation. They stress on scientific study, research and development in the organization. 

This is the seeding stage of a new idea. It is the stage where the entrepreneur recognizes that an opportunity exists which can be explored and exploited to its best potential.

The following are the characteristics of entrepreneurship :

1. Economic activity : An entrepreneur produces a new product for the consumers as per their needs. He feels the need of this to satisfy human wants and as well in exchange earn a better livelihood. Hence entrepreneurship is an economic activity.

2. Innovation : Entrepreneurship is an innovation. He brings a new product in the market, uses new production technology, discovers new source of supply of raw materials and opens a new market for the specific product. In view of changing taste of consumers from time to time, entrepreneurship is of research and development to produce goods to satisfy the customers.

3. Creative activity : Innovation should have a strong support of creativity. Introducing creativity in producing some new is a big challenge for the entrepreneur. Thus creativity is an essential part of entrepreneurship.

4. Organization building : It is an activity where various factors of production have to be organized. Different factors like place utility, time utility, form utility, etc. has to be considered to collect them under one roof for new production.

5. Managerial skill and leadership : Leadership and managerial skills are the most important facts of entrepreneurship. Other skills can be considered secondary. An entrepreneur must have the ability to lead and manage.

6. Risk bearing : Entrepreneur is an agent who buys factors of production at certain prices. In order to combine them into a product, to sell them at uncertain prices in future. Thus they too are risk-bearing agents of production.

7. Gap filling function : The most significant feature of entrepreneurship is gap filling. It is the entrepreneur’s job to fill the gap or make up the deficiencies which always exist in the knowledge about the production function.

8. Skillful management : The success of any entrepreneurship depends on the management of the organization. With professional management and skilled managers, entrepreneurship becomes a successful activity.

Definition :

A Joint Hindu Family Business is a family concern that operate under the provisions of the Hindu Law and Hindu Succession Act 1956. It may be defined as a business organisation which is inherited or owned, conducted and managed by the members of a Hindu undivided family pointly under the direction and control of the senior most member of the family called karta for earning profits.

Features :

1. Formation : It is formed as per the Hindu law. Each member becomes coparcener by birth .

2. Karta and coparcener : The senior most member of joint Hindu Family becomes karta and other members coparcener.

3. Membership : The membership of Joint Hindu Family firm is unlimited

4. Management : Karta is only manager, controller and co-ordinator of the business managing it in the interest of coparceners.

5. Joint ownership : The property of Joint Hindu Business is jointly owned by the three generations after him.

TFCI- Tourism Finance Corporation of India. 

Weighted Contribution= 200 + 60 + 120 =  Rs.380

BEP  = Fixed cost/WACM = 1520000/380= 4000 units

In Units: 

Vincent = 50% of 4000 = 2000 unit

Banish = 20% of 4000 = 800 unit

Exclusive = 30% of 4000 = 1200 units.

In Rupees: 

Vincent = 2000 units x 800 = Rs.1600000

Banish = 800 units x 450 = Rs. 360000

Exclusive = 1200 units X 600 = Rs. 720000

The company is earning more revenue in the sale of Vincent

It is conducted to measure an individual's potential and his capacity to develop.

Workload Analysis

Repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (Reserve Bank of India in case of India) lends money to commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds. The lending here is overnight lending.  If a bank needs money in short span of time, it contacts RBI and asks for overnight lending. RBI lends the bank the required fund at an interest rate called REPO RATE.