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The interplay between municipal and international law is complex. Some authors believe that international law and the law of the domestic jurisdiction, also referred to as the municipal law of the country, do not intersect and are completely different entities which cannot affect or overrule each other. However in practice it seems that this does not hold true. There are some principles that are clear as this conflict between international law and domestic law is concerned.

Municipal law cannot serve as a defense to a breach of international law, i.e. you cannot use a domestic law to justify the breach of an international one. Neither can one say that their consent to a treaty has been invalidated by way of a change of its municipal law. Similarly, the International Court of Justice has also stated that the lack of domestic legislation cannot be brought up as a defense if there is an international obligation on the state not to do a certain act. There have been various cases on points that state that international law is prevalent over the domestic law however that does not mean that domestic legislations carry no force.

Some international treaties require that countries adopt domestic legislation in line with the international obligations it has already agreed to. Owing to such requirements there is a blurring of the distinction between international and municipal law and domestic courts have also started analyzing international obligations of states in domestic disputes. In countries such as the United Kingdom, there is a doctrine of transformation that states that before any international agreement can be considered applicable domestically it must be transformed into municipal law. This means that the provisions of the treaty need to be transformed into local law, passing a domestic legislation with concurrent provisions as the international obligations.

Similarly in the United States of America, the position is that customary international law is federal law and if the federal courts in the US determine it to be binding then it's binding on the state courts as well. However, no act of legislature may be invalidated merely on the basis of a violation of customary international law. The US Supreme court believes that there should be respectful consideration to be given to the interpretation of international treaties however a domestic rule to the contrary would be given supremacy over those provisions.

Free Legal Aid under Criminal Law to the accused in criminal proceedings, appeals and jails. In 1960, the Union Government initiated the national legal aid scheme which faced financial shortages

and died a natural death. In 1973, in the second phase, the Union Government constituted a committee under the chairmanship of Justice Krishna Iyer to develop a legal aid scheme for states. The Committee devised a strategy in a decentralized mode with legal aid committees in every district, state and the centre.

A committee on judicature was set up under the chairmanship of Justice P N Bhagwati to implement the legal aid scheme. This Committee suggested legal aid camps and nyayalayas in rural areas and recommended the inclusion of free legal aid provision in the Constitution. In 1980, the Committee on National Implementation of Legal Aid was constituted with Justice Bhagwati was its head. Subsequently, the Parliament enacted the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.

The 1976 amendment of the Constitution inserted Article 39-A in the Constitution which is as follows: Equal Justice and free legal aid: The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. The wording of Article 39-A reiterates that kind of an equality which shall promote access to justice for all by creating equal opportunity. That this constitutional guarantee that was often violated than observed is visible in many of the cases brought before the courts including the apex court. Among many crucial reasons for this, it is evident that a technical application of statutory law or constitutional obligation is inadequate. Only a fair procedure can ensure the concept of equality and access to justice.

With the passage of time, people began to understand their environment and the forces of nature. With social and cultural development, humans developed better and more efficient technology. They moved from a state of necessity to a state of freedom. They created possibilities with the resources they obtained from the nature. The earlier scholars termed it as ‘possibilism’ wherein humans harnessed the opportunities provided by nature and developed technology that helped them utilize the resources and loosen the shackles of nature on humans. 

Outsourcing is giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency and reduce costs. When outsourcing involves transferring work to overseas locations, it is described by the term off-shoring.

The following activities are outsourceda-

(a) Information technology 

(b) Human resources 

(c) Customer support 

(d) Call centre services 

(e) Sometimes manufacturing and engineering.

Quinary Activities :

Services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technology. 

(a) These are called Gold collar professions.

(b) They are special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, govt. officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants. 

(c) Their importance is significant in the structure of advanced economies.

(a) (iii) with 

(b) (ii) are 

(c) (i) Unless 

(d) (i) will

(a) (i) In 

(b) (iii) it

(c) (ii) faster 

(d) (iii) greater

Hardy–Weinberg equation conveys genetic equilibrium, i.e., sum total of all allelic frequencies is 1.

\(|\vec a + \vec b| = |\vec b|\)

⇒ \(|\vec a + \vec b| ^2= |\vec b |^2\)

⇒ \((\vec a + \vec b ). (\vec a + \vec b)= \vec b . \vec b\)

⇒ \(|\vec a |^2 + 2 \vec a .\vec b + |\vec b|^2 = |\vec b|^2\)

⇒ \(|\vec a|^2 + 2 \vec a . \vec b = 0\)

⇒ \(\vec a . \vec a + 2\vec a. \vec b = 0\)

⇒ \(\vec a. (\vec a + 2 \vec b) =0\)

Hence, \((\vec a + 2\vec b) \) is perpendicular to \(\vec a.\)

The correct option is (b) 4 units.

Distance of point (3, 4) from x-axis is its y-coordinate.

(i) It is a temperature at which feromegnetic material convert into pera magnetic material For iron it is approximately 1000ºC

 In Steel sound travel the fastest

(1) It is an equal dc current which generate equal amount of heat when passes through a same resistance for a same time. 

(2) This is the measurement of sharpness of current v/s frequency curve or. it is the ratio of angular resonance frequency to band width.

Devision & jermer experiment. It was the differection of e^s from the crystal which shows the wave nature of a particle.

No change  in the linear momentum of the system

Moderators are (i) D₂O (ii) Graphite rod

λ = h/mv

here v → same

∴ λ ∝ 1/m

As we know m_p > m_e ∴ λ_p < λ_e

a. Shoulders- 

Shoulder should appear smooth and feel comfortable 

Seam should lie on top of the shoulder 

The shoulder slope of garment should match the shoulder slope of the wearer.

b. Bust/Chest- 

The seams on CF should not gape open. 

Garment should not ride up which is likely to happen in case of larger bust. 

Well fitted dart will always point towards the fullest part of the body.

c. Neckline- 

Should be large enough to fit 

Should not lie against the body in front and back. 

The front of basic neckline should always be lower than that of back.

d. Collar- 

Collar circumference should be at least 1/4th of an inch bigger than that of neckline. 

Two fingers gap between neck and collar. 

Collar stays in place when wearer moves.

e. Armscye 

Comfortable and attractive 

Do not pull at the front and back of the garment. 

Should not bite into the armpit.

The line of collar on which the collar folds or rolls.

a. Grain

b. Set

c. Line

d. Balance

e. Ease

(a) If the garment has been purchased readymade from the market.

(b) If there are changes in the body size.

(a) Side seam- 1inch

(b) Straight hemline- 2 inches

Lengths and widths of the front and back dart are different.

Formal, Sporty, Casual

down from neckline an amount equal to the width of the button.

(a) From shoulder intersection over the bent elbow to the wrist.

(b) Mark a point on CB such that centre back neck intersection to that point is 1/4^th of CB length. Shoulder blade measurement is taken from that point to armhole ridge the tape keeping parallel to the floor.

(a) Complex designs

(b) Labour intensive weaves.

To ensure that the garment does not gape open at CF due to movement which may cause a pull on the bust.

French word- Pret a Porter

Linear trims are created on domestic sewing machines. Example- Corded edge/ Corded seam/Faggoting/Multi-needle top stitching(Any two examples)

Tailor’s chalk- quick marking device.

Two types:

Regular chalk-tends to rub off easily

Wax chalk-more durable

Canvas, gabardine, denim.

Ease- amount of roominess in a garment.

a. well-stitched churidar-kurta, Gandhi Topi and band collar jacket with a red rose.

b. short length , separate cup and embellishment.

c. dual responsibility of women.

(a) Take one dart sloper.

(b) Slash the new dart position.

(c) Close the old dart.

(d) Trace the new pattern on separate sheet. (Along with relevant figures).

a. trace neckline of basic bodice block.

b. mark points for neck depth.

c. square out points for neck width.

d. Join extended points. (Answer to be supplemented with well-labeled figure)

(a) Equal emphasis on textile and apparel industry

(b) Japanese designers participate in international trade shows and have offices in European cities and in New York.

Blending the knowledge of world fashion with traditional Japanese aesthetics and concepts of beauty. 

(i) By laying equal emphasis on its textiles and apparel industry.

(ii) Participate in international trade shows and have offices in European cities and in New York.

Formal- elegantly cut in dark smooth fabric.

Sporty – co-ordinated with a polo neck-t-shirt.

(a) Trace the neckline of basic bodice block.

(b) Mark the points as for V neckline.

(c) For neck depth measure diagonally at centre front.

(d) Square out the neckline. (Along with relevant figure)

• Demand for stylish and a professional look in the menswear category. 
• Brand awareness among consumers. 
• Increase in disposable income and willingness to spend more.

Redistribution of the energy of orbitals of individual atoms to give orbitals of equivalent energy happens when two atomic orbitals combine to form hybrid orbital in a molecule. This process is called hybridization. The new orbitals thus formed are known as hybrid orbitals.

A peroxisome is a membrane-bound organelle (formerly known as a microbody), found in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles.

Dart point- point at which dart ends

Apex- highest point on bust.

Specific market requirements of sizes, ethnicity and occasions.

Introduction of garments for plus size women and maternity wear.

(a) (i) Garments were substantially lower in price hence serving broader clientele.

(ii) Available in varied sizes and ready to be purchased off the rack.

(b) To create buzz/ to set trends/ to attract buyers.

Points to be kept in mind for the application of trims on a garment: 

• Trims should complement the design of a garment 
• Trim cost should be within the framework of the garment price. 
• The material of the trim should be compatible with that of the garment fabric.

• Place the bias strip on the garment neckline. 
• Stitch with a seam allowance of 1/4th seam allowance 
• Fold the bias strip over 1/4th and press down 
• Fold bias strip over stitch line. 
• Slip stitch along the edge of bias binding. (along with relevant figures)

Line gives the diameter of the button. 

(a) order left to right

(b) pinfold on grain line arrow

(c) Finally edges

(d) Place pieces as close together as possible.