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• One basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power.
• In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-governance.
• In a democracy, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society.
• Everyone has a voice in the shaping up of public policies.

The modern novel form developed in India in the 19th century, as Indians became familiar with the Western novel. The development of the vernaculars, print, cheap price compared to handwritten books, a reading public helped novels to be popular.

Indian novelists wrote to develop a modern literature that could produce a sense of national belonging and cultural equality with their colonial master.

Novels encouraged reading alone and in silence. Reading a novel was like day dreaming.
Novel became a powerful medium to criticise the defects of society and suggest the remedies.

Today, the world has been converted into a global village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport and communication facilities. 

The following points support the fact:

(i) Daily flights to different countries and improved technology to develop fast means of transportation has connected the countries.

(ii) Computer and internet facilities supported by satellite services have made the world a small village wherein an information can be reached at almost instantly.

(iii) Every country is well-linked with the rest of the world through various means of transport and communication.

(iv) Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema, internet, etc have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways.

When the total income of the country is divided by its population, we get per capita income.

Sinhalas constituted the largest share in the population of Srilanka.

It is not easy to make changes in the power-sharing arrangements of India.The Parliament cannot on its own change this arrangement.

Social division affects voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer their own party more than others. In many countries, there are parties that focus only on one community

Economic development is a sustained increase in real per capita income that promotes economic welfare by reducing poverty, unemployment and inequalities in the distribution of income.

Running proper schools and providing quality education particularly elementary education is the duty of the government. India’s size of an illitreate population is one of the largest in the world, so government must spend on it.

The first world war affected the socio-economic conditions of the world in the following ways:
(i) Entire Societies were reorganized for war— as men went to battlefields, women stepped in to undertake jobs that earlier only men were expected to do.
(ii) The war led to snooping of economic links between some of the world’s largest economic powers, which were now fighting each other to pay for them. So Britain borrowed large sums of money from US banks. The war transformed the US from being an International debtor to an International creditor.
(iii) Many agricultural economies were also in crises. Before the war, Eastern Europe was a major supplier of wheat in the world market. The supply was disrupted during the war. After the war, production revived and created a surplus wheat production. Grain prices fell, rural incomes declined and farmers fell into debts.

(i) People were afraid to travel by London underground railway because they thought they were menace to health. A newspaper reader warned the public of compartments full of smoking pipes, fuel atmosphere, which was a mixture of sulfur, coal, dust, and fumes from the gas lamps.
(ii) Many people called the underground railways as iron monsters, which added to the mess and unhealthiness.
(iii) The famous writer Charles Dickens, in one of his novels, criticised the railways for knocking down houses, digging deep pits and benches. “To make two miles of railway, 900 houses were dug up.” This led to the massive displacement of the London poor

With the printing press, a new reading public emerged. 

(i) Printing reduced the cost of books. 

(ii) The time and labor to produce each book came down. Multiple copies could be produced easily. 

(iii) Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever-growing readership. 

(iv) Common people could not read books earlier, only the elite could. Common people heard a story or saw a performance collectively.

 (v) The rate of literacy was low in European countries too, so publishers reached out to people by making them listen to books being read out.

 (vi) Printers published popular ballads and folktales, profusely illustrated. These were then sung and recited at village gatherings in taverns in towns. Oral culture thus entered print and printed material was orally transmitted. Hearing and reading public, thus became one.

The various ways in which MNCs set up or control production in other countries are

(a) Buy up a local production company.

(b) Place orders for production with small producers, i.e., contract manufacturing.

(c) By setting up a partnership (joint venture) with a local company.

(d) Setting up their wholly owned subsidiary in the other country.

(e) By licensing or franchising their brand to a local company.

The three reasons to worry about the effects of the novel on readers were:

 (i) The cities were worried about the immoral influence of the novels. They took people away from real surroundings to an imaginary world where anything could happen.

 (ii) Women and children were considered as soft targets that could be corrupted easily. They were warned against ailments and diseases, which would ruin their lives if they wasted their time in reading novels. (iii) Men were suspicious of women reading or writing novels. This suspicions cut across communities. Many thought women would become rebellious and refuse to conform to traditions.

(i) Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting to the cultivation of water-intensive and commercial crops.

(ii) This has great ecological consequences. It leads to water-logging and consequent salinization of the soil.

(iii) This is the negative effect of irrigation. As rich farmers have better access to irrigation, they have earned more money due to the production of commercial crops.

(iv) On the other hand, the landless poor who could not avail of its benefits has become poorer.

(v)  Thus, irrigation has transformed the social landscape by increasing the social gap between rich landowners and the landless poor families.

Shifting cultivation that means the shifting of the land from the other place for the cultivation purpose. In that there is the there is the change of the place is take place that means if there is the cultivation of the land is get reduced then by shifting it we can increase this.

Increasing number of industries exerting pressure on fresh water resources –

(i) Industries are heavy users of water.

(ii) More demand of hydro electric power.

(iii) Industrial wastes and effluent are discharged into rivers causing water pollution.

(iv) Multiplying urban centres, due to industries, has caused pressure on water resources.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained.

Money and muscle power play an important role in elections. Political parties are mainly focused towards winning the elections. To achieve this aim, they are at times willing to use any method, however, unfair it may be. Political parties mainly nominate those candidates who can raise money for contesting elections. Rich people and organisations that heavily fund the party during elections can easily influence the policies and decisions of the party. Political parties also support candidates with criminal backgrounds in order to win elections.

(i) Large industrial houses are exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources because industries used water as coolant, raw material, solvent, etc. 

(ii) Industries release harmful chemicals, which contaminates water. 

(iii) Most of the Indian rivers are polluted due to toxic chemicals, which are released by industries.

Land resources are used for the following purposes: 

1. Forests

2. Land not available for cultivation: Barren and waste land; land used for buildings, roads, etc.

3. Other uncultivated land: Permanent pastures and grazing lands.

4. Fallow land: Left fallow for regaining the fertility of the soil.

5. Net sown area: Where actual cultivation takes place.

Money and muscle power play an important role in elections because :
(i) Role of money and muscle power in parties especially during elections is growing.
(ii) Parties tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
(iii) Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
(iv) In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.
(v) Democrats all over the world are worried over the increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics.

1. The public distribution system (PDF)which provides average quality of food grains and other essential items to weaker section at subsidised price.

2. Government schools which provide elementary education upto class 8 totally free for all children upto age of 14 years.

3. Health Care in government hospitals and dispensaries is provided to all at subsidised rates these include outpatient as well as hospitalization facilities

Human Development Index is published by the UNDP.
(i) It indicates the level of development of a country.
(ii) It indicates to a country how far it has travelled and how far it has yet to travel to achieve high ranks in matters such as per capita income of the people.
(iii) One comes to know the important welfare elements such as life expectancy, literacy, educational level of people and health status.

Transparency is the most important feature of democracy :
(i) Democracy ensures that decision-making will be based on certain norms and procedures.
(ii) So, a citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through correct procedures can find this out.
(iii) The citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision-making. This is known as transparency.

The use of cattle cake as fuel should be discouraged because :
(i) It creates pollution.
(ii) It consumes most valuable manure which could be used in agriculture.

Transparency is when a citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision making.

Economic reforms is defined as the changes introduced by the government to bring an improvement in the economy of a country through various reforms and policies.
India initiated economic reforms in 1991.

(i) Introduction of “free of control” economy.

(ii) A shift from public to private sector.

(iii) Free entry to foreign private investment. Thus, the basic pillars of new economic policy are Liberalization, Privatization and Globalisation

1. Durability: Money must be durable and not likely to deteriorate rapidly with frequent handling. Currency notes and coins are being used repeatedly and shall continue to do so for many years. 

2. Medium of exchange: Money is the thing that acts as a medium of exchange for the sale and purchase of goods and services. 

3. Weight: Money must be light in weight. Paper money is better than metal coins because it is light in weight. 

4. Measure of value: It not only serves as medium of exchange but also acts as a measure of value. The value of all the goods and services is expressed in terms of money. 

1. Medium of Exchange 

2. Store of Value 

3. Standard of deferred payment 

Value: Empathy

Commercial banks perform various functions that are as follows: 

a. Accepting deposits: The basic function of commercial banks is to accept deposits of the customers. These deposits are of the following types: 

(i) Saving Accounts: Saving accounts cater to the needs of those individuals who wish to save a part of their income and earn interest on the amount saved. Account holders of saving accounts can deposit cheques, drafts, etc. However, there is a limit on withdrawal.

(ii) Fixed deposit accounts: As the name suggests, fixed deposit accounts imply deposits are kept for fixed periods of time; for example, Rs.500 per month for 5 years. The period has to be decided in advance, while opening the account. Holders of these accounts do not enjoy the cheque facility. Higher the time period, higher will be the interest rate, which is decided by RBI. 

(iii) Current deposits accounts: Current deposit accounts are also called 'demand deposits' as the depositor can withdraw money at any time through cheques. Businessmen use this account to make many transactions in a single day; however, they do not earn interest on the deposits. Banks provide account statements to the current account holders at regular intervals. 

b. Granting loans and advances: The second most important function of the commercial banks is to give loans and advances. The rate of interest charged by the banks on loans is higher than the rate of interest paid by the banks on demand deposits and saving deposits. Loans granted by commercial banks are generally for long term and are given against securities. Advances are given by a bank only for a short span of time. 

c. Agency functions: The commercial banks perform various agency functions with the prime purpose of acceptance of deposits and granting of loans. Their functions include: 

(i) Transfer of funds- The banks provide easy flow of funds from place to place via mail transfers, demand drafts, etc. 

(ii) Collection of funds- The banks also collect funds on behalf of its customers through bills, cheques, etc.

(iii) Banks collect insurance premiums, dividends, interest on debentures, etc. 

(iv) Banks assist in the process of tax payment by the account holders. 

(v) Banks also play the role of trustees or executors. 

d. Discounting bills of exchange: Commercial Banks provide financial assistance to the business community by discounting bills of exchange. The banks purchase these bills, produced by customers, by deducting interest from the face value of the bill, thus providing easy finances to the business community when required.

e. Credit creation: Commercial banks create credit in the economy through demand deposits. Credit creation paves the path for the growth of the economy.

f. Other functions:
(i) Providing locker facility
(ii) Purchase and sale of foreign exchange
(iii) Issue of gift cheques
(iv) Underwriting of shares and debentures
(v) Providing information and statistical data useful to customers

There is lack of general acceptability in case of toys, while in the case of money there is general acceptability; so, he can purchase any goods and services with the help of money at any point of time and he does not have to face any problem of lack of double coincidence of wants. 

Value: Empathy

Color Balance tool 

brief any one - shadows, midtones, highlights, RGB, CMY 

• Fix or store the information in a tangible form.
• Reproduce the copyrighted material. 
• Sell, rent, lease, or otherwise distribute copies of the copyright work to the public.
• Publicly perform and display the copyrighted material.
• Prepare derivative works based on the copyrighted material.

Open-source software (OSS) is computer software with its source code made available. It is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. A license for open sources software allows the end user to study, change and distribute the software for any purpose hence it is termed as Open Source.

(a) Scale Tool

(b) Blur/Sharpen Tool 

(c) Brush & Pencil Tool 

(d) Eraser Tool 

(e) Blend Tool 

(f) Smudge 

(g) Dodge / Burn Tool

Intentional manipulation of accounting records is much easier in computerized accounting due to following: 

i. Defective logical sequence at the programming stage 

ii. Prone to hacking

Every accounting software ensures data security, safety and confidentiality. 

Therefore every, software should provide for the following:

• Password Security: Password is a mechanism, which enables a user to access a system including data. The system facilitates defining the user rights according to organisation policy. Consequently, a person in an organization may be given access to a particular set of a data while he may be denied access to another set of data.
• Data Audit: This feature enables one to know as to who and what changes have been made in the original data thereby helping and fixing the responsibility of the person who has manipulated the data and also ensures data integrity. Basically, this feature is similar to Audit Trail.
• Data Vault: Software provides additional security through data encryption

Join line in the context of Access table means Graphical representation of tables between tables.

Following are the salient features of computerized accounting system : 

1. It is designed to automate, integrate and simplify all the business operations, such as sales, finance, purchase, inventory and manufacturing. CAS is integrated to provide accurate, up-todate business information rapidly in a cost effective manner. 

 2. It provides sufficient time to plan, increases data accessibility and enhances user satisfaction. With computerised accounting, the organisation will have greater transparency for day-to-day business operations and access to the vital information. 

3 .It provides user -definable templates (data entry screens or forms) for fast, accurate data entry of the transactions. It also helps in generalizing desired documents and reports. 

4. It enables in changing the volume of data processing in tune with the change in the size of the business. The software can be used for any size of the business and type of the organisation. 

5. It makes sure that the generalised critical financial information is accurate, controlled and secured. 

Rent received is inflow of cash from Investing Activities. 

An advantage of preparing Cash Flow Statement is  

i. Cash flow statement when used along with other financial statements provides information that enable users to evaluate changes in net assets of the enterprises, its financial structure and its ability to affect the amount and the timings of cash flows in order to adapt to changing circumstances and opportunities. 

ii. Cash flow information is useful in assessing the ability of enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and enable users to develop models to assess and compare the present value of the future cash flows of different enterprises 

iii. It also enhances the comparability of the reporting of operating performance by different enterprises because it eliminates the effects of using different accounting treatments for the same transactions and events. 

iv. It also helps in balancing the cash inflow and cash outflow, keeping in response to changing conditions. It is also helpful in checking the accuracy of the past assessment of future cash flows and in examining the relationship between profitability and net cash flow and impact of changing prices. 

Least number divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 10

= LCM of 1, 2, 3, ... 10 = 2520

Answer given below:

https://bit.ly/2JFlTD5

Let Meena got x and y notes of Rs. 50 and Rs100 respectively.

Then x + y = 25               ...(i)
50x + 100 y = 2000
⇒ x + 2y = 40                   ...(ii)

Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
y = 15
From (i), x = 25 – 15 = 10

Thus, Meena had 10 notes of Rs 50 and 15 notes of Rs 100.

The Jolly Cricketers is a tavern. The barkeeper, a cabman, an American and an off duty policeman are engaged in idle chat when Marvel bursts through the door. Marvel begs for help, claiming that the Invisible Man is after him. 

The Invisible Man doesn’t come in immediately, however. The barman checks the other doors, but by the time he realizes the yard door is open, the Invisible Man is already inside. Marvel, who is hiding behind the bar, is caught and dragged into the kitchen. The policeman rushes in and grips the invisible wrist of the hand that holds onto Marvel, but is abruptly hit in the face. People stumble over and into each other as all try to catch the Invisible Man. He yelps when the policeman steps on his foot, then flails wildly about with his invisible fists and finally escapes. The American fires five cartridges from his gun. Griffin is injured and is thus forced to find shelter and help in the nearest possible place.

• gold becomes the centerpiece of Silas' life after he started earning
• had lost faith in humanity-distanced from church 
• lives in isolation, devoted to weaving and hoarding gold 
• gold stolen by Dunsey, Silas shattered  
• life means a little only after having Eppie in his life  
• her golden hair comfort her like his lost gold 

gold symbolic of Silas himself- hard, sterile, purposeless, faithless

Nancy is the pretty, caring, and stubborn young lady whom Godfrey marries. Like Godfrey, her father is a man who values moral rectitude, thrift, and hard work. 

Nancy has inherited these strict values and looks disapprovingly on what she sees as Godfrey’s weakness of character. She is, simultaneously, exhilarated by Godfrey’s attention and status. Nancy lives her life according to an inflexible code of behavior and belief. She seems to have already decided how she feels about every question that might come up in her life, not necessarily on the basis of any reason or thought, but simply because anything else would represent a sort of weakness in her own eyes. When Nancy is younger, this “code” of hers demands that she and her sister dress alike on formal occasions. When she is older, Nancy’s code forbids her to adopt a child, as in her mind such an action represents a defiance of God’s plan. George Eliot seems to convey through her character that excessive rigidity is undesirable in man. To grow one must learn and come out of one’s comfort zone.

In the novel Silas Marner, for Silas, gold at first symbolizes the achievement of earthly goals. It literally is a symbol to him rather than an end in itself: “money had stood to him as the symbol of earthly good”. 

Eventually gold stops being a symbol for Silas, when it magically transmutes into a real, living girl. As Silas reaches forward to take what he thinks is his lost gold, “instead of the hard coin with the familiar resisting outline, his fingers encountered soft warm curls”. That’s when gold aquires more of a symbolic meaning in the novel, as Eppie comes to symbolize Silas’s gradual absorption into common life.