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The material having positive susceptibility is paramagnetic material. Properties 

(i) They have tendency to move from a region of weak magnetic field to strong magnetic field, i.e., they get weakly attracted to a magnet. 

(ii) When a paramagnetic material is placed in an external field the field lines get concentrated inside the material, and the field inside is enhanced.

Magnetic field inside the solenoid

B =μ₀nI
n → number of turns per unit length, I → current flowing,
ϕ' = Magnetic field through each turn = BA = μ₀nIA
Total magnetic flux linked with solenoid
ϕ = Nϕ' = nl x μ₀nIA =μ₀n²AlI LI =>L =μ₀n²Al 
L → self inductance of solenoid and l → length of solenoid.

| A | = 4

| λ A | = λn | A | ∀ n = order of matrix

So, | 2A | = 2³ | A | = 8 | A |

= 32 ∀ | A | = 4

According to Hugo de Vries, new species arise due to single step large mutation whereas according to Darwin, evolution occurs gradually by the method of natural selection.

When a person encounters a particular antigen, he/she responds to it which is known as primary immune response. When this antigen is introduced again in the body of that person, the antibodies produced during primary response reappear rapidly. This is known as secondary response or anamnestic response. So by administering the dead pathogen /attenuated pathogen or antigen in the body of the person can ensure secondary immune response due to production of memory cells in the body.

Individual organisms pass on the useful variations, changes or mutations that are selected by the nature from one generation to the next, and thus help in the evolution.

The homologous pair of autosomes will separate from each other and will move to different gametes during gamete formation.

Oestrous cycle takes place in non-primate female mammals and it occurs during the breeding season. 

Menstrual cycle takes place in primates and include rhythmic series of changes in the sex organs of female primates which occurs at an average of 28 days throughout the reproductive life (puberty to menopause) of female.

Our government has imposed strict conditions for M.T.P to avoid its misuse. Such restrictions are very important to prevent illegal female foeticides in our country.

Organisms of the Detritus food chain (DFC) are the prey to the Grazing food chain (GFC) organism, the dead remains of GFC are decomposed into simple inorganic materials which are absorbed by DFC organisms.

Detailed Answer :

In detritus food chain, energy comes from organic matter generated in trophic levels of the grazing food chain. 

In detritus food chain, energy comes from organic matter generated in trophic levels of the grazing food chain.

A specific place of organisms in the food chain is known as their trophic level. Producers belong to the first trophic level, herbivores to the second and carnivores to the third. 

Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time called as the standing crop. Standing crop is the quantity or total weight of dried biomass of the organism which is present in a specific location at a particular time. It is measured as the mass of living organisms (biomass) or the number in a unit area.

(i) The resources become limited at certain point of time, so no population can grow exponentially. 

(ii) Every ecosystem or environment or habitat has limited resources to support a particular maximum number of individuals called its carrying capacity (K).

Pyramid on energy is never inverted because when energy flows from a particular trophic level to the next trophic level, some energy is always lost as heat at each step. Each bar in the energy pyramid indicates the amount of energy present at each trophic level in a given time.

Transcription and translation in bacteria occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Whereas in eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

Complexities in Transcription in Eukaryotes 

(i) The structural genes are monocistronic and split in eukaryotes. 

(ii) The genes of eukaryotic organisms having coding or expressed sequences are called exons that form the part of mRNA and non-coding sequence are called introns, that do not form part of the mRNA and are removed during RNA splicing. 

(iii) In eukaryotes, apart from the RNA polymerase found in the organelles, three types of RNA polymerases are found in the nucleus. 

(iv) RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNAs (28S, 18S, and 5.8S). 

(v) RNA polymerase II transcribes the precursor of mRNA (called as heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). 

(vi) RNA polymerase III helps in transcription of tRNA, 5S rRNA, and snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs).

(vii) The primary transcripts contain both the coding region exon and non-coding region intron in RNA and are non-functional called hnRNA. 

(viii) The hnRNA undergoes two additional processes called capping and tailing. 

(ix) In capping, an unusual nucleotide is added to the 5'-end of hnRNA methyl guanosine triphosphate. 

(x) In tailing, adenylate residues (about 200–300) are added at 3'-end in a template independent manner. 

(xi) Now the hnRNA undergoes a process where the introns are removed and exons are joined to form mRNA called splicing. 

Translation in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes is similar

Monsoon It refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction during a year.

The two branches of monsoon are

(i) Arabian Sea branch

(ii) Bay of Bengal branch Bay of Bengal Branch

(a) This branch of monsoon moves along the Bay of Bengal. It advances rapidly and arrives in the North-Eastern part of the country in first week of June.

(b) The lofty mountains cause this branch of monsoon winds to deflect towards the West over the Ganga plains.

(c) It merges with .the Arabian Sea branch over the North-Western part of the Ganga plains.

Regional imbalance in any society, state or nation is the main reason for the disperity among regions to regions ex. The poor people in the plain region are availing the better facilities like drinking water, medical and transportation but those people living in mountains or hilly region or remote areas are no accessible easily and are not getting the better facilities. As a result, they have to live in a miserable condition.

So many trees where cut down by the British for the use age of building ships and the tress like oaks and Sandler wood where exported for making fragments. so many acres of land where being burned for agricultural activities.

The following points state how commercial farming led to decline in forest cover during colonial period.

(i) In the early 19th century, the colonial powers held the opinion that forests were unproductive and were in no - way useful in increasing the income of the state.

(ii) Dietrich Brand is set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and realised that a proper system had to be introduced to manage forests.

(iii) The Britisher encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat, and cotton. They also encouraged plantation of tea, coffee and rubber.

The factors that influenced the rate of transpiration are:

(i) High intensity of sunlight

(ii) High temperature

(iii) Higher wind velocity

(iv) Decrease in atmospheric pressure

The cheapest source of finance is (d) retained earning.

Explanation:

The cheapest source of finance is retained earnings. Retained income refers to that portion of net income or profits of an organisation that it retains after paying off dividends. An organisation can reinvest its retained earnings or profits for the purpose expansion, modernisation, etc. It neither involves any fund raising cost nor any risk. Also, unlike other sources of finance it does not involve any obligation in terms of repayment.

(i) Advertisements play a very vital role in the marketing of any product. One way.in which new consumers are created is through advertisements.

(ii) Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary.

(iii) They try to shape the minds of the people and create new, needs.

(iv) Today, we live in a world where advertisements surround us. They appear in the newspaper, magazines, hoarding, street wall and television screens.

(v) From the very beginning of the industrial age: advertisement have played a part in expanding the markets for products and in shaping a new consumer culture.

Attempts were made to decongest the city of London and solve the housing crisis. So, the British government built houses for working classes. All these efforts expanded the city and people found it difficult to walk to their workplaces. This made the underground rail transport essential for London. 

Disadvantages: The development of the underground railways was criticized because. 

(i) The underground railways were considered a menace to health due to the lack of oxygen created in the compartments by smoking pipes, fumes of gas lamps and coal dust. 

(ii) A large number of houses for poor were displaced for its construction.

(iii) It added to the mess and unhealthy environment of the city. 

(iv) People were afraid to travel underground. 

(v) Many felt that'iron monsters' added to the mass and unhealthiness of the city.

(vi) Ta make approximately two miles of railways, 900. houses had to be destroyed.

Adulteration is the process of mixing pure and impure products in order to attain profits. It causes financial and health loss to consumers.

(i) Attempts were made to decongest localities, Green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape in the city.
(ii) Large blocks of apartments were built in the city like Berlin and New York which had the similar housing problems.
(iii) Rent control was introduced in Britain during the 1st World War to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage.

The effects of revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830 were :
(i) The Bourbon dynasty which was restored in 1815 was overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.
(ii) A constitutional monarchy was installed with Louis Philippe as its head.
(iii) An uprising was seen in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of Netherlands.

“The Ho Chi Minh Trail became advantageous to Vietnamese in the war against U.S.”
(i) The Trail symbolizes how the Vietnamese used their limited resources to great advantage.
(ii) The Trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads was used to transport men and material from North to South.
(iii) It was improved in late 1950‘s and from 1967 about 20,000 North Vietnamese troops came south each month. The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way.
(iv) Mostly supplies were carried by women porters on their backs or on their bicycles.

(i) Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cotton was produced in many countries, but the finer varieties often came from India. Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, Eastern Persia and Central Asia.
(ii) Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the North West frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.
(iii) A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports. Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports; Masulipatnam on the Coromandel Coast and Hooghly in Bengal had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.

(i) Food could be imported into Britain at a much cheaper rate than it would be produced within the country.
(ii) British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were left uncultivated and people started migrating to cities or other countries.
(iii) As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. Faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore more food imports.
(iv) Around the world—in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia—lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.

Under the pressure from industrialists and urban dwellers, the British Government abolished the Corn Laws.

The effects of it were:

(i) Food could be imported into Britain more
cheaply than it would be produced within the country.

(ii) British agriculture was unable to compete with imports.
Vast areas of lands were left uncultivated and people started migrating to cities or other countries in search of work.

(iii) As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. Faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore, more food imports.

(iv) Around the world in Eastern Europe, Russia, America, Australia, lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.

a. While the ASEAN region as a whole is a much smaller economy compared to the US, the EU, and Japan. Its economy is growing much faster than all these. This accounts for the growth in its influence both in the region and beyond. 

b. ASEAN has focused on creating a “Free trade Area for investment, labour, and services. The US and China have already moved fast to negotiate FTAs with ASEAN. 

c. ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organization. Its vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community. This builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflict in the region. Thus ASEAN has mediated the end of Cambodian conflict and the east Timor Crisis. 

d. The current economy strength of ASEAN, especially its economy relevance as a trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economy such as India and China, makes this an attractive proposition

Limitations of USSR that led to its disintegrationI. 

The Political Limitations of Soviet Union 

a. The Soviet system became very bureaucratic and authoritarian making life very difficult or its citizens. Lack of democracy and the absence of freedom of speech stifled people who often expressed their dissent in jokes and cartoons. 

b. Most of the institutions of the soviet state needed reform: the one party system represented by the communist party of the Soviet Union had tight control over all institutions and was unaccountable to the people. The party refused to recognize the urge of people in the fifteen different republics that formed the Soviet Union to manage their own affairs including their cultural affairs. 

c. Although on paper Russia was only one of the fifteen republics that together constituted the USSR, in reality Russia dominated everything and people from other regions felt neglected and often suppressed. 

II. The Economic limitations of Soviet Union 

a. In the arms race, the Soviet Union managed to match the US from time to time but at great cost. The Soviet Union lagged behind the west in technology, infrastructure (e.g. transport, power) and most importantly in fulfilling the political or economic aspirations of the citizens. 

b. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 weakened the system even further. Through wages continued to grow, productivity and technology fell considerably behind that of the west. This led to shortages in all consumer goods. Food imports increased every year. The Soviet economy was faltering in the late 1970s and became stagnant. 

c. The Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear and military arsenal and the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe and within the soviet system (The five central Asian Republics in particular) this led to a huge economic burden that the system could not cope with. 

Four important components of traditional notion of security are

a. Security policy is concerned with preventing war which is called deterrence. 

b. If the war has already started, then nation fight against the enemy and defend them. 

c. Balance of power is a third component of traditional notion of security and the best way of maintaining balance of power is to build up one’s military powers. Nations even try to cultivate close friendship with their enemy’s enemy. 

d. Alliance building is another traditional component of security. For example, the NATO established by US and the WARSAW pact created by the USSR.

“China followed its own path in introducing a market economy”. Four suitable arguments are:- 

a. The Chinese did not go for shock therapy but opened their economy step by step. 

b. The privatization of agriculture began in 1982 and was followed by the privatization of industry in 1998. 

c. Trade barriers were eliminated only in special economic zones (SEZs) where foreign investors could set up enterprises. 

d. In China, the state played and continues to play a central role in setting up a market economy. 

The major consequences of disintegration of USSR on India are – 

a. After the disintegration of USSR, the world order became Unipolar in nature. India lost support of USSR at the international level. 

b. Now India had to make deliberate efforts to improve its ties with US in the Unipolar world order. 

c. India was not sure, initially, about Russia, the successor state of USSR about its willingness to support India on Kashmir issue and render military and economic support. 

d. India had to concentrate more on improving its economic and military strength to overcome the challenges posed by the emergence of the Unipolar world order. 

Factors that led to the disintegration of USSR 

I.Internal weakness of political and economic institutions that have failed to meet the aspirations of the people. 

II. The government was concentrating to produce more weapons and arsenals rather than concentrating on the basic needs of the citizens. 

III.Since the communist party was not accountable to people, it was reluctant to rectify it's mistakes which leads to the failure of administration eventually. 

IV. Many parts of USSR had the desire of getting sovereignty by separating from USSR. 

V. Mikhail Gorbachev wanted to reform the system which boosted up the disintegration vi. nationalist movements in Republics 

Consequences of disintegration of USSR : 

i. It meant the end of World war confrontation between USA and USSR. 

ii. US became the sole super power. 

iii. Capitalist economy became more dominant and was supported by World Bank and IMF. 

iv. Many new countries emerged, especially the Baltic and Eastern European states. 

v. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and European Union became very strong regional groups. 

vi. SHOCK therapy and expansion of capitalism 

Map questions 

(i) Nizam belonged to Hyderabad (present Telangana) 

(ii) article 370 of Indian constitution related with Jammu and Kashmir 

(iii) operation blue star was launched in Punjab 

(iv) J.P.Narayan demanded the dismissal of congress govt. in 1974 -Bihar 

(v) State which is highly affected the Naxalites.- West Bengal 

FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED 

i. naxalite movement a threat to the democracy?-violent methods used by them, splintered into parties, bloodshed by them 

ii. naxalite movement splintered into political parties – CPI-ML  

iii–ADIVASIS section of Indian society are most affected by the naxalite movement 

(I) The Critics of globalization believe that this process pose a threat to rich cultural heritage of the world. It does so, because leads to the rise of a uniform culture or cultural homogenization. The rise of this uniform culture is not the emergence of a global culture. What we have in the name of the global culture is the imposition of western culture on the rest of the world. 

(II) The culture of politically and economically dominant society leaves its imprint on the less powerful society, and the world begins to look more like the dominant power wishes it to be. 

(a) The Kashmiris, believe that the autonomy conferred by Article 370 is not enough. A section of Kashmiris have expressed at least three major grievances. 

First, the promise that Accession would be referred to the people of the state after the situation created by tribals invasion was normalized, has not been fulfilled. This has generated the demand for a ‘Plebiscite’. 

Secondly, there is a feeling that the special federal status guaranteed by Article 370, has been eroded in practice. This has led to the demand for restoration of autonomy or ‘Greater state Autonomy’. 

Thirdly, it is felt democracy which is practiced in the rest of India has not been similarly institutionalized in the state of Jammu & Kashmir. There have been serious allegations of rigging during elections. 

(b) i. The government should generate more employment in the state of Jammu & Kashmir as economic stability always leads to political and social stability. 

ii. Influence and actions of Pakistan should be completely curtailed so as to ensure peace in the region.

(A) Resistance to Globalization has come from different quarters. There have been left wing protests to economic liberalization voiced through political parties as well as through forums like The Indian social Forum. 

(B)Trade unions of industrial work force as well those representing farmers interests have organized protests against the entry of multi nationals.

3D simulated form-may lead to more efficient decision making in the process of product development and quality control.

The various steps undertaken by IMF, World Bank to make a transition from communism to capitalism are as follows: 

(a) Each of these countries was required to make a total shift to a capitalist economy, which meant rooting out completely any structure evolved during the Soviet period. 

(b) It meant that private ownership was to be the dominant pattern of ownership of property. Privatization of the state assets and corporate ownership patterns were to be immediately brought in. 

(c) Collective farms were to be replaced by private farming and capitalism in agriculture. 

(d) Development was now to be envisaged through more trade, and thus a sudden and complete switch to free trade was considered essential. The free trade regime and foreign direct investment (FDI) were the main engines of change.

The main reasons responsible for the disintegration of USSR were:  

Political limitations of the Soviet System:- 

I. The Soviet system became very bureaucratic and authoritarian, making life very difficult for its citizens. Lack of democracy and the absence of freedom of speech stifled people who often expressed their dissent in jokes and cartoons. 

II. Most of the institutions of the Soviet State needed reforms: the one party system represented by the Communist party of the Soviet Union had tight control over all institutions and was unaccountable. 

Economic limitations: 

I. Economic stagnation for many years led to severe consumer shortages and a large section of Soviet society began to doubt and question the system. 

II. The Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintain a nuclear and military arsenals and the development of the satellite states in Eastern Europe and within the Soviet system. This led to huge economic burden that the system could not cope with. 

Russia and China adopted two different paths of market economy.

• In Russia the concept of market economy was brought forward by IMF and World Bank and the Russian government was not allowed to take part in this process. In china the state played and continues to play a central role in setting up a market economy. 

• In Russia, the transition from communism to capitalism was sudden and complete. It meant rooting out completely any structure evolved during Soviet period. China on the other hand, followed their own path of market economy. It did not go for ‘shock thearpy’ but opened its economy step by step. 

• The shock therapy brought ruins to the Russian economy. Their large state controlled industrial complex collapsed as about 90 percent of its industries were put up for sale to private individuals and companies. Since restructuring was carried out through market forces and not by government directed industrial policies, it led to the virtual disappearance of entire industries. The new economic policies helped the Chinese economy to break away from stagnation. The Chinese economy, including Industry and agriculture grew at a faster scale. 

• China has become the most important destination for foreign direct Investment anywhere in the world. It has large foreign exchange reserves that now allow it to make big investments in other countries. As a result of ‘shock therapy’, the value of Ruble, the Russian currency declined dramatically. The real GDP of Russia in 1999 was below what it was in 1989.Ten years after the introduction of Shock therapy, Russia could revive its economy. 

(a) It enables a man to record his thoughts and deeds. 

(b) It is an inseparable part of human civilization. 

(c) However, there were a great many writing tools before a real pen was first made. 

(d) For instance early man used pointed stones to scratch records and pictures on cave walls.

I live at New Suraksha Vihar colony which is located at the heart of the city. This is a posh colony so there are so many big shops and malls in the colony. A lot of people come in the colony everyday. The roads are crowded with vehicles every time. Busy roads are the symbol of liveliness. There is a beautiful big temple also which is located round the corner. A lot of people come everyday to the temple for worship as the idols in the temple are very beautiful and attractive. One day, an old lady came to the temple to worship. It was about 7 Pm. After worshipping, she was going back to her house when suddenly two men on bike came near her and snatched her purse which was dangling on her shoulder. The lady did not lose her courage. With the swiftness of electric current, she pushed the man sitting behind. The bike was disbalanced. She took the opportunity and threw a stone at the man. It hit his back. Now, he screamed and jumped which caused in the complete disbalance of the bike and both the men fell on the ground. The lady rushed towards them and caught hold of one of them. The other tried to run away but by now, a large crowd had gathered there. Both of them were caught and handed over to the police. Each and everyone including the police appreciated the courage of the lady. The police honoured the lady in a big function.