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(i) Element E has the smallest atomic size.
(ii) Electronic configuration:K L M 2 8 6
(iii) X and Z have similar physical and chemical properties as Y.

The unit for Second Order reaction is Lmol⁻¹ S⁻¹

(i) Thyroid gland; thyroxine
(ii) Pituatary gland; Growth hormone
(iii) Pancreas; Insulin.

Hibiscus/Mustard

A  B and C are incorrect. D is correct.
Reason: Negative terminal of each cell should connect to the positive terminal of the next cell or positive terminal of each cell should connect to the negative terminal of the next cell.

Superiority of a potentiometer to a voltmeter : Potentiometer is a null method device. At null point, it does not draw any current from the cell and thus there is no potential drop due to the internal resistance of the cell. It measures the p.d. in an open circuit which is equal to the actual emf of the cell. On the other hand, a voltmeter draws a small current from the cell for its operation. So it measures the terminal p.d. in a closed circuit which is less than the emf of a cell. That is why a potentiometer is preferred over a voltmeter for measuring the emf of a cell. 

There are two types of treatment to treat waste water.

(a) Primary treatment: It removes the physical particles from sewage by filtration and sedimentation. All solids that settle in setting tanks form primary sludge. Supernatant forms the effluents.

(b) Secondary Treatment: Effluent from the primary setting tank is kept in large aeration tanks where useful aerobic microbes grow into floes. Microbes reduces Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of sewage. Effluent is then passed into a setting tank to form sediment, called as activated sludge. A small part of activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as inoculum. Remaining of sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digester. Anaerobic bacteria digest the other bacteria and the fungi in the sludge. Effluent, after treatment is generally released into water-bodies like rivers and streams.

(1) Emasculated bisexual flowers are covered with a bag of suitable size generally made up of butter paper to prevent the contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen. This process is called bagging which makes flower receptive. Mature pollen grains collected from anther of the male parent are then dusted on the stigma and the flower ares rebagged.
(2) No emasculation is needed in unisexual flowers. The female flower buds are directly bagged before the flowers open and when the stigma becomes receptive, pollination is carried out using the desired pollen and the flowers again are rebagged.

Three basic steps in genetic modification of an organism are:
(a) Identification of DNA with desirable genes and introduction of the identified DNA into the host.
(b) Maintenance of introduced DNA in the host.
(c) Transfer of the DNA to its progeny.

Alternative selectable markers have been developed that differentiate recombinants from non-recombinants on the basis of their ability to produce colour in the presence of an enzyme (3-galactosidase which results into an inactivation of the enzyme. This is referred to as insertional inactivation.

The different selectable markers ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’ in the given diagram are:
A—amp^R, B-EcoRI, C-Hindi III, D—tet^R

(a) a–Ampicillin resistance 

 d–Tetracycline. 

(b) The insertion of rDNA into the coding sequence of an enzyme a-galactosidase leads to the inactivation of the enzyme called insertional inactivation. The recombinants do not produce a blue coloured colonies in the presence of chromogenic substrate while the non-recombinants produce a blue colour. Thus, coding sequence of a-galactosidase is a better marker.

(a) Australia. 

(b) Adaptive radiation (Divergent evolution). The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation. It is the development of different functional structures from a common ancestral form. 

(c) Placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf share similar habitat due to convergent evolution and evolved into unrelated group of organisms.

(a) We will use following method that help in selection of recombinant colonies from non recombinant ones. 

(1) We will put this transgenic bacteria into ampicillin medium transformant will grow in it. 

(2) Now this transforment growing bacteria (Recombinant plasmid are present in it) transfer into lactose and X-gal chromogen containing medium. If colour does not appears this indicates recombinant colonies but colour appears this indicates non recombinant. 

(b) Due to insertional inactivation α-galactosidase gene is inactivated so, it does not produce lactase enzyme that convert X-gal chromogen into blue colour that, why colour does not appears in recombinant ones.

Product combination

• The availability of resources is a necessary condition for the development of any region. But technological knowledge is an important prerequisite for it.
• There are many regions in our country that are rich in resources but are economically backward; whereas there are some regions which have a poor resource base but are economically developed.
• Resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development.
• In India, development or resource development does not only mean the availability of resources but also the technology, quality of human resources and the historical experiences of the people.

∵ 999 = (1000 – 1) 

∴ 999³ = (1000 – 1)³ 

= (1000)³ – 1³ – 3 x 1000 x 1 (1000 – 1) 

999³ = 1000000000 – 1 – 3000 (1000 - 1) 

999³ = 1000000000 – 1 – 3000000 + 3000 

=>1000003000 – 3000001 

999³ = 997002999

Let a + b = x, b + c = y and c + a = z 

∴ (a + b)³ + (b + c)³ + (c + a)³ – 3(a + b) (b + c) (c + a) 

= x³ + y³ + z³ – 3xyz 

But x³ + y³ + z³ – 3xyz 

= (x + y + z)(x² + y² + z² – xy – yz – zx) 

=> {(a + b) + (b + c) + (c + a)} {(a + b)² + (b + c)² + (c + a)² – (a + b) (b + c) – (b + c) x (c + a) – (c + a) (a + b)} 

= 2(a + b – c) {a² + b² + 2ab + b² + c² + 2 bc + c² + a² + 2 ca – (ab + ac + b² + bc) – (bc + ba+ c² + ac) – (ca + cb + a² + b²)} 

= 2(a + b + c) (a² + b² + c² – ab – bc – ca) 

= 2(a³ + b³ + c³ – 3 abc)

Let l, b and h be the length, breadth and height of a cuboid. 

Volume of cuboid = v = l x b x h = lbh …(1) 

Since x, y and z represent areas of three adjacent faces of the cuboid, then 

x = lb, y = bh, z = lh 

=> xyz = (lb) x (bh) x (hl) 

=> x × y × z = l² x b² x h²

=> xyz = (l x b x h)² 

=> xyz = v² 

Hence v² = xyz

The Government of India appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in the year 1979. B P Mandal was the head of Mandal Commission. Thus, it was popularly known as Mandal Commission.

It was appointed in order to

(i) determine the criteria to identify the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) in India. 

(ii) to recommend steps to be taken for their advancement.

The commission gave its report in 1980 and made following recommendations 27% of the government jobs be reserved for the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes.

The report and recommendations were discussed in the Parliament. On 6th August 1990, the , Government of India took a formal decision to implement the recommendations.

Democracy is people's own government:

(i) Democracy produces a government that is accountable to the citizens and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.

(ii) Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation.

(iii) Democratic government develops mechanism for citizen to hold the government accountable.

The Dutch imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from these rents if they worked collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. This was known as Blandongdiensten system.

A river valley project which provides many benefits simultaneously at the same time is known as a multi-purpose project.

Purposes served by multi-purpose project are as follows :

(i) Flood control

(ii) Power generation

(iii) Irrigation

(iv) Fishing and

(v) Soil conservation

c) Liquidity decision 

Sodium benzoate / Aspartame

This involves established procedures like, 

(1) death penalty is awarded only in 'rarest of rare' cases, and

(2) there should not be delay in executing the prisoner waiting in death row. Also, Indian Penal Code allows for appeal where the wait period is longer than five years. 

Functional structure is more suitable for organizations engaged in production and distribution of a single product or a small number of products. It is suitable where it is desired to introduce specialization in the performance of various functions like productions, finance, marketing, etc

(a) Marketing Manager

(b) Personal Manager 

(c) Production Manager

 (d) Finance Manager

In functional organizational structure, each major function of business is organized as a separate department. In other words, activities are grouped and department are created on basis of specified functions to be performed. It facilitates specialized performance of various functions.

Planning involves setting objectives and developing appropriate courses of action to achieve these objectives.

The process by which a manager synchronizes the activities of different departments is known as coordination.

If the cost of debt is low then the capital structure of the firm will be skewed towards debt.

Organizing.                                               .

Priya cannot appeal against the decision of the district forum because the time period to appeal against the order of district forum is only 30 days.

Apparently doting father terms out to be a fraud and tyrant – eagerly awaited son actually wants nothing to do with him – Hagberd has built up self enclosed system of belief about his son – prepared a home coming which is a myth which sustains Hagberd himself – Harry borrows money from Bessi who will ironically be the benefactor if Hagberd disinherits his son.

(a) Colonial administrators found 'vernacular' novels a valuable source of information on native life and customs. Such information was useful for them in governing Indian society, with its large variety of communities and castes. 

(b) As outsiders, the British knew'little about life inside Indian households. The new novels in Indian languages often had descriptions of domestic life. 

(c) They presented how people dressed, their forms of religious worship, their beliefs and practices, etc.

Ernst Renan was a French philosopher and attributes of a nation are according to him as follows

(i) A nation is not formed by a common language, race, religion or territory.

(ii)To form a nation, social capital, common glories and deeds of the past and common will are necessary.

(iii) Nation is a large scale solidarity.

(iv) Inhabitants of a nation have the right to be consulted in reference of large scale solidarity.

(v) The existence of a nation is not only a good thing but also a necessity.

(vi) A nation has never any real interest in annexing or holding on to a country against its will.

The countries that make up the Balkans today include Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, rump Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), and Bosnia Herzegovina (referred to as Bosnia throughout this text). Geographically, "European Turkey," a small region around Istanbul, is located in the Balkans.

Both parties, the seller and the buyer have to agree to sell and buy each other commodities. Goods are directly exchanged without the use of money.

The scarcity of land, the influx of migrants in Bombay and the need for additional commercial space in the mid-nineteenth century made land reclamation in Bombay necessary. 

Two land reclamation projects taken up in Bombay were:

• In 1864, the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba.
• A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust, which built a dry dock between 1914 and 1918 and used the excavated earth to create the 22-acre Ballard Estate.

(i) In 1784, William Hornby approved the building of the great sea wall which prevented the flooding of the low-lying areas of Bombay.

(ii) In 1864, the Back Bay Reclamation company won the right to reclaim the western, foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba.

(iii) Reclamation often meant the leveling of the hills around Bombay.

(iv) As the population increased rapidly in the early 20th century, every bit of the available area was built over and new areas were reclaimed from the sea.

(v) A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port trust between 1914 and 1918. 

(vi)The famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed subsequently. 

In the early Europe, it was apprehended that the effects of easier access to the printed word and the wider circulation of books, could pollute people’s minds. It was also feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread. If that happened the authority of ‘valuable’ literature would be destroyed. Expressed by religious authorities and monarchs, as well as many writers and artists, this anxiety was the basis of widespread criticism of the new printed literature that had began to circulate. 

For example, in 1517, Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. It challenged the Church to debate his ideas. Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely. This lead to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Luther’s translation of the New Testament sold 5,000 copies within a few weeks and a second edition appeared within three months. Print brought about a new intellectual era and helped the rise of Reformation.

Minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints of the rocks.

Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy:
(i) Power sharing helps to reduce the possibilities of conflicts between various ethnic groups living in a society.

(ii) It helps in ensuring political stability since a country can be run by all the communities without giving preference to any majority community. 

(iii) It also reduces violence and linguistic problems. In India, there is diversity in language but our constitution gives equal weight to all the languages.

(iv) Power sharing is actually being called the spirit of democracy.

(v) It helps in bringing political, economic, social and cultural stability to the nation.

Power Sharing is one of the main components and the very  spirit of democracy because of the following reasons :

1.  It abolishes the concentration of power in one hand and the possibility of becoming a dictator.

2.  It ensures the stability of political order.

3.  Power sharing minimizes the conflict among different social groups.

Power sharing keeps up with the 'Spirit' of Democracy as:

(i) Power sharing ensures that all people have a stake in government.

(ii) Power sharing ensures maximum participation. It upholds the concept of people's rule. It always brings better outcomes in democracy. It ensures the political stability in democracy.

(iii) Power sharing accommodates diverse groups. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

Print Comes to Europe. Initially silk and spices were exported from China to the European countries. During the eleventh century, Chinese paper entered Europe along with silk and spices. Now Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.

Expensive handwritten books were still preferred by the aristocrats and rich monastic libraries. Merchants and students bought the cheaper printed edition of books.

Minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints of the rocks.