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(a) Treasury Bills 

(b) Call Money 

(c) Commercial Bills

Motivation may be defined as the process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals. It involves arousing needs and desires in people to initiate and direct their behavior in a purpose manner. Motivation is a psychological phenomenon which arises from the feeling of need and wants of individuals. It causes goal directed behavior. 

Following are the five types of needs which govern human motivation.

• Physiological needs. These needs are basic for human survival and include need for food, water, air shelter, sleep, thirst, sex, etc. 
• Security of Safety needs. These are the needs for physical safety as well as psychological security and include safety of person and property, security of job and need for a predictable, secure and safe environment. 
• Social needs/Affiliation/Belonging needs. These are needs for belongingness, friendship, love, affection, attention, and social acceptance. 
• Esteem or ego needs. These needs are needs for self-esteem and need for other esteem. Self-esteem needs include needs for self-respect, self-confidence, competence, autonomy and knowledge. Other esteem needs relate to reputation, prestige, power, status, recognition and respect for others. According to Maslow, these needs are related to one another and are arranged in an order of hierarchy of prepotency.

(a) Middle level management

(b) Functions of middle level management are:

(i) Provide a link between the top level management and supervisory level of management.

(ii) Interpretation of policies framed by top management .

(iii) Preparing the organisational set up in their departments for fulfilling the objectives implied in various business policies.

(iv) Finding out the suitable, operative and supervisory personnel and assigning duties and responsibilities to them for the execution of the plans of the concerned departments.

(v) Compiling detailed instructions regarding operations issuing them to the assistants and operatives to focus and guide their efforts accordingly.

(vi) Motivating the personnel for higher productivity and rewarding them for their efficiency, capacity or calibre.

(vii) Collecting reports, statistical information and other records about the work turned out in respective departments and forwarding the same with their observations to the top management.

(viii) Recommending to the top management, new or revised policies for their departments to secure better performance.

Meaning : Money market is the market for short term funds meant for use for a period of upto 1 year. Money market provides means for raising funds for meeting shortterm requirements of cash on one hand and the deployment of surplus funds for short periods (of one year or less), on the other hand. The important money market instruments or securities are 

(a) Call Money 

(b) Treasury Bills (T-Bills) 

(C) Trade Bills 

(d) Commercial Paper (CP) 

(e) Certificate of Deposit (CD). 

(a) Call Money:-. The day to day surplus funds, mostly of banks, are traded as call money. The borrowers are bank faced with a temporary shortage of cash. This may be because of reserve requirements or unforeseen demand for funds. The lenders are banks temporarily in excess of cash. That is why it is also known as the interbank call money market. The call money market is basically over the telephone market. Call money funds are for very short periods,(1 to 15 days) which may or may not be renewed, and their liquidity is next only to cash. 

(b) Treasury Bills (T-Bills):-- Treasury bills (T-Bills) are issued by Reserve Bank of India on behalf of the government of India as a short term liability, and sold to banks and to the public. The issue period ranges from 14 to 364 days.T-Bills are negotiable instruments, I.e., they are freely transferable. They do not pay any interest but are issued at a discount. 

(c) Trade Bills/Commercial Bills:--. Trade bills and accommodation bills are bills drawn by one business firm on another. They are short-term instruments generally issued for a period of 90 days. They are self liquidating as the drawee has to honour them on the date of maturity. They are freely marketable. If sellers require funds before the maturity, he can get it discounted with the bank. It is known as commercial bill after acceptance of the trade bill by a commercial bank.

(d) Commercial Paper (CP):--. A CP is an unsecured promissory note, issued by a corporate with a fixed maturity period which varies from 15 days to 12 months. Since a CP is unsecured, it is issued only by a highly creditworthy, reputed leading firms. Proceeds from, the CP are to be raised only for working capital purposes. 

(e) Certificate of Deposit (CD):-- It is a time deposit or fixed deposit which can be sold in the secondary market. Only a bank can issue a CD. It is a document of title to a time deposit. It is a bearer certificate and is negotiable in the market. It is issued by banks against deposits kept by companies and institutions. The tenure ranges from 91 days to one year.

Meaning and nature of coordination. Coordination as a function of management refers to the task of integrating the activities of separate units of an organization to accomplish the organizational goals efficiently. The objective of coordination is to ensure that the goals of units and sub-units are pursued in harmony with each other keeping in view the goals of the organization as a whole. 

Nature/features of coordination are as follows:

• Coordination integrates group effort. Coordination is a concept that applies to group (not individual) effort. It unifies unrelated or diverse interests into purposeful work activity. 
• Coordination ensures unity of action. It acts as the binding force between the departments and ensures that all action is aimed at achieving the goals of the organization. When all the employees work together in the same direction and on time, organization may achieve its target with more surety. 
• Coordination is a continuous process. It begins at the planning stage and continues till controlling. It is not a onetime function but a continuous process. 
• Coordination is an all-pervasive function. It is required at all levels of management due to the interdependent nature of activities of various different departments. 
• Coordination is the responsibility of all managers. It is the duty of the managers to direct the efforts of all persons to a common goal. Coordination is the function of every manger in the organization. 
• Coordination is a deliberate function. A manager has to coordinate the efforts of different people in a conscious and deliberate manner.

Formula unit mass is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms present in a formula unit of a compound. It is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all the atoms present in one formula unit.

Formula unit mass of (NH₄)₂SO₄ 

= 14 x 2 + 4 x 2 + 32 + 16 x 4

= 132u

(c) Amount of water displaced by ship is more than the weight of ship immersed in it

Hydrochloric acid produced in our stomach helps the digestion of food without causing any harm to the stomach. But when the amount of the acid goes beyond a certain limit due to indigestion, pain and irritation are created in the stomach. So, in order to neutralize the effect of excess acid, a mild base called antacid is usually taken. Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) is a mild base which is usually used as an antacid.

A cork floats in water while the iron nail sinks because the density of cork is less than that of water.

Thus the upthrust of water on the cork is greater than the weight of the cork. Hence it floats.

On the other hand, the density of iron nail is more than water, and the upthrust of water on iron nail is less than that of the weight of the iron nail. Thus it sinks.

Function of money are classified into two categories: 

1. Primary or Main function and 

2. Secondary or subsidiary functions. 

Primary or Main functions 

Money performs two primary functions, as under: 

(i) Medium of Exchange: It means that money acts as a medium for the sale and purchase of goods and services. In the absence of money, goods were exchanged for goods. This required double coincide of wants. Accordingly, exchange was difficult and therefore limited. 

Introduction of money has separated the acts of sale and purchase: double coincide of wants is no longer required. Exchange is now much simpler, and is therefore unlimited. This has raised the overall level of economic activity in an economy. Production is now market oriented, rather than subsistence-oriented. 

(ii) Measure of value: Money serves as a measure of value in terms of unit of account. Unit of account means that the value of each good or service is measured in the monetary unit. Measurement of value was very difficult in the barter system: one good was valued in terms of the other. There was no common unit of value. Introduction of money has removed this difficulty. Now, each good is valued in terms of money.

Secondary functions 

Following three functions are secondary functions of money: 

(i) Standard of deferred payments: Deferred payments refers to those payments which are made sometimes in the future. Example: Money has made deferred payments much easier than before. When we borrow money from somebody, we have to return both the principal as well as interest amount. It is difficult to make such transactions in terms of goods and services. 

(ii) Store of value: Store of value implies store of wealth. Storing of wealth has become considerably easy with the introduction of money. Stored wealth is a source for future investment. It was not convenient to store value in the barter system of exchange, because goods tend to wear out or perish.

(iii) Transfer of value: Money also serves as a convenient mode of transfer of value. Goods are purchased from far-off places both for consumption as well as investment. You need purchasing power at those places where goods are purchased. You need to transfer purchasing power from the place of your residence. Money performs this function very well. It can be easily transferred from one place to the other. 

Money overcomes the shortcomings of barter system in the following manner: 

i. Money solves the problem of double coincidence of wants. For example, if a person needs wheat in exchange of tea, then he/she must search for a person who is ready to trade wheat for tea. Money made the need for such searches redundant. 

ii. In barter system, it was very difficult to measure the value of one good in terms of another. For example, it is difficult to calculate the value of a cow in terms of wheat. 

iii. It was very difficult to store goods, especially perishable goods (fruits, meat, etc.) for the purpose of value storage. Money serves this purpose. 

iv. The contractual or future payments are much difficult to be made in barter system. For example, a worker working on contract basis could not be paid in terms of rice or chairs.

Required Area = Area of triangle – Area of 3 sectors

Area of Triangle = 1/2 x 24 x 7 = 84 m²

Area of three sectors = πr²/360° x (sum of three angles of triangle)

= (22 x 7 x 7 x 180°/ 7 x 2 x 2 x 360°)

= 77/4 

or 19.25 m²

∴ Required Area = 259/4 or 64.75 m²

Private Company Reasons: 

a. Number of directors: Only two directors are required in case of a private company whereas a public company requires minimum three directors. 

b. Issue of prospectus: A private company does not invite the public to subscribe to its share capital. Hence, it doesn’t issue a prospectus. 

c. Allotment of shares: Shares of a private company can easily be allotted without receiving a minimum subscription. 

d. The control: and management is generally in the hands of the owners of capital which is not so in a public company. 

e. A non-member: cannot inspect the copies of the P&L A/C filed with the Registrar

i) Because natural resources are limited, and it would be difficult to sustain a large population on limited resources
ii) HIV-AIDS, Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, Warts ( any two)
iii) Manoj- Inquisitive, understands the need for healthy living (any one) Teacher – concerned, dutiful

Given, 

Critical temperature (Tc) of CO₂ = 30.98˚C 

Critical pressure (Pc) of CO₂ = 73 atm 

As we know that a gas can not be liquefied above critical temperature and critical pressure. Hence, CO₂(g) can not be liquefied at 32˚C and 80 atm pressure.

(i) I will fold the leaf so that it breaks into two pieces.
(ii) Now, I will gently pull one of the leaf pieces to get a transparent leaf peel.

ϕ=BA cos θ

θ=90°

ϕ=0.

The two forces acting on the rocket immediately after leaving the launching pad are gravitational force and frictional force. The gravitational force acts downwards towards the earth and frictional force acts due to surrounding air.

The Tyrolese valley is full of coloured flowers and resonates with bells.

That immortal drink that nature’s endless fountain pours into our hearts is an eternal source of immense joy for us.

Main challenges before political parties are : 

(a) Lack of internal democracy : The first challenge is lack of internal democracy within parties. Concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top. 

(b) Dynastic succession : Favour people close to them or even their family members. In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family. 

(c) Money and muscle power : The third challenge is about growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections. 

(d) Meaningful choice : The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.

India a federal country because:

India is a nation with many languages, religions and regions. It emerged as an independent nation after a long and painful partition. Several princely states became a part of the country soon after independence. India was declared as a Union of States, by the Constitution. 

The Indian Union is based on the principles of federalism. The Constitution earlier provided a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (Central Government), representing the Union of India and the State governments. Later, Panchayats and Municipalities were added as a third tier of federalism. All these different forms of government enjoy separate jurisdiction.

Author of ‘Mayor of Casterbridge’ was Thomas Hardy:

Story:

(i) It was a story about Michael Henchard, a rich grain merchant who becomes the Mayor of Casterbridge.

(ii) He is independent-minded with his own business style.

(iii) He was both unpredictably generous as well as cruel with his employees.

(iv) He was no match for his manager and rival Donald farfare who runs business with efficiency and is well-behaved and has good temperament.

The Napoleonic Code (Code Napoléon) was a unified legal code produced in post-revolutionary France and enacted by Napoleon in 1804. Napoleon gave the laws his name, and they both largely remain in place in France today, and heavily influenced world laws in the nineteenth century. It is easy to imagine how the conquering Emperor could spread a legal system across Europe, but perhaps surprising to know it outlasted him across the world.

Answer given below:

https://bit.ly/2U2bwjl

The Mayor of Casterbridge, one of Thomas Hardy’s most powerful novels, opens with a scene of shocking heartlessness. In a fit of drunken rage, Michael Henchard, an out-of-work laborer, sells his wife and baby daughter to a passing sailor. When the horror of what he has done dawns on him the next day, he determines to set his life on a different path, and through years of hard work and ambition rises to become the rich and respectable mayor of his town. Secret guilt continues to haunt this proud and brooding man, however, and when his wife and grown daughter return to Casterbridge, Henchard is set on the path to a dramatic confrontation with his own deeply flawed nature. Hardy’s keen insight into the course of wayward lives and his instinctive feel for the beauty of the rural landscape come together in this unforgettable portrait of a tragic hero.

Answer given below:

https://bit.ly/2TEI0uV

Unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions. Being unsaturated hydrocarbons,
C3H6 and C2H2 undergo addition reactions.

Given: SR = 12 cm, QM= 7.6 cm, PS = 8 cm.

(a) Area of parallelogram = base x height

= 12 x 7.6 = 91.2 cm²

(b) Area of parallelogram = base x height

⇒ 91.2 = 8 x QN

⇒ QN = 91.2/8

= 11.4 cm

• Experience at California beach developed an aversion of water in Douglas - Misadventure at YMCA pool because of a eighteen year old, developed fear and terror of water in him
• Swallowed water, legs paralyzed, head throbbed, felt terror that knew no understanding
• Could not go need water for years  
• But, gathered courage again, as was deprived of canoeing, fishing, swimming
• Hired an instructor and learnt swimming
• Terror returned every time he put his head in water but did not give up - 
• After learning from instructor, tested himself alone in pool, then went to fresh waters to do away with residual doubts
• Fought with his terror all through with determination and strength

(a) (ii) are 

(b) (ii) to 

(c) (iii) attract 

(d) (iv) buy

(a) (ii) can't 

(b) (ii) by 

(c) (iii) the 

(d) (i) of

Nutritional needs 

Two examples – 

(i) Type of occupation – Sedentary worker needs lesser calories as compared to moderate and heavy worker. 

(ii) Physiological state – Pregnant and lactating woman have more calories requirement as compared to normal woman.

II. Food preferences Two examples-

(i) Some communities avoid consumption of certain foods in their meals. 

(ii) People of Punjab prefer wheat whereas South Indian prefer rice. 

III. Meal for preschoolers

(i) Balanced meal should be given. 

(ii) Appealing and attractive meal should be served. 

a) Direct labour

d) Direct materials and direct labour

c) Indirect materials

b) An indirect material 

The mass of copper and silver deposited at the cathode will be different. The amount of different substances deposited by the same quantity of electricity passing through the electrolytic solution are directly proportional to their chemical equivalents.

Five classes of vertebrates are:

Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

(a) Position of A = 15^th group, 2nd period
Position of B = 16^th group, 2nd period
Position of C = 17^th group, 2nd period

(b) A > B > C

(c) C is most reactive as it has smallest size, so it can easily gain electrons.

No, The handle and bristles of a tooth brush should be made of different materials. The handle of a toothbrush should be hard and strong, while the bristles should be soft and flexible.

218 XYZ street 

Noida 

18 March 20xx

The Manager 

Ashok Watch Company 

Noida 

Subject : Complaint against defective alarm clock 

Sir 

With reference to our bill no. BF 0325 dated 16 December 20xx, I would like to complain about an alarm clock that I bought from your shop. I regret to inform you that it is not working properly as it lags one hour behind the time and so does not serve the purpose for which I had bought it. 

I request you to either replace the alarm-clock or repair it so that I may take advantage of the alarm system.

I hope you will take quick action against it. 

Thanking you 

Yours sincerely 

Varun

Sunglow Public School 

Meerut 

5 April 20xx 

The Manager 

Messer New Sports 

Meerut 

Subject : Complaint Against Defective Items 

Sir 

Through this letter, we regret to inform you that the sports articles received by our institution are not in good condition. Many of them are damaged and some of them are less than the number that we had ordered though they have been charged in the bill. We are a regular customer of your shop and we are not pleased at this discrepancy. 

Kindly replace the damaged article and send the missing ones. We hope that you will co-operate with us. 

Thanking you 

Your sincerely 

Aparajita 

(sports secretary)

Ajanta Public School 

Kanpur 15th April 20xx 

The Manager 

Khanna Book Depot 

Kanpur 

Subject : Complaint Against Defective Books

Sir

Through this letter I wish to inform you that we had placed a bulk order of books for the school library. We received the parcel today and were surprised to find that the books sent were defective. Many of the books had torn pages inside and the quality of the printing is also not good. I request you to replace the same as we can’t issue such books to the students. They are of no use to us. Kindly look into the matter and replace the books as early as possible. Thanking You 

Yours sincerely

K. Malik 

(Head Librarian)

In a neutral atom, number of electrons are equal to the number of proton.

No. of protons = No. of electrons = 29

Mass number = No. of protons + No. of neutrons

So, No. of neutrons (N) = Mass number - No. of protons

= 63 - 29

Number of neutrons (N) = 34

Electronic configuration : Electronic configuration is written on the basis of total number of electrons. So, the electronic configuration of the element is 2,8,18,1

(a) Atmospheric gases can be liquefied by decreasing temperature and increasing pressure.

(b) LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas.

CNG : Compressed Natural Gas.

When soap is dissolved in water, the molecules arrange themselves in the form of a cluster such that their hydrophobic ends are away from the water molecules and their hydrophilic ends are towards the water molecules. This process is known as micelle formation and the cluster formed is called as micelle. 

These micelles are formed because their hydrocarbon chains come together and the polar ends are projected outwards. Micelle formation in ethanol will not occur because the hydrocarbon chain of the soap will dissolve in ethanol. Soaps in the form of micelle are able to clean dirty clothes having only spots, as the oily dirt gets collected in the centre of the micelle, which forms an emulsion in water. On rinsing, the water washes away the micelles with dirt attached to them.

For the reaction, A → B as it follows second order kinetics, therefore the rate law equation will be 

Rate = k[A]² = kx²

if [A] = x mol^-1  

if the concentration of A is increased three times, then 

[A] = 3x mol L^-1 

∴ Rate = k (3x)² = 9 kx²  

Thus, the rate of the reaction will become 9 times. 

Hence the rate of formation of B will increase by 9 times.

(i) The timing and amount of hormone release are regulated by feedback mechanism.
(ii) Example: If sugar level in blood rises, they are detected by the cells of the pancreas which respond by producing more insulin. As the blood sugar falls, insulin secretion is reduced.