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• United Nations / Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport
• (UN / EDIFACT) is an international EDI – standard developed under the supervision of the United Nations.
• In 1987, the UN / EDIFACT syntax rules were approved as ISO: IS09735 standard by the International Organization for Standardization.
• EDIFACT includes a set of internationally agreed standards, catalogs and guidelines for electronic exchange of structured data between independent computer systems

The types of EDI were constructed based on how EDI communication connections and the conversion were organized. Thus based on the medium used for transmitting

EDI documents the following are the major EDI types.

1. Direct EDI

2. EDI via VAN

3. EDI via-FTP/VPN, SFTP, FTPS

4. Web EDI

5. Mobile EDI

6. Direct EDI/Point-to-Point

It is also called as Point-to-Point EDI. It establishes a direct connection between various business stakeholders and partners individually. This type of EDI suits to larger businesses with a lot of day to day business transactions.

EDI via VAN:

EDI via VAN (Value Added Network) is where EDI documents are transferred with the support of third party network service providers. Many businesses  prefer this network model to protect them from the updating ongoing complexities of network technologies.

EDI via FTP/VPN, SFTP, FTPS:

When protocols like FTP/VPN, SFTP and FTPS are used for exchange of EDI based documents through the Internet or Intranet it is called as EDI via FTP/VPN, SFTP, FTPS.

Web EDI:

Web based EDI conducts EDI using an web browser via the Internet. Here the businesses are allowed to use any browser to transfer data to their business partners. Web based EDI is easy and convenient for small and medium organizations.

Mobile EDI:

When smartphones or other such handheld devices are used to transfer EDI documents it is called as mobile EDI. Mobile EDI applications considerably increase the speed of EDI transactions.

Segment Table

segments and composites

Number of characters in an single EDIFACT messages 6

(i) 21²mn – 3lm²n + 4lmn²

= lmn (2l – 3m + 4n)

(ii) x⁴y² – x²y⁴ – x⁴y⁴

= x²y² (x² – y² – x²y²)

(iii)  9x²y + 3axy

= 3xy (3x + a)

(iv) 16m – 4m²

= 4m (4 – m)

(v) -4a² + 4ab – 4ca

= -4a (a – b + c)

Dematerialization is the process by which physical share certificates of an investor are taken back by the company registrar and destroyed. Then an equivalent number of securities in the electronic form are credited to the investors account with his Depository Participant.

Following is the table of differences between entrepreneurship and Management:

A debenture is a document or certificate, which is issued under the common seal of the company, acknowledging its debt to the holders at given terms and conditions.

Its objective was to coordinate the activities of other financial institutions including commercial banks. The bank performs three types of functions namely, assistance to other financial institutions, direct assistance to industrial concerns and promotion and coordination of financial technique service.

Trade credit is the credit extended by one trader to another for the purchase of goods and services.

Discounting of bills of exchange means that the bank pays the person beforehand at less than face value and receives the payment on maturity equivalent to maturity value. The difference between the amount paid and face value is the return for discounting bills of exchange.

Poverty line is different in different countries because what is necessary to satisfy basic needs varies on the basis of counties. For example, having a car is considered luxury in India whereas in America a person not having a car is considered poor. Poverty line is also determined on the basis of economic conditions like inflation etc which varies from country to country so poverty line is different in different nations.

Social, economic and political factors determine poverty in our country. These are explained as follows: 

1. Social factors: Social structure in India is such that increases poverty. Customs during birth, marriage and death are such that it forces a person to take loan. As a results many a times person is in debt trap. Inclination towards having a male child many a times increases the size of family which is the biggest reason for poverty in India. Social structure of Hindus was such that it did not allow a section of society to come out of poverty.

2. Economic factors: In India majority of population is affected due to economic backwardness. In this situation people are unable to invest in education and health as a result their productivity decreases. Decrease in productivity leads to less income generation and people are unable to come out of vicious circle of poverty. Economic backwardness decreases the opportunities for a person.

3. Political factors: India lacks in political willingness which is one of the reasons for being a poor country. Various poverty alleviation programs are launched by government time to time but their benefits are not reaching to the right group of people. There are leakages in our administrative structure. 

4. Other factors: Low education level, lack of entrepreneurship, lack of vocational training and employment oriented education, weak infrastructural facilities, lack of capital formation and unavailability of health services are also responsible for poverty in India.

In 2011-12, labour force was 395 per 1000 people, work force was 386 per 1000 people, and unemployment rate was 2.3%.

Suresh Tendulkar and C. Rangrajan considered consumption expenditure as basis of poverty. They created a group of eatables and non eatables called as poverty line basket to measure poverty line and estimated the required consumption expenditure as per their market price.

They found that in year 2011-12, a person who spends less than ? 1000/month in urban area and ? 816/person/month in rural area is called as poor. As per that 27 crore people are below poverty line.

Employment provides wealth and experience to a person, which increases his productivity and he becomes more efficient. If a person remains unemployed he looses money and experience and he faces mental depression. Unemployment makes a person unskilled and anti-social. It harms a country economically, socially and at national level.

A government formed with the cooperation of different political parties is called coalition Government. The political parties of coalition Government share power by joining Council of Ministers. At certain times they do not share power but support Coalition Government. This type of support is called “Outside Support”.Since 1989, hung Parliament or Legislative Assemblies have become common.

Four divisions of our Defence Ministry are : 

1. Defence Section. 

2. Defence Production Section 

3. Defence Research and Development Section. 

4. Retired Defence Personnel Welfare Section.

Red Cross Society came into existence in India in 1920. It is a humanitarian voluntary organization and has nearly 700 branches across the State and Union Territories. The Indian President is its Chairman and Governor is the President in the State. A Secretary-General is its administrative officer. It has an administrative body consisting of 19 members and a secretary. The President nominates six members and the remaining 12 members are elected from the State and Union Territories.

1. safeguarding the sovereignty of the nation.

2. President

3. General.

4. New Delhi

5. Vishakapatnam.

6. Yelahanka in Bangalore

7. 1920.

The aims of N.C.C. are to develop among the students a sense of discipline, leadership qualities, friendliness and service mindedness. 

The advantages of N.C.C. are :

1. Those who have received N.C.C. training can join the armed forces easily. 

2. Cadets who have earned distinction during N.C.C. training are given seats in professional colleges. 

3. Cadets are given training in handling weapons. 

4. Students who have received N.C.C. training can secure admission in any defence school. 5. During training, cadets go on adventures like hiking, trekking, mountaineering, etc.

The functions of the Indian Air Force are : 

1. It works efficiently and courageously both during war and peace times. 

2. It ensures safety, security and stability. 

3. It renders invaluable service during natural calamities like floods, earthquakes, landslides, etc. 

4. It also plays an important role in helping people who are facing the problems of natural calamities like supplying food, water, etc. 

5. It helps the land army in the wartime.

The head of the Army is known as Commander-in-Chief. He has the Deputy Commander-in-Chief, General, Major General, Brigadier, Military Secretary, a Military Engineer to assist him in his work. The army consists of Infantry, Cavalry, Tank Regiments called Armecf Crops and the Gunners’ Regiment. The Indian Army has been divided into seven commands. 

Their names and headquarters are :

1. Western Command – Chandimandir (Chandighar) 

2. Eastern Command – Kolkata (West Bengal)

3. Northern Command – Udhampur (Kashmir) 

4. Southern Command – Pune (Maharashtra) 

5. Central Command – Lucknow (UP) 

6. Training Command – Mhow (Madhya Pradesh) 

7. North-Western Command – Jaipur (Rajasthan).

This is the structure of the Indian Army.

The Commands of the Army are : 

1. Western Command – Chandimandir (Chandighar). 

2. Eastern Command – Kolkata (West Bengal) 

3. Northern Command – Udhampur (Kashmir) 

4. Southern Command – Pune (Maharashtra) 

5. Central Command – Lucknow (UP) 

6. Training Command – Mhow (Madhya Pradesh) 

7. North-Western Command – Jaipur (Rajasthan).

Those who desire to work in the armed forces should be service- oriented, patriotic, ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of the country and also be familiar with the multicultural fabric of the nation. Any citizen of the country, irrespective of his religion, caste, class or community can join the military. There are certain conditions with regard to physical requirements, mental health, general education and technical knowledge that have to be met. Recruitments are made to lower posts of the army, they are made according to the percentage of the recruitable male population of the State and the Union Territories. Suitable candidates are recruited to the Air Force through selection and registration on an All India basis. Recruitment of sailors to the navy takes place through the Naval Recruitment Organisation.

Seabird Naval Base.

Frictional unemployment arises when some workers are temporarily out of work while changing jobs. It is a temporary phenomenon.

Following are the reason for inflation in India:

1. Rapid increase in supply of money: In an economy if there is rapid rise in supply of money in compare to rise in production of goods and services then excess money chases comparatively less production. It leads to rise in aggregate demand and rises prices in the economy. 

2. Low growth rate of industrial and agricultural production: Due to less production in industrial and agricultural production aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply give rise to inflation in the economy. 

3. High public expenditure: Increase in liability due to economic growth, increases public expenditure. Rise in expenditure by government leads to rise in aggregate demand and do not increases aggregate supply, it gives rise to inflation in the economy. 

4. Other factors: Rising population leads to rise in aggregate demand. Costly imports, high minimum support price, increase in income level, increased level of indirect taxes, rise in wage rate, hurdles in increasing industrial production leads to rise in inflation.

‌‌शारीरिक‌ ‌रूप‌ ‌से‌ ‌कमज़ोर‌ ‌लोगों‌ ‌को‌ ‌कई‌ ‌कठिनाइयों‌ ‌का‌ ‌सामना‌ ‌करना‌ ‌पड़ता‌ ‌है।‌ ‌वे‌ ‌किसी‌ ‌काम‌ ‌को‌ ‌नहीं‌‌ कर‌ ‌सकते।‌ ‌न‌ ‌फिर‌ ‌सकते‌ ‌हैं।‌ ‌न‌ ‌चल‌ ‌सकते‌ ‌हैं।‌ ‌कुछ‌ ‌लोग‌ ‌ऐसे‌ ‌होते‌ ‌हैं,‌ ‌जो‌ ‌न‌ ‌सुन‌ ‌सकते‌ ‌हैं‌ ‌न‌ ‌बोल‌ ‌सकते‌‌ और‌ ‌न‌ ‌देख‌ ‌सकते‌ ‌हैं।‌ ‌ऐसे‌ ‌लोग‌ ‌कहीं‌ ‌नहीं‌ ‌जा‌ ‌सकते‌ ‌हैं।‌

1. ओलम्पिक‌ ‌में‌ ‌दुनिया‌ ‌के‌ ‌सब‌ ‌से‌ ‌तेज़‌ ‌दौडनेवालों‌‌ से‌ ‌मुकाबला‌ ‌करना‌ ‌पड़ता‌ ‌है।
2. ‌विल्मा‌ ‌ने‌ ‌जुत्ता‌ ‌हेन‌ ‌को‌ ‌हराकर‌ ‌अपना‌ ‌पहला‌‌ स्वर्ण‌ ‌पदक‌ ‌जीता।‌
3. ‌दूसरी‌ ‌दौड़‌ ‌200‌ ‌मीटर‌ ‌की‌ ‌थी।‌
4. ‌दूसरी‌ ‌बार‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌ने‌ ‌जुत्ता‌ ‌हेन‌ ‌को‌ ‌हराया।‌‌
5. तीसरी‌ ‌दौड़‌ ‌400‌ ‌मीटर‌ ‌की‌ ‌रिले‌ ‌रेस‌ ‌थी।

1. आखिरकार‌ ‌एक‌ ‌साल‌ ‌के‌ ‌बाद‌ ‌वह‌ ‌बिना‌‌ बैसाखियों‌ ‌के‌ ‌चलने‌ ‌में‌ ‌कामयाब‌ ‌हो‌ ‌गयी।‌
2. आठवीं‌ ‌कक्षा‌ ‌में‌ ‌आते‌ ‌-‌ ‌आते‌ ‌उसने‌ ‌अपनी‌‌ पहली‌ ‌दौड‌ ‌प्रतियोगिता‌ ‌में‌ ‌हिस्सा‌ ‌लिया।‌
3. मों‌ ‌की‌ ‌प्रेरणा‌ ‌से‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌ने‌ ‌बैसाखियाँ‌ ‌उतार‌‌ फेंकी।
4. जब‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌बैसाखियाँ‌ ‌उतार‌ ‌फेंकी‌ ‌तब‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌9‌‌ वर्ष‌ ‌की‌ ‌लडकी‌ ‌थी।‌
5. उपर्युक्त‌ ‌गद्यांश‌ ‌‘हार‌ ‌के‌ ‌आगे‌ ‌जीत‌ ‌है’‌ ‌नामक‌‌ ‌पाठ‌ ‌से‌ ‌दिया‌ ‌गया‌ ‌है।‌

1. ‌विल्मा‌ ‌का‌ ‌जन्म‌ ‌23‌ ‌जून,‌ ‌1940‌ ‌में‌ ‌हुआ।‌
2. विल्मा‌ ‌की‌ ‌माँ‌ ‌घर‌ ‌-‌ ‌घर‌ ‌जाकर‌ ‌झाडू‌ ‌-‌ ‌पोछा‌‌ लगाती‌ ‌थी।‌
3. ‌विल्मा‌ ‌को‌ ‌चार‌ ‌वर्ष‌ ‌की‌ ‌उम्र‌ ‌में‌ ‌पोलियो‌ ‌हो‌ ‌गया‌‌ था।
4. ‌डॉक्टरों‌ ‌ने‌ ‌जवाब‌ ‌दिया‌ ‌था‌ ‌कि‌ ‌वह‌ ‌कभी‌ ‌भी‌‌ ज़मीन‌ ‌पर‌ ‌अपने‌ ‌क़दम‌ ‌सीधे‌ ‌नहीं‌ ‌रख‌ ‌पायेगी।
5. ‌डॉक्टरों‌ ‌ने‌ ‌जवाब‌ ‌दिया‌ ‌था‌ ‌कि‌ ‌वह‌ ‌कभी‌ ‌भी‌‌ ज़मीन‌ ‌पर‌ ‌अपने‌ ‌क़दम‌ ‌सीधे‌ ‌नहीं‌ ‌रख‌ ‌पायेगी।

‌‌मुझे‌ ‌अपने‌ ‌माँ-बाप,‌ ‌अध्यापक‌ ‌से‌ ‌प्रेरणा‌ ‌मिलती‌ ‌है।

1. विल्मा‌ ‌ने‌ ‌अपनी‌ ‌यह‌ ‌इच्छा‌ ‌व्यक्त‌ ‌की‌ ‌कि‌ ‌मैं‌‌ दुनिया‌ ‌के‌ ‌सबसे‌ ‌तेज़‌ ‌धाविका‌ ‌बनना‌ ‌चाहती‌ ‌हूँ।‌
2. टेंपल‌ ‌ने‌ ‌कहा‌ ‌कि‌ ‌”तुम्हारी‌ ‌इसी‌ ‌इच्छा‌ ‌शक्ति‌‌ की‌ ‌वजह‌ ‌से‌ ‌कोई‌ ‌भी‌ ‌तुम्हें‌ ‌नहीं‌ ‌रोक‌ ‌सकता,‌ ‌और‌ ‌साथ‌ ‌में‌ ‌मैं‌ ‌भी‌ ‌तुम्हारी‌ ‌मदद‌ ‌करूँगा।‌ ‌दौड़‌ ‌की‌ ‌कला‌ ‌मैं‌ ‌तुम्हें‌ ‌सिखाऊँगा।”‌
3. 15‌ ‌वर्ष‌ ‌की‌ ‌उम्र‌ ‌में‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌टेनेसी‌ ‌स्टेट‌ ‌विश्व‌‌ विद्यालय‌ ‌गयी।
4. ‌टेनेसी‌ ‌विश्व‌ ‌विद्यालय‌ ‌में‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌एड‌ ‌टेंपल‌ ‌नामक‌ एक‌ ‌कोच‌ ‌से‌ ‌मिली।‌‌
5. ‌’धाविका”‌ ‌शब्द‌ ‌का‌ ‌पुंलिंग‌ ‌रूप‌ ‌है‌ ‌”धावक।”‌

1. विल्मा‌ ‌का‌ ‌जन्म‌ ‌23‌ ‌जून,‌ ‌1940‌ ‌में‌ ‌हुआ।‌
2. ‌विल्मा‌ ‌की‌ ‌माँ‌ ‌घर‌ ‌-‌ ‌घर‌ ‌जाकर‌ ‌झाडू-‌ ‌पोछा‌ ‌लगाती‌ ‌थी।‌
3. विल्मा‌ ‌को‌ ‌पोलियो‌ ‌हो‌ ‌गया‌ ‌था।‌
4. जमीन‌ ‌शब्द‌ ‌का‌ ‌समानार्थी‌ ‌शब्द‌ ‌है‌ ‌’पृथ्वी’।
5. यह‌ ‌गद्यांश‌ ‌‘हार‌ ‌के‌ ‌आगे‌ ‌जीते‌ ‌है’‌ ‌पाठ‌ ‌से‌ ‌दिया‌ ‌गया।

‌‌तन,‌ ‌मन‌ ‌व‌ ‌आत्मा‌ ‌से‌ ‌जो‌ ‌मज़बूत‌ ‌होता‌ ‌है‌ ‌सफलता‌ ‌उसके‌ ‌कदम‌ ‌चूमती‌ ‌है।‌ ‌शारीरिक‌ ‌तंदुरुस्ती,‌ ‌मानसिक‌‌ संतुलन,‌ ‌आत्मबल‌ ‌इन‌ ‌तीनों‌ ‌प्रकार‌ ‌की‌ ‌क्षमताओं‌ ‌का‌ ‌दूसरा‌ ‌नाम‌ ‌ही‌ ‌”विल्मा‌ ‌ग्लोडियन‌ ‌रुडाल्फ़’‌ ‌है‌ ‌।‌ ‌अमेरिका‌ ‌के‌ ‌”टेनेसी”‌ ‌प्रान्त‌ ‌में‌ ‌एक‌ ‌रेलवे‌ ‌मज़दूर‌ ‌के‌ ‌घर‌ ‌में‌ ‌23‌ ‌जून,‌ ‌1940‌ ‌में‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌ने‌ ‌जन्म‌ ‌लिया।‌ ‌जिसकी‌ ‌माँ‌ ‌घर-घर‌ ‌जाकर‌ ‌झाडू-पोछा‌ ‌लगाती‌ ‌थी।‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌को‌ ‌चार‌ ‌वर्ष‌ ‌की‌ ‌उम्र‌ ‌में‌ ‌पोलियो‌ ‌हो‌ ‌गया‌ ‌था।‌ ‌तब‌ ‌से‌ ‌वह‌ ‌बैसाखियों‌ ‌के‌ ‌सहारे‌ ‌चलती‌ ‌थी‌ ‌।‌ ‌डॉक्टरों‌ ‌ने‌ ‌भी‌ ‌निस्सहायता‌ ‌प्रकट‌ ‌की‌ ‌।‌ ‌उसकी‌ ‌माँ‌ ‌बडी‌ ‌धर्म‌ ‌परायण,‌ ‌सकारात्मक‌ ‌मनोवृत्ति‌ ‌वाली‌ ‌साहसी‌ ‌महिला‌ ‌थी‌ ‌।‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌अपनी‌ ‌माँ‌ ‌से‌ ‌पूछती‌ ‌है‌ ‌कि‌ ‌क्या‌ ‌मैं‌ ‌दुनिया‌ ‌की‌ ‌सबसे‌ ‌तेज़‌ ‌धावक‌ ‌बन‌ ‌सकती‌ ‌हूँ?‌ ‌माँ‌ ‌ने‌ ‌प्यार‌ ‌के‌ ‌साथ‌ ‌कहा‌ ‌कि‌ ‌”ईश्वर‌ ‌पर‌ ‌विश्वास,‌ ‌स्वयं‌ ‌पर‌ ‌भरोसा,‌ ‌मेहनत‌ ‌और‌ ‌लगन‌ ‌से‌ ‌तुम‌ ‌जो‌ ‌चाहे‌ ‌वह‌ ‌प्राप्त‌ ‌कर‌ ‌सकती‌ ‌हो’

माँ ‌की‌ ‌प्रेरणा‌ ‌व‌ ‌हिम्मत‌ ‌से‌ ‌9‌ ‌वर्ष‌ ‌की‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌बैसाखियाँ‌ ‌उतार‌ ‌फेंकी‌ ‌और‌ ‌उसने‌ ‌चलना‌ ‌प्रारंभ‌ ‌किया।‌ ‌वह‌ ‌कई‌ ‌बार‌ ‌जख़्मी‌ ‌होने‌ ‌पर‌ ‌भी‌ ‌हिम्मत‌ ‌न‌ ‌हारी‌ ‌।‌ ‌आख़िर‌ ‌एक‌ ‌साल‌ ‌के‌ ‌बाद‌ ‌वह‌ ‌बिना‌ ‌बैसाखियों‌ ‌के‌ ‌चलने‌ ‌में‌ ‌कामयाब‌ ‌हो‌ ‌गई।‌ ‌आठवीं‌ ‌कक्षा‌ ‌में‌ ‌पहली‌ ‌दौड‌ ‌प्रतियोगिता‌ ‌में‌ ‌हिस्सा‌ ‌लिया‌ ‌और‌ ‌वह‌ ‌सबसे‌ ‌पीछे‌ ‌रही।‌ ‌चार‌ ‌बार‌ ‌हार‌ ‌जाने‌ ‌के‌ ‌बाद‌ ‌पाँचवे‌ ‌बार‌ ‌प्रथम‌ ‌स्थान‌ ‌प्राप्त‌ ‌कर‌ ‌लिया।‌‌

15‌ ‌वर्ष‌ ‌की‌ ‌उम्र‌ ‌में‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌टेनेसी‌ ‌स्टेट‌ ‌विश्वविद्यालय‌ ‌में‌ ‌’टेंपल’‌ ‌नामक‌ ‌एक‌ ‌कोच‌ ‌से‌ ‌मिलकर‌ ‌उनसे‌ ‌वचन‌ ‌लिया‌ ‌कि‌ ‌”दौड‌ ‌की‌ ‌कला‌ ‌मैं‌ ‌सिखाऊँगा।”‌ ‌आखिर‌ ‌एक‌ ‌दिन‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌ओलंपिक‌ ‌में‌ ‌हिस्सा‌ ‌ले‌ ‌रही‌ ‌थी।‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌का‌ ‌मुकाबला‌ ‌”जुत्ता‌ ‌हेन”‌ ‌से‌ ‌था।‌ ‌जिसे‌ ‌कोई‌ ‌भी‌ ‌हरा‌ ‌नहीं‌ ‌पाया‌ ‌था।‌ ‌100‌ ‌मीटर‌ ‌दौड‌ ‌200‌ ‌मीटर‌ ‌दौड‌ ‌में‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌ने‌ ‌जुत्ता‌ ‌को‌ ‌दो‌ ‌बार‌ ‌हराकर‌ ‌दो‌ ‌स्वर्ण‌ ‌पदक‌ ‌जीता‌ ‌|‌ ‌अब‌ ‌400‌ ‌मीटर‌ ‌की‌ ‌रिले‌ ‌रेस‌ ‌में‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌का‌ ‌मुकाबला‌ ‌फिर‌ ‌जुत्ता‌ ‌से‌ ‌ही‌ ‌था।‌ ‌रिले‌ ‌में‌ ‌रेस‌ ‌का‌ ‌आखिरी‌ ‌हिस्सा‌ ‌टीम‌ ‌का‌ ‌सबसे‌ ‌तेज़‌ ‌खिलाडी‌ ‌ही‌ ‌दौडता‌ ‌है।‌ ‌पहले‌ ‌तीन‌ ‌खूब‌ ‌दौडे‌ ‌और‌ ‌’बेटन’‌ ‌भी‌ ‌आसानी‌ ‌से‌ ‌बदली‌ ‌|‌ ‌जब‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌के‌ ‌दौडने‌ ‌की‌ ‌बारी‌ ‌आयी‌ ‌उससे‌ ‌बेटन‌ ‌छूट‌ ‌गई‌ ‌।‌ ‌इधर‌ ‌दूसरी‌ ‌छोर‌ ‌पर‌ ‌जुत्ता‌ ‌तेज़ी‌ ‌से‌ ‌दौड़ी‌ ‌चली‌ ‌आ‌ ‌रही‌ ‌है।‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌ने‌ ‌गिरी‌ ‌हुई‌ ‌बेटन‌ ‌उठायी‌ ‌और‌ ‌यंत्र‌ ‌की‌ ‌तरह‌ ‌तेज़ी‌ ‌से‌ ‌दौडी‌ ‌और‌ ‌जुत्ता‌ ‌को‌ ‌तीसरी‌ ‌बार‌ ‌भी‌ ‌हराया‌ ‌और‌ ‌तीसरा‌ ‌स्वर्ण‌ ‌पदक‌ ‌जीता‌ ‌|‌ ‌एक‌ ‌पोलियो‌ ‌ग्रस्त‌ ‌महिला‌ ‌1960‌ ‌के‌ ‌रोम‌ ‌ओलम्पिक‌ ‌में‌ ‌दुनिया‌ ‌की‌ ‌सबसे‌ ‌तेज़‌ ‌धावक‌ ‌बन‌ ‌गयी‌ ‌और‌ ‌एक‌ ‌ही‌ ‌ओलम्पिक‌ ‌में‌ ‌तीन‌ ‌स्वर्ण‌ ‌पदक‌ ‌जीतने‌ ‌वाली‌ ‌पहली‌ ‌अमेरिकी‌ ‌’एथलीट’‌ ‌बनी‌ ‌।‌‌

ओलंपिक‌ ‌में‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌का‌ ‌मुकाबला‌ ‌दुनिया‌ ‌के‌ ‌सबसे‌ ‌तेज़‌ ‌दौडनेवालों‌ ‌में‌ ‌एक‌ ‌”जुत्ता‌ ‌हेन”‌ ‌से‌ ‌था‌ ‌जिसे‌ ‌कोई‌‌ भी‌ ‌हरा‌ ‌नहीं‌ ‌पाया‌ ‌था‌ ‌।‌ ‌पहली‌ ‌दौड‌ ‌100‌ ‌मीटर‌ ‌में‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌ने‌ ‌जुत्ता‌ ‌को‌ ‌हराकर‌ ‌अपना‌ ‌पहला‌ ‌स्वर्ण‌ ‌पदक‌ ‌जीता।‌ ‌दूसरी‌ ‌दौड‌ ‌200‌ ‌मीटर‌ ‌में‌ ‌भी‌ ‌उसने‌ ‌दूसरी‌ ‌बार‌ ‌हराकर‌ ‌स्वर्ण‌ ‌पदक‌ ‌जीता‌ ‌|‌ ‌तीसरी‌ ‌दौड‌ ‌400‌ ‌मीटर‌ ‌की‌ ‌रिले‌ ‌रेस‌ ‌थी‌ ‌और‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌का‌ ‌मुकाबला‌ ‌एक‌ ‌बार‌ ‌फिर‌ ‌जुत्ता‌ ‌से‌ ‌ही‌ ‌था‌ ‌।‌ ‌रिले‌ ‌में‌ ‌रेस‌ ‌का‌ ‌आखरी‌ ‌हिस्सा‌ ‌टीम‌ ‌का‌ ‌सबसे‌ ‌तेज़‌ ‌खिलाडी‌ ‌ही‌ ‌दौडता‌ ‌है।‌ ‌जब‌ ‌अंत‌ ‌में‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌की‌ ‌दौडने‌ ‌की‌ ‌बारी‌ ‌आई‌ ‌उससे‌ ‌बेटन‌ ‌छूट‌ ‌गयी।‌ ‌लेकिन‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌ने‌ ‌देख‌ ‌लिया‌ ‌कि‌ ‌दूसरे‌ ‌छोर‌ ‌पर‌ ‌जुत्ता‌ ‌हेन‌ ‌तेज़ी‌ ‌से‌ ‌दौडी‌ ‌चली‌ ‌आ‌ ‌रही‌ ‌है।‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌ने‌ ‌गिरी‌ ‌हुई‌ ‌बेटन‌ ‌उठाई‌ ‌और‌ ‌यंत्र‌ ‌की‌ ‌तरह‌ ‌तेज़ी‌ ‌से‌ ‌दौडी‌ ‌तथा‌ ‌जुत्ता‌ ‌को‌ ‌तीसरी‌ ‌बार‌ ‌भी‌ ‌हराया‌ ‌और‌ ‌अपना‌ ‌तीसरा‌ ‌स्वर्ण‌ ‌पदक‌ ‌जीता‌ ‌।‌‌

1. ‌माँ‌ ‌की‌ ‌प्रेरणा‌ ‌से‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌ने‌ ‌चलना‌ ‌प्रारंभ‌ ‌किया।
2. एक‌ ‌साल‌ ‌के‌ ‌बाद‌ ‌वह‌ ‌बिना‌ ‌बैसाखियों‌ ‌के‌ ‌चलने‌ ‌में‌ ‌कामयाब‌ ‌हो‌ ‌गयी।‌
3. ‌प्रयास‌ ‌का‌ ‌अर्थ‌ ‌है‌ ‌-‌ ‌कोशिश‌
4. उसने‌ ‌पहली‌ ‌दौड‌ ‌प्रतियोगिता‌ ‌में‌ ‌भाग‌ ‌लिया।‌
5. यह‌ ‌गद्यांश‌ ‌’हार‌ ‌के‌ ‌आगे‌ ‌जीते‌ ‌है‌ ‌पाठ‌ ‌से‌ ‌दिया‌ ‌गया।‌‌

1. A)‌ ‌प्राणवायु‌
2. ‌C)‌ ‌वृक्ष‌‌
3. B)‌ ‌स्वार्थ‌
4. C) भूमि
5. A)‌ ‌हरियाली‌

‌विल्मा‌ ‌का‌ ‌जीवन‌ ‌हमारे‌ ‌लिए‌ ‌ज़रूर‌ ‌प्रेरणादायक‌ ‌है‌ ‌क्योंकि‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌अपाहिज‌ ‌लडकी‌ ‌थी।‌ ‌डॉक्टरों‌ ‌ने‌ ‌भी‌‌ अपनी‌ ‌निस्सहायता‌ ‌प्रकट‌ ‌करने‌ ‌पर‌ ‌भी‌ ‌वह‌ ‌हिम्मत‌ ‌न‌ ‌हारकर‌ ‌स्वयं‌ ‌पर‌ ‌भरोसा‌ ‌रखते‌ ‌हुए‌ ‌मेहनत‌ ‌और‌‌ लगन‌ ‌से‌ ‌एक‌ ‌ही‌ ‌ओलंपिक‌ ‌में‌ ‌तीन‌ ‌स्वर्ण‌ ‌पदक‌ ‌जीतनेवाली‌ ‌पहली‌ ‌अमेरिकी‌ ‌एथलीट‌ ‌बनी‌ ‌।‌

‌विल्मा‌ ‌की‌ ‌सफलता‌ ‌में‌ ‌उसकी‌ ‌माँ‌ ‌का‌ ‌बडा‌ ‌हाथ‌ ‌था‌ ‌।‌ ‌वह‌ ‌बडी‌ ‌धर्मपरायण,‌ ‌सकारात्मक,‌ ‌मनोवृत्ति‌ ‌वाली‌‌ साहसी‌ ‌महिला‌ ‌थी‌ ‌|‌ ‌उसने‌ ‌पूरे‌ ‌आत्मविश्वास‌ ‌के‌ ‌साथ‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌का‌ ‌हौसला‌ ‌बढ़ाई‌ ‌।‌ ‌वह‌ ‌हमेशा‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌के‌ ‌हिम्मत‌ ‌को‌ ‌आगे‌ ‌बढ़ाती‌ ‌रही‌ ‌।

‌विल्मा‌ ‌की‌ ‌माँ‌ ‌प्रेरणा‌ ‌नहीं‌ ‌दी‌ ‌होती‌ ‌तो‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌ऐसी‌ ‌अपाहिज‌ ‌की‌ ‌तरह‌ ‌ही‌ ‌रह‌ ‌जाती‌ ‌थी।‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌की‌‌ सफलता‌ ‌में‌ ‌उसकी‌ ‌माँ‌ ‌का‌ ‌बडा‌ ‌हाथ‌ ‌था।‌ ‌माँ‌ ‌सदा‌ ‌उसके‌ ‌साथ‌ ‌रहकर‌ ‌उसमें‌ ‌आत्मविश्वास‌ ‌जगाती‌ ‌रही।‌‌ इस‌ ‌प्रकार‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌की‌ ‌सफलता‌ ‌में‌ ‌उसकी‌ ‌माँ‌ ‌की‌ ‌प्रेरणा‌ ‌अधिक‌ ‌थी।‌

1. माँ ‌ने‌ ‌दृढ़‌ ‌विश्वास‌ ‌के‌ ‌साथ‌ ‌कहा‌ ‌कि‌ ‌”क्यों‌ ‌नहीं‌‌ मेरी‌ ‌बेटी,‌ ‌मुझे‌ ‌तुझ‌ ‌पर‌ ‌पूरा‌ ‌विश्वास‌ ‌है।”
2. माँ ‌‌‌की‌ ‌आदर्शवादी‌ ‌बातें‌ ‌सुनकर‌ ‌विल्मा‌ ‌ने‌ ‌कहा‌‌ “माँ ‌‌ ‌मैं‌ ‌क्या‌ ‌कर‌ ‌सकती‌ ‌हूँ‌ ‌जब‌ ‌कि‌ ‌मैं‌ ‌चल‌ ‌ही‌‌ नहीं‌ ‌पाती‌ ‌हूँ?”
3. ‌विल्मा‌ ‌की‌ ‌माँ‌ ‌बड़ी‌ ‌धर्मपरायण,‌ ‌सकारात्मक‌ ‌मनोवृत्ति‌ ‌वाली‌ ‌साहसी‌ ‌महिला‌ ‌थी।
4. ‌माँ ‌‌ने‌ ‌आत्मविश्वास‌ ‌के‌ ‌साथ‌ ‌कहा‌ ‌था‌ ‌”मेरी बेटी,‌ ‌तुम‌ ‌जो‌ ‌चाहो,‌ ‌प्राप्त‌ ‌कर‌ ‌सकती‌ ‌हो।”
5. यह‌ ‌उपर्युक्त‌ ‌गद्यांश‌ ‌’हार‌ ‌के‌ ‌आगे‌ ‌जीत‌ ‌है’‌‌ नामक‌ ‌पाठ‌ ‌से‌ ‌दिया‌ ‌गया‌ ‌है।

‌किसी‌ ‌ने‌ ‌कहा‌ ‌कि‌ ‌”फैल्यूर्स‌ ‌आर‌ ‌स्टेप्पिंग‌ ‌स्टोन्स‌ ‌टु‌ ‌सक्सेस”‌ ‌ठीक‌ ‌ही‌ ‌कहा‌ ‌जब‌ ‌हम‌ ‌असफल‌ ‌हो‌ ‌जाते‌‌ हैं,‌ ‌तब‌ ‌हम‌ ‌अपने‌ ‌धैर्य‌ ‌को‌ ‌मत‌ ‌छोडकर‌ ‌असफलता‌ ‌की‌ ‌कमियों‌ ‌को‌ ‌पूरा‌ ‌करके‌ ‌अर्थात‌ ‌असफलताओं‌ ‌के‌ ‌सीढ़ियों‌ ‌पर‌ ‌कदम‌ ‌रखते‌ ‌मेहनत‌ ‌और‌ ‌लगन,‌ ‌दृढ‌ ‌विश्वास‌ ‌और‌ ‌स्वयं‌ ‌पर‌ ‌भरोसे‌ ‌के‌ ‌साथ‌ ‌आगे‌ ‌चलने‌ ‌से‌ ‌सफलता‌ ‌हमारे‌ ‌कदम‌ ‌चूमती‌ ‌है।‌ ‌अर्थात‌ ‌तन,‌ ‌मन‌ ‌व‌ ‌आत्मा‌ ‌से‌ ‌जो‌ ‌मज़बूत‌ ‌होता‌ ‌है‌ ‌सफलता‌ ‌उसके‌‌ कदम‌ ‌चूमती‌ ‌है।

1. B)‌ ‌मोर‌
2. D)‌ ‌मोर‌
3. A)‌ ‌चोंच‌ ‌मारकर‌
4. B) टोलियाँ‌
5. A)‌ ‌अपने‌ ‌घर‌ ‌में‌

1. तन,‌ ‌मन‌ ‌व‌ ‌आत्मा‌ ‌से‌ ‌जो‌ ‌मज़बूत‌ ‌होता‌ ‌है,‌‌ सफलता‌ ‌उसके‌ ‌क़दम‌ ‌चूमती‌ ‌है।‌
2. ‌शक्ति‌ ‌के‌ ‌लिए‌ ‌शारीरिक‌ ‌तंदुरुस्ती‌ ‌चाहिए।
3. ‌तीनों‌ ‌ही‌ ‌प्रकार‌ ‌की‌ ‌क्षमताओं‌ ‌का‌ ‌दूसरा‌ ‌नाम‌ विल्मा‌ ‌ग्लोडियन‌ ‌रुडाल्फ़‌ ‌है।
4. निश्चित‌ ‌परिस्थिति‌ ‌में‌ ‌समय‌ ‌पर‌ ‌अपने‌ ‌प्रदर्शन‌‌ करने‌ ‌के‌ ‌लिए‌ ‌मानसिक‌ ‌संतुलन‌ ‌चाहिए।‌
5. मूल्यों‌ ‌के‌ ‌अनुरूप‌ ‌जीने‌ ‌हेतु‌ ‌हमें‌ ‌आत्मबल‌ ‌चाहिए।‌

Correct option is (c) Expert

‌विल्मा‌ ‌को‌ ‌पोलियो‌ ‌की‌ ‌बीमारी‌ ‌थी।‌‌

1. C)‌ ‌पेड‌‌
2. B)‌ ‌बहुत‌ ‌से‌ ‌लोग‌
3. A)‌ ‌बूढ़ा‌
4. C)‌ ‌पेड़‌‌
5. C)‌ ‌पेड़ों‌ ‌के‌