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“Management is a multipurpose organ that manages a business and manages manager, and manages worker and work.”— Peter F. Drucker: The Practice of Management

Drucker stresses three jobs of management:

1. Managing a business; 

2. Managing manager; and

3. Managing workers and work.

Even if one is omitted, It would not have management anymore and it also would not have a business enterprise or an industrial society. According to P. Drucker, the manager has” to balance and integrate three major jobs of a business enterprise as mentioned above.

Hence, a manager is a dynamic and life-giving element in every business. Without efficient management it cannot be possible to secure the best allocation and utilisation of human, ‘ material and financial resources.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Humus is a dark coloured organic substance consisting of partially or wholly decayed plant or animal waste. It provides nutrient for plants and increases the ability of soil to retain water. Humus plays a major role in deciding the soil structure because it causes soil to become more porous and allows water and air to penetrate deep underground.

Congress (O) was represented by K. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamilnadu and the then President of Congress Party whereas Congress (R) was led by Indira Gandhi.

Morarji Desai, earlier Chief Minister of Bombay State.

‘Congress Syndicate’, implied a group of powerful and influential leaders within Congress to be known as Old Congress.

Inter-cropping is the process of growing two or more crops simultaneously, on the same field in a definite pattern. A few rows of one crop, alternate with a few rows of a second crop. 

For example: Soyabean + maize or finger millet (bajra) + cowpea (lobia). 

Difference between mixed cropping and Inter-cropping are as follows:

Advantages of inter-cropping are as follows: 

1. It prevents pests and diseases from spreading to all the plants, belonging to one crop in a field. In this way, both crops can give better returns. 

2. It ensures maximum utilisation of the nutrients supplied.

Inter cropping is retailored and improved version of traditional mixed cropping, in which two or more crops are grown simultaneously in the same field, but in a definite row pattern.

To implement the laws and perform administrative duties.

Mixed cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land. 

Some mixed cropping practices are: 

(a) Soyabean + Pigeon pea 

(b) Wheat + Mustard 

Advantages of mixed cropping: 

The risk of total crop failure, due to uncertain monsoon, is reduced. Farmers tend to harvest a variety of products such as cereals, pulses, vegetables or fodder, to meet the various requirement of family or of agricultural farms.

Misuse of administrative powers.

Sustainable Agriculture: The science of cultivating land to raise crops is called agriculture. Sustainable agriculture means successful management of resources for agriculture to satisfy the changing human needs, while maintaining or enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural resources. Due to steady increase of human population, it is necessary to increase the crops production, that can be achieved by efficient management of natural resources, such as soil, water, forest, fertilisers, pesticides, etc. 

Various method of sustainable agriculture: Mixed farming is the crop production including horticulture and rearing of farm animals, poultry and piggery, etc. 

Types of mixed crop farming are: Food-fodder, horticulture-pastoral, agro-forestry and mixed cropping-cereal crops and milch animals, etc. Mixed cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land. 

Some mixed cropping practices are: 

(a) Soybean + Pigeon pea 

(b) Wheat + Mustard 

Advantages of mixed cropping: 

(a) The risk of total crop failure due to uncertain monsoon is reduced. 

(b) Farmers tend to harvest a variety of produce, such as cereals, pulses, vegetables or fodder, to meet the various requirements of family or of agricultural farms. Crop rotation: One method of crop production which ensures high yield is crop rotation. Crop rotation is defined as the practice of growing of different crops on a piece of land, in a preplanned succession. Depending upon the duration, crop rotation is done for different crop combinations. If crop rotation is done properly, then two or three crops can be grown in one year with good harvests.

Advantages of crop rotation: 

(a) Crop rotation helps in the replenishment of soil fertility. 

(b) It enhances the production, by increasing the soil fertility. 

(c) It prevents building up of diseases and pests of a particular crop. 

(d) It prevents depletion of selective nutrients. 

1. One year rotation-Rice – Wheat; Maize – Mustard. 

2. Two-year rotation-Maize – Potato; Sugarcane – pea. 

3. Three-year rotation-Rice, Wheat-Mung, Mustard, Sugarcane, Burseem.

(B) Nitrogen

It refers to the successful management of resources to satisfy human needs, while conserving natural resources, using renewable resources.

• To dispense justice 
• To protect the fundamental rights.

The increase (extension) in its functional scope.

Biological Oxygen Demand indicates the quality of wastewater. BOD refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by bacteria in decomposing the organic waste present in water. It is expressed in milligrams of oxygen per litre of water.

The pesticides and other chemicals used in the crop fields enter the water sources due to rain, e.g., DDT. These enter the food chain and keep on accumulating at each trophic level, as these chemicals cannot be decomposed. This increase in the concentration of toxicants with an increase in the trophic level is called biological magnification.

• Judicial activism 
• public interest litigation.

Noise pollution: Any unwanted sound is called noise. High intensity sounds emitted by big machines, industries, factories, automobiles, aeroplanes, etc. are unwanted sound. Use of loudspeakers in public meetings, etc. a high volume of radio, TV and transistors increases the noise level. The pollution caused by it, is called noise pollution. The intensity of sound is measured in decibels. The intensity of sound in normal conversation is 30-50 decibels. 

Effects of sound pollution on human beings: 

1. Audiological effects: Sounds of more than 90 dB intensity, causes fatigue in the ears and roaring in ears, continues. Persons living in the noise of 100 dB become hard of hearing or deaf. If the intensity of sound is very high and the source of loud sound is near the ears, the eardrum gets punctured and deafness is produced. 

2. Physiological effects: Harsh and unwanted sounds affect the physiological working of the human body. Sound pollution harms the vision of the eyes, and working of the heart, liver, respiratory system and brain. Sound pollution causes headache, nausea, irritation in skin, high blood pressure, vertigo and loss of memory. 

3. Psychological effects: Harsh sound causes anger, irritability and mental tension. It gives birth to quarrels and disputes among the people. 4. Other effects: Sound pollution interferes in lectures, speech and normal talk with other persons. The working efficiency of persons goes down. Sound pollution disturbs sound sleep and peaceful study.

The head of the state (country) is the supreme commander of the armed forces. In India the president is the supreme commander of the armed forces.

Water pollution: Spoiling the quality of water by any natural or human activity is called water pollution. 

Causes of water pollution: 

1. Waste products, industrial wastes and chemical wastes are thrown in rivers, lakes, etc. as such pollute the water bodies. 

2. Sewerage and dirty waste water of villages, towns and cities is drained to fall into rivers or any other water body. 

3. People wash their dirty clothes, take bath, clean their utensils and bath their pet animals in the water of the pond, lake, river, etc. 

4. Oil slick in the sea due to leakage, from ship, causes pollution. Water is also polluted, due to atomic explosions in seas. 

5. Atomic explosion experiments inside the sea, and dumping of nuclear waste in oceans.

Harmful effects of polluted water on human life:

1. Water plants and animals are destroyed, due to polluted water by industrial wastes. 

2. Sewerage, garbage and organic materials dumped into water bodies, kill the fishes, because of reduction in oxygen concentration, causing their suffocation. 

3. Many diseases are caused by drinking polluted water, e.g., typhoid, cholera, dysentery, jaundice, hepatitis and polio. 

4. Eggs of hookworms, roundworms, etc. enter into our bodies through polluted water and make us ill. 

5. Parasites penetrate the skin of human beings while bathing in polluted water, it becomes the cause of diseases such as schestomiosis, laptospisosis, etc. 

6. Water discharged from some industries may contain metals like copper, chromium, zinc, cadmium. These metals are harmful to human beings and cause diseases. 

For example, Minamata disease is caused due to mercury metal. This disease harms the liver and kidneys. 

7. Fluorine ions present in water causes fluorosis of teeth and bones, Problems of kidney and thyroid gland are produced, due to the high concentration of fluorine.

Following are the harmful effects of air pollution on health: 

1. Carbon dioxide, chlorine, ammonia, nitrous oxide, etc. gases coming out of factories cause irritation and burning in the throat and eye. 

2. The vapours which come out from chemical factories cause many diseases of lungs, such as a cough, asthma, etc. 

3. The gases coming out from the factories of aluminium and superphosphate cause diseases of teeth and bones.

4. Smoke and dust particles present in the air cause cough, asthma and tuberculosis. 

5. Petrol and diesel vehicles produce gases such as carbon monoxide and tetramethyl lead, etc. If inhaled for long time continuously, these gases cause cancer, tuberculosis, etc.

When the judiciary issues direction and instructions against such works done by the legislature and the executive, which are hasty and thoughtless, this action is called judicial activism.

(a) P.N Bhagwati

The chief of the executive has the right to pardon. In india, this right is conferred upon the President.

When the judiciary issues directions and instruction against the unconstitutional act / acts of the Legislature or the Executive, then such an act of the Supreme Court is called Judicial Activism. In a welfare state, it is a modern way to resolve the complaints of the people.In this age of human rights, judicial activism has sprung up from the carelessness of the Executive. In India, chief justice P.N Bhagwati exercised this right in 1986. He heard a public interest case written on a mere postcard. 

The elements which encouraged judicial activism are:

• Negligence of Duties of the Executive 
• Misguidedness 
• Rampant Corruption 
• Public Interest Litigation 
• Judicial Review 
• The Decreasing Public Faith in the Executive.

Meaning of Judiciary: 

Judiciary is the third most important organ of the government. It defines the laws prevalent in the society and punishes the offenders of the law. Judiciary is a group of such persons who have the right to settle disputes according to the provision of the law. 

Composition of Judiciary: 

1. Judges elected by the public: 

In some countries, judges are directly elected by the public. But this system is faulty, because by this system, the election of the able person is not ensured and the judges can become the victims of the political mainpulation. 

2. Judiciary appointed by the executive: 

In most of the countries of the world, the judges are appointed by the executive. Able persons are appointed as judges who provide justice impartially,according to the spirit of law. In India, this procedure has been adopted. 

3. Judiciary elected by legislature: 

In Switzerland, judges had been appointed by legislature, but in this system, the appointment of the judges would not be made on the basis of their abilities. 

Functions of the Judiciary: 

1. To dispense justice: 

The chief duty of the judiciary is to execute the judicial duties according to the provision of the law of the country. The judiciary, after carefully hearing both the parties, settles the disputes justly-between the individuals or between the states and an individual. It also punishes the criminals according to the law. 

2. Judiciary protects constitution: 

Judiciary alone can define and interpret the constitution. It acts according to the spirit of the constitution. 

3. Protects the fundamental rights: 

Judiciary protects the freedom and the fundamental rights of the individual. If the government or some individual denies a person their freedom and fundamental rights, the judiciary can protect their personal freedom and fundamental rights. 

4. Defines the Law: 

Judiciary can define a law provided in the constitution or made by the legislature. The definition of a law by judiciary is final and universally accepted. 

5. To settle the disputes between the federal government and the state government. 

6. Functions related to consultancy: 

If the executive wants to consult judiciary regarding the complexity of some law or interpretation of the law, the judiciary always provides such consultation. In India, the President can consult the Supreme Court on constitutional issues and on issues concerned with public interest, but he is not bound to follow the advice of the judiciary. 

7. Administrative functions: 

Judiciary performs several additional functions for its administrative structure, for example, appointment, promotion and transfer of its personnel, etc. 

8. Other Functions: 

1. To issue certification regarding marriage, divorce, citizenship, 

2. To punish a person for the contempt of the court 

3. To decide the guardianship of the minors 

4. To decide the effectiveness and legal validity of the testament / will 

5. To appoint receivers for insolvent firms, etc.

(b) Legislature

Judicial Review: 

Judicial Review gives the Supreme Court the right to protect the constitution. The federal government and the state government may not obey a law in word and sprier or infringe upon the fundamental rights, then the Supreme Court can declare any such in-constitutional law to be null and void. Such power of the supreme Court is called judicial review, and during the modern times,the first use of Judicia review was exercised in U.S.A. In the USA, the judicial review is a part of regular legal process, while in India, it is of reactionary nature.

In Unites States of America.

Meaning of the independence of judiciary : 

The independence of the judiciary means that it should function quite freely without any pressure of the executive and the legislature. According to Hamilton, “However good the laws of a state (country) may be, the state is lifeless without an impartial judiciary”.

Means to protect the independence of the Judiciary: 

1. Appointment of the judges: 

The process of appointing the judges is the foremost requirement of an independent judiciary. Throughout the world the judges are appointed in three ways: 

• By the public 
• by the legislature and by the executive. 

2. The ability of the judges: 

For the independence of the judiciary the judges must be able, experienced and well-trained. They should have thorough knowledge of the laws and must be honest and impartial. In India, only that person who has served the High Court as a judge for five years or has worked as an advocate in a High Court for 10 years can be appointed a judge of Supreme Court, or in the eye of the President the person should be a scholar and an expert of law. 

3. The tenure of judge: 

For the independence of judiciary,the tenure of a judge should be secure and definite, so that he may discharge his duty freely, boldly and impartially. 

4. Sufficient salary: 

allowances and pensions must be given to the judicial officers, so that they may live upto the standerd of their status in society. 

5. Separation from the executive: 

If powers of judiciary and those of the executive might clash, it is essential to keep the judiciary independent of the bondage of the executive. 

6. Judges are prohibited from pursuing: 

the profession of an advocate or accepting any other appointment on retirement. It is essential to ban a retired judge from working as an advocate at least in the same court from which he/she has retired. This would stop the misuse of power. There must be provision of a good pension after retirement to a judge and his services may be taken in law commissions or as a legal consultant in a government department.

Meaning of judicial review: 

Judicial review is that power of the court by which it examines the constitutional and legal validity of the laws made by the legislature and the executive. If they are found against the provisions of the constitution and against the established principles of law, the judiciary can declare them null and void.

Under the power of judicial review, the courts define the laws laid down in the constitution, and their judgement on the legal validity or illegal complication associated with the orders of the legislature and the executive is deemed final and irrevocable.

Basis of judicial Review: 

The principle of the constitution functions on two issues: 

• Supremacy of the constitution 
• Supremacy of the legislature.

In Great Britain, legislature is the supreme and it has the unlimited power of lawmaking, while in USA and India, constitution occupies the greatest position. If any unit of the administration misuses its powers, the judiciary has the power to declare it unlawful.

Criticism of judicial review: 

1. It is against the principles of separation of powers: 

Judicial review provides the judiciary opportunities to interfere with the functioning of legislature and the executive, and thus it ignores the principal of separation of powers. 

2. Hinders the pace of development: 

In democracy, the final power is in the hands of the people. The parliament represents the will of the public, but many times, the judiciary’s power of judicial review declares an act passed by the parliament in the greatest interest of the public as illegal, and thus, hinders the progress of the people. 

3. A paradoxical judgement: 

In the use of judicial review, a judge revises his former judgement. This creates paradoxical situation and a suspicion in the minds of the losing party that the judge can twist his judgement on the basis of the some documents and evidence. The public starts losing faith in the honesty and sincerity of the judges. 

4. The judiciary is considered: 

the most exalted organ of the government. The power of judicial review has established the judiciary in the highest position in of the constitution. This power is totally unjustified from democratic point of view indicate. Legislature represents the people’s will, so the law made by the legislature and set aside by the judiciary clearly indicates the superiority of the judiciary over the constitution. 

In spite of the above criticism, we will have to say that the power of judicial review has given stability to the federal administration of the country. The role of the power of judicial review has been very important in protecting the constitution, in protecting the fundamental rights of the citizens and in maintaining the dignity of the administration.

Judiciary is the third most important organ of the government. Under the provision of judicial review, the judiciary examines the constitutional validity of the acts formed by the legislature and the actions of the executive. In case these are found against the provision of the constitution and against the legality provided by the law, the Supreme Court can declare them unlawful.

In such situations, the judicial review proves the supremacy of the judiciary over the legislature. This sort of decision hurts the dignity of the legislature, because in democracy, the final power is in the hands of the people. Legislature represents the powers of the people. The power of the judicial review of the judiciary, many times, declares the law made by the legislature for the good of the people as unlawful.

This not only disgraces the legislature, but also hinders the progress the development of the people. In India, laws made for land reforms and the executive, withdrawal of the Privy Purse, nationalization of the banks were for the welfare of the people, but they came under judicial review and were abrogated. Thus, judicial review hindered progress and development.

Urbanisation is the expansion of a metropolitian area namely the proportion of total area.

Correct option is Angami Zapu Fizo

Correct option is Bengali migrants from Bangladesh

Full form of SAARC is South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

Special Economic Zone.

Correct Answer is: (d) Nile

Wheat, Sugarcane, rice, cotton, tobacco, oil seeds, jute, bajra, com tea etc are the crops of lndia.

Agriculture accounts for 25% of the gross domestic product and employes almost 70% of the Indian population.

The role of Augustus was very important in the establishment of the Roman Empire. Actually the history of imperialist Rome begins with his reign. Augustus a ruled on Rome from 31 BC to 14 BC. Augustus emphasized the need to organize and strengthen the empire in place of exparding it. There was complete peace in this period. He upgraded the traffic routes and made Rome the main center of Europe by connecting all major routes. He made important contributions in the field of art, literature and education and tried to overcome the evils spread in social and religious life.

Augustus wanted to complete Julius Caesar’s programme for peace and prosperity in the Roman empire. He used his military power to protect the empire, not for the expansion of the empire. He provided all necessary rights and facilities to the citizens. He banned the unruly political parties and their institutions. The opposition and disobedient members of Senate were removed by Augustus and he also paid full attention to the provincial governance. He appointed honest governors in the provinces and made necessary improvements in the system. He was a strong supporter of the purity of the Roman race and its preservation. On the basis of the peace prevaling during Augustus’s reign, on the basis of the progress made in different spheres of culture, his reign is called the ‘Golden Age’ of Roman history.

Correct Answer is: (c) Neolithic age

The development of human being during the period between 500 BC to five thousand BC have been studied. This era has been called the ‘Ice-age’.

India seems like two separate countries.

Mileage India: Supported by Primitive agriculture.

Urban India: Supported by Industrial areas.

The areas where India has surprised Pakistan are scientific and technological development, exports of software, defence technology, space research, electronics, genetics, telecommunications, education and health etc.

Pakistan has performed better than India in the field of economic growth, rate, per capita income, better living standards and consumption levels etc.

The introduction of “Green Revolution” to mechanisation and increase in public, investment in infrastructure in select areas, which finally led to a rise in the production of food grains. This changed the agrarian structure dramatically.

Carbon monoxide has affinity for haemoglobin, 200 times more than oxygen. If a person inhales carbon monoxide for 6 to 8 hours, then carbon monoxide has poisonous effect. Carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin and forms carboxyhaemoglobin, which can not absorb oxygen. Thus, red blood corpuscles lose the capacity of carrying oxygen to various parts of the body. As a result of which, the person dies for want of oxygen.