Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

A Key is an analytical scheme for the identification of plants and animals based on the similarities and differences. The keys are based on the contrasting characters, generally in a pair called couplet. Each couplet actually represents the choice made between two opposite options, leading to the acceptance of one Each statement in the key is called a lead keys are of two types.

• Indented keys, which provides a sequence of choices between two or more statements of character of species
• Bracketed keys, where pairs of contradict-ing characters are used for identification, the number on the right of the statement indicate the recent choice of paired contrasting statements.

The organisms like a snail, whirling beetle and pond skaters live on the surface of water.

(1) Monographs: Monograph gives a comprehensive account of complete compilation of available information of anyone’s family or genus at a time.

(2) Manuals: Manuals contain compiled information about the particular area, key, descriptions of family, genus and species.

(c) Flora: flora contains the actual description of the habitat and distribution of plants in a given area. We have several floras in India e.g: flora of British India, flora of simensis, flora of Delhi etc.

Yes, plants respond to stimuli like animals.

Monograph contain information on any one taxon whereas manuals provide information for identification of name of species in an area.

Meaning of Money: Money is that which performs the functions of money as a medium of exchange.

Definitions of Money:

• Marshall: Money is that medium which is used as a means of exchange without any doubt or investigation regardless of time or place.
• Robertson: What is accepted universally in exchange of goods or services.

Functions of Money:

• As a medium of exchange,
• As a store value
• As a measure of value and
• As a standard of defferred payment.

Types of Money:

• Commodity money,
• Animals money
• Metal money
• Paper money
• Bank money and
• Plastic money (Credit card, Debit card).

Meaning of Inflation: In a simple sense, inflation means a rise in the general price level. It is a monetary event and economic problem.

Definition of Inflation:

• Dr A. E Lemer: A situation of excess demand over supply of goods is called inflation.
• Dr A. C. Pigou: Inflation is said to occur when monetary income rises faster than real income.
• Dr J. M. Keynes: The real situation of inflation is created with increase in money/income beyond the level of the full employment of factors of production.

Characteristics of Inflation:

• Constant rise in price level,
• Price rise in all sectors of economy,
• Purchasing power of money decreases,
• The rise in price level after full employment and
• Keeping control over increase in price level by rules or law, it is considered inflation.

Causes of Inflation:

1. Increase in demand
   • Increase in supply of Money,
   • Increase in public expenditure
   • Over-population.
2. Increase in cost of production.
3. Other reasons
   • Taxation policy
   • Increase in price of import
   • Scarcity.

Menopause occurs at the age of 45-50 years in women.

(1) Cell division and Differentiation:

Auxins promote cell division and their subsequent differentiation into tissues. They are used in cultures to bring about organogenesis.

(2) Apical dominance:

Auxins are more concentrated in the terminal buds rather than lateral buds. Therefore the presence of the terminal buds inhibits the growth of lateral buds which is also true when auxins are applied to the cut surface of the stem. This is used in preventing the sprouting of potato buds (axillary buds).

(3) Root Initiation:

Low concentrations of auxins promote rooting which can propagate more plants vegetatively. 

(4) Abscission formation: 

Development of abscission is due to a decrease in auxin concentration resulting in fruit fall and defoliation. In young leaves and fruits, the concentration is high. Hence the external application of auxins helps to prevent premature fruit drop of apple, pear and defoliation of cabbage.

(5) Parthenocarpy:

A normal fruit develops after fertilization, during which the auxin concentration increases. Application of auxins stimulate fruit formation without fertilization and is called parthenocarpy.

(6) Herbicide:

Synthetic auxins like 2, 4 – D and 2, 4, 5-T are toxic to broad-leaved plants and because of this used as selective herbicides in crop plants, lawn grass etc.

Hyphae are long filamentous, branched Or unbranched, septate Or a septate structure of mycelium. 

1. Cytokinin promotes cell division in the presence of auxin (IAA). 

2. Induces cell enlargement associated with IAA and gibberellins 

3. Cytokinin can break the dormancy of certain light-sensitive seeds like tobacco and induces seed germination. 

4. Cytokinin promotes the growth of lateral bud in the presence of apical bud. 

5. Application of cytokinin delays the process of aging by nutrient mobilization. It is known as Richmond Lang effect. 

6. Cytokinin:

• increases rate protein synthesis
• induces the formation of inter-fascicular cambium
• overcomes apical dominance
• induces formation of new leaves, chloroplast and lateral shoots.

7. Plants accumulate solutes very actively with the help of cytokinins.

Penicillin first discovered Antibiotic.

Xylem is a conducting tissue which conducts water, mineral nutrients upward from root to leaves. Xylem is also meant for mechanical support to the plant body. 

Xylem is composed of different kinds of elements.They are:

1. xylem tracheids 

2. xylem fibres 

3. xylem vessels and 

4. xylem parenchyma.

(i) Xylem tracheids: They are elongated or tube-like dead cells with hard, thick and lignified walls. Their ends are tapering, blunt or chisel-like. These cells are devoid of protoplast. They have large lumen without any content. Their function is conduction of water and providing mechanical support to the plant.

(ii) Xylem fibers: These cells are elongated, lignified and pointed at both the ends. Xylem fibres help in conduction of water and nutrients from root to the leaf and also provide mechanical support to the plant.

(iii) Xylem vessels: They are long cylindrical, tube like structures with lignified walls and wide central lumen. These cells are dead as these do not have protoplast. They are arranged in longitudinal series in which the partitioned walls (transverse walls) are perforated, and so the entire structure looks-like a water pipe. Their main function is transport of water and minerals from root to leaf, and also to provide mechanical strength.

(iv) Xylem parenchyma: Its cells are living and thin walled. The main function of xylem parenchyma is to store starch and fatty substances.

The chromosomes align in an equatorial plate during metaphase stage of mitosis. Each chromosome gets attached to a spindle fibre by its centromere which is known as the chromosomal fibre. During metaphase the sister chromatids are pulled back and forth until they align along the equator of the cell called equatorial plane.

Meiosis is important as it produces gametes i.e., male or female germ cells. During meiosis a germ cell or gamete divides to make four new sex cells. As a result of fertilization two gamates join together to form an egg or zygote. Therefore only if gametes are produced, fertilization can take place.

(b) Eubacteria 

1. The process of release of urine from the urinary bladder is called micturition. 

2. The average capacity of urinary bladder is 700 ml. 

3. When urinary bladder is almost half filled, stretch receptors in urinary bladder transmit impulses to spinal cord, initiating a conscious desire to expel urine. 

4. Micturition reflex center of spinal cord transmit impulses to the wall of urinary bladder and internal urethral sphincter. 

5. Bladder muscles contract and muscles of internal urethral sphincter relax. 

6. The external sphincter receives impulses from conscious centre of brain and relaxes.

7. This leads to elimination of urine from the bladder.

Rain water harvesting is the indigenous water saving methods to capture every trickle of water that had fallen on land. For this we need to dig small pits and lakes, build small earthen dams, construct dykes, sand and lime stone reservoirs, set up roof top water collecting units. This will recharge ground water levels and bring rivers back to life. Water harvesting techniques give people control over their local water resources, ensures, that the mismanagement and over exploitation of these resources is reduced/removed. The advantage of water stored in the ground are many. It does not evaporate, but spreads out to recharge wells and provide moisture for vegetation over a wide area. It does not provide breeding area for mosquitoes. It is also protected from contamination by human and animal waste.

A physico-chemical process by which green plants use light energy to synthesise organic compounds (glucose) is called as photosynthesis.

Correct option is (a) atomic number, atomic mass number

(a) Apoplast pathway 

(b) Turgor pressure 

(c) Hypotonic 

(d) Transpiration 

(e) Uniport 

(f) Guttation

Ca, Mg and Sr all three belong to the same group and are present in the order Mg < Ca < Sr. The atomic size increases on moving down the group. This is because of the increase in number of shells due to which the distance between the outermost electron and the nucleus increases. Thus Sr will have atoms of biggest size.

The biggest atom: Lithium (Li) 

The smallest atom: Oxygen (O)

Any suitable exothermic reaction like 

CaO + H₂O→ Ca(OH)₂ + heat

Those reactions in which two or more substances combine to form a single substance is called a combination reaction.

Oxidation: The chemical reaction in which a reactant combines with oxygen or loses hydrogen to form the product is called oxidation reaction.

(1 – c), 

(2 – d), 

(3 – a), 

(4 – b)

Reading for mere amusement has been compared to a narcotic because both help a person just to pass time. Both destroy all capacity for thought in him and leave the deeper feelings and higher faculties of perception unemployed.

मनोरंजन के लिए पढ़ने की तुलना नशीले पदार्थ से की गई है क्योंकि दोनों ही एक व्यक्ति को केवल समय गुजारने में सहायता करते हैं। दोनों ही उसमें सोचने की सारी क्षमता को नष्ट कर देते हैं और आन्तरिक भावनाओं और ज्ञान की उच्चस्तरीय शक्तियों को बेकार छोड़ देते हैं।

When we re-read a book, we find new meanings and new beauty in it. Such a book never becomes old but it is always immortal. It tempts us to read it again more than we wanted to read it the first time. 

जब हम किसी पुस्तक को पुनः पढ़ते हैं, हमें इसमें नये अर्थ और नये सौन्दर्य की प्राप्ति होती है। ऐसी पुस्तके कभी पुरानी नहीं होती बल्कि यह हमेशा अमर होती है। वह हमें पुन: पढ़ने के लिए प्रथम बार पढ़ने से भी अधिक ललचाती है।

Once the habit of discipline has been formed in a person, the result is that he finds it impossible to read for mere amusement. He throws away the book which does not give him intellectual food and appeal to his higher emotions. 

एक बार जब किसी व्यक्ति में अनुशासन की आदत पड़ जाती है, उसका परिणाम यह होता है कि वह केवल मनोरंजन के लिए पढ़ने को असम्भव पाता है। वह उस पुस्तक को फेंक देता है जो उसे बौद्धिक भोजन (प्रेरणा) नहीं प्रदान करती और उसकी उच्चस्तरीय भावनाओं को अच्छी नहीं लगती।

Most persons are unable to express their original opinion about a book because they read it just to amuse themselves, to pass time. In one hour or two, they finish the whole book and are left with only a vague idea about it. 

अधिकांश लोग किसी पुस्तक के बारे में अपने मौलिक विचार व्यक्त करने में इसलिए असमर्थ होते हैं क्योंकि वे उसे केवल अपने मनोरंजन के लिए, समय काटने के लिए पढ़ते हैं। एक या दो घण्टे में वे सारी पुस्तक समाप्त कर लेते हैं और उसके बारे में केवल एक अस्पष्ट विचार ही उनके पास रह जाता है।

About half-educated persons, the author expresses his opinion that they read only for their amusement. He believes that it is so because they are incapable of appreciating the deeper qualities that belong to really great literature. 

अर्द्ध-शिक्षित लोगों के बारे में लेखक अपना मत व्यक्त करता है कि वे केवल अपने मनोरंजन के लिए ही पढ़ते हैं। लेखक का विश्वास है कि ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि वे लोग उन गूढ़ गुणों को समझने में असमर्थ होते हैं जो वास्तव में महान साहित्य में होते हैं।

An ideal or perfect gas is a gas that obeys the gas laws (Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, and GayLussac’s law) at all pressures and temperatures. An ideal gas cannot be liquefied by the application of pressure or lowering the temperature.

A molecule of an ideal gas is an ideal particle having only mass and velocity. Its structure and size are ignored. Also, intermolecular forces are zero except during collisions.

Correct answer is (D) son

(C) both mentally and physically

(A) Sarojini Naidu

 'The Canterbuty Thles' is written by Chaucer.

Benjy's father was a local Preacher.

Yes, I agree with the statement that the emergence of nation – states in Europe the dominance of Aristocracy declined, and middle class increased. 

Reasons: 

• The middle class people were educated, so they became lawyers, other administrative officials. 
• The read the books which are written by John Lock, Rousseau and believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth.
• They understood a person’s social position must depend on his merit.
• Rousseau carried the idea forward, proposing a form of government based on a social contract between people and their representatives.

The above ideas provoke the middle class fight for equality and end of special privileges.

• American people were against the taxation without representation. 
• They do not want to be ruled by the British as colonies. 
• They wanted to assert their independence and to be a democratic republic. 
• Whereas the English, especially the influential middle class did not long for a democratic republic. 
• They were readily accepted a power sharing agreement between them and the king. 
• Thus they could not set up a republic then.

• Glorious revolution of England made an agreement of power sharing with the king. 
• American revolution set up democratic government. 
• The British people sought more rights from king. 
• Americans prepared own constitution and established democracy by abolishing the English supremacy. 
• American revolution managed to build entirely new principles of government.

m = 0.150 kg, v = 20 m/s,

u = -12 m/s and t = 0.01 s

To find: Average force (F)

Formula: F = \(\frac{m(v-u)}{t}\)

Calculation: From formula,

F = \(\frac{0.150[20-(-12)]}{0.01}\) = 480 N

The average force exerted on the ball by the bat is 480 N.

In AD 1680 the British purchased three villages of Sutanati, Govindpur and Calicata. These villages were developed to form the city of Calcutta (now Kolkata).

The Nawabs of Awadh were intelligent, efficient and order, introduced revenue reforms and strengthened their army. The prolonged period of peace and economic prosperity stimulated the growth of a refined and distinct Lucknavi culture. Lucknow, the capital city, blossomed into a centre for creative and performing arts, literature and architecture.

The Marathas were inferior to the English in material sources, military organisation, diplomacy and leadership. The Maratha state was despotic and feudal. It was a loose confederation of different powers – the Holkar, Bhonsle, Scindhia – headed by the Peshwa. The Marathas were careless about military intelligence whereas the British had superior espionage system. The Marathas did not possess any national sentiment. The internal jealously and selfish treachery among them triumphed over national interest. The Marathas lacked men of talent and leadership in later years. They were in disarray in all aspects.

The Maratha army was decisively defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. The Maratha ambition of replacing the Mughal empire lay scattered on the ^ plains of Panipat. The Afghans, too, failed to capitalize on their victory. The conditions were ideal for the entry of another powerful contender for superemacy – the English East India Company.

1.Bengal was one of the poorest provinces of the Mughal empire. False. 

Correct:- Bengal was the richest povinces of the Mughal empire. 

2. The most capable among the successors of Murshid Quli Khan was Alivardi Khan. True. 

3. Lucknow was the cultural centre of Bengal. . False. 

Correct : Lucknow was the cultural centre of Awadh. 

4. The most powerful kingdom in the south was Mysore. True 

5. Ranjit Singh became the master of Punjab by the end of the 18th century. True.