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(C) Sri Lanka

D) 8 out of 11

They both are couple. The man is angry and ready to kick his wife. She is cheerful and warning him with the section 498 A of I PC. Note: Section 498 A of IPC, 1860: Husband or relative of husband of women subjecting her to cruelty – whoever being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with the imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.

B) I – d, II – c, III – b, IV – a

Correct option is B) 1991

The peasants gathered around Nehru were calm and peaceful to hear him address them. Nehru meant to say that inspite of brutal and displeased behavior of police, the peasants remained peaceful. On the other hand he had forgotten nonviolence totally at that moment and he was very agitated and disturbed. The peasants taught him a lesson that he was supposed to have being their leader.

C) Financial position

 A Satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence. This statement emphasizes the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force is not necessary to fight against the oppressor. Without being aggressive a satyagrahi could win the battle. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressors instead of forcing them to accept truth through the use of violence. 

Correct option is C) 1946

D) No scope for the concentration of power in single person.

Have you ever heard of or seen a dog walking on water ? Most of or rather all of you would say a firm ‘No’. Nay, you may even doubt if there could be a more foolish question on this earth than the one above. You have every right to doubt and you are right in doubting too I But the world is so full of surprising and unusual incidents and creatures that we can’t believe their existence unless we see them !

I am lucky and also proud to be a witness to one of such unbelievable and exciting incidents. I have a friend whose uncle from the USA gifted him on his last birthday a very strange looking young dog. My friend Rohit named his prized possession ‘Walkie’. Rohit loves to spend every second of his free time with Walkie. Even Walkie likes to spend more with Rohit than with any other member of the family. Walkie accompanies Rohit to every place except, of course, school.

On one hot summer day we all thought of going to the river bank to cool ourselves by swimming in the river. As usual, Walkie joined us along with Rohit. And as Rohit walked into the water in his swim clothes, Walkie too stepped into the river. And then came the stunning discovery that made us dumbstruck ! Walkie was walking on the surface of the water as if it was land ! For a few moments, none of us could believe our eyes ! To be doubly sure of truth of what we saw, we made Walkie go this way, that way in – no, on – the river. And as if unaware of its unusual ability, Walkie jumped„ hopped, leapt and ran all around the river – on the surface – to our commands.

That evening everyone of our friends was telling Walkie’s story to every person we came across. And everyone of us got the same response – “Don’t be a fool and don’t try to make us a fool !

The news spread like a wildfire ! The following day the whole village was on the bank of the river. And Walkie was the focus of everyone’s attention. And to thrill every spectator, Walkie crossed the river – walking on the surface – twice or thrice ! Walkie became the hero of our village and Rohit enjoyed his pet’s popularity to his heart’s content.

And it has become our hobby now to frequent to the riverside along with Walkie !

Martha is an intelligent and hardworking girl. But because her parents were poor, they gave her to her grandparents to bring up. Her poverty did not stop her from hard work and she has been scoring top grades all the years.

In the Texas school where she was studying, there was the custom of awarding a scholarship jacket to the best outgoing student. The jacket was given during the valedictory function for the 8 grade students. The eligible student should have constantly scored the top grades in all the 8 years of his/her stay there. Martha was sure she would get it and she was eagerly awaiting it.

There was a girl called Joann in her class. She was nowhere near Martha in her grades. But her father was a Board member and he made a plan to keep Martha away from the Prize. He knew that Martha was too poor to pay any money to get the jacket. He and some his friends took the initiative and made the Board change its policy from that year. They decided that to get the scholarship jacket the student has to pay 15 dollars. By this he knew that Martha won’t get it and it could then be given to Joann.

But a good teacher named Mr. Schmidt was against this scheme. He persuaded the principal to make the scholarship jacket free. The principal also realized it would be an injustice to Martha if the jacket was not given to her. So, finally, Martha got it because of the goodness of Mr. Schmidt and the principal. Martha was very happy.

1. Road accidents 

2. Rail accidents 

3. Air accidents 

4. Fire accidents 

5. Terrorism

Across the world including India, air accidents have increased. Many factors govern the safety of the passengers in the aircraft like increase in the number of aircrafts, technical problems, fire, landing and take off condition, the environment that the airline operates in (mountainous terrains or frequent storms), factors like airport security in cases of hijackings, bomb attacks, etc.

Large sections of Muslims were lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement due to the following factors :
(i) The decline of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements led to the alienation of Muslims from the Congress.
(ii) From the mid 1920's, the Congress was seen to be visibly associated with Hindu nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
(iii) Relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened and communal riots took place.
(iv) The Muslim League gained prominence with its claim of representing Muslims and demanding separate electorates for them.

(i) In the countryside for the rich peasant communities fight,'Swaraj' was a struggle against high revenue.
(ii) The countrymen broke the Salt Law.
(iii) Foreign clothes were boycotted and liquor shops were picketed.
(iv) Peasants refused to pay the land revenue.
(v) Village officials resigned from their jobs.
(vi) People violated forest laws.

Oceans are spread on 3/4th part of the earth’s surface. Mainly there are four Oceans on the earth,

•  Pacific Ocean 
•  Atlantic Ocean 
•  Indian Ocean and 
•  Arctic Ocean

Their utility is mentioned below : 

• Oceans have a lot of living organisms, mainly fishes. 
• Fishes from the ocean are the main source of food. 
• Oceans are a large deposit of minerals. 
• The coastal areas of the ocean have a lot of possibility of petroleum reserves. 
• Oceans are cheapest mode of transportation. Import and export through oceanic routes is the cheapest. 
• Similar to lithosphere, the oceans also have mountains, plateaus, plains and gorges.

To fulfil his ever increasing needs and for economic development, man is exploiting nature intensively which is causing environment imbalance.

 Main causes are given below : 

• Destruction of flora and fauna. 
• Replacing indigenous living plants and organisms with foreign plants and animals. 
• Change in the components of the ecosystem for development. 
• Extensive use of pesticides and insecticides. 
• Change in the ratio of gases in the environment. 
• Environmental pollution, etc.

Biosphere is that part on earth where life is present. Biosphere is found only on earth for these reasons :

• The sun continuously provides energy to earth. 
• Abundant amount of water is found on earth. 
• This part of earth has a good combination of the three forms (solid, liquid and gas) of matter.

Food chain : The Sun is the main source of energy for terrestrial animals and plants. Plants make food by taking energy from the sun. This energy which is stored in the plants is transferred from one being to another creating a chain.The transfer of energy through food is called food chain.

Example : Plants make their food from the energy from the sun, they derive the reQuestion uired nutritious minerals from the earth, from the plants, the insects obtain their food, insects become food for rats, rats further become food for snakes, and snakes are eaten by eagles, after the death of eagle, the decomposing bacteria decompose the dead eagle into the soil, this is how food completes its cycle.

That area of the earth surface which is 600 meters or more higher than its surrounding area and extends to thousand kilometers in length is called mountain. 

Special Characteristics of Mountain : 

• Mountains are broad at the bottom and become narrow at top. 
• The summit of the mountain has a steep gradient. 
• The mountainous areas are cooler their the nearby areas as temperature falls with height. 
• The water-laden air cause heavy rainfall after colliding with the mountains. The wind ward side gets ample amount of rainfall while the leeward side gets very little rainfall : This area is also called rainshadow area. 
•  Animal rearing is the main occupation of these areas. Agriculture is relatively lower than the plains. 
•  A lot of tribes live in the mountains. Gaddi, Bakarwal and Bhotiyas live in the Himalayas. 
• Mountains provide shelter to various animals.

The naturally flowing single stream of water on the surface of earth is called river. Rivers always follow the slope. Rivers usually originate from high mountain areas. Those rivers which have their origin on very high mountains, get water from rainfall as well as from the melting snow. These rivers continuously flow all the year round and are called perennial rivers, such as the Ganga and the Yamuna. Some rivers flow only in the rainy season. These are called seasonal rivers. The Luni river in Rajasthan is an example of seasonal river.

Three main characteristics of biosphere are as follows : 

•  Availability of water in large amount. 
•  The earth receives continuous energy from the sun.
•   This area of the earth has good combination of the three forms of matter (solid, liquid and gas).

The earth has lot of diversity in it, similarly the climate also varies from eQuestion uator to poles. These all geographical diversities indicate the environmental diversities. Due to these geographical diversities, various birds and animals and flora have evolved on the earth. It is clear that the environment influences the plants and animals and vice versa.

 Today humans have brought-both relative and absolute changes in the environment. These change may be right or wrong. We are irrigating desert for agriculture and on the other side we are cutting forests. In reality every living organism is important for maintaining environmental balance. Every organism found on the earth is important. So every organism should be protected.

The organisms of biosphere can be classified into two categories : 

(i) Plant-kingdon : Which comprises of all plants, trees, shrubs and grasses. 

(ii) Animal kingdom : Which includes humans, all organisms living in water on land and in air.

The names of above images are as follows: 

(i) : Island 

(ii) : River basin 

(iii) : Plains 

(iv) : Plateau 

(v): Coastal plains 

(vi): Mountain 

(i) Island : Land which is surrounded by water from all sides is called an island. It can be located anywhere-in rivers, lakes, sea or oceAnswer: In general, islands are tourist places and due to being small in size most of them have less population. 

(ii) River Basin : That place or surface area where the main river and its tributaries flow is called the river basin. The rivers provide with us perennial water for agriculture. 

(iii) Plains : The plains are the most densely populated parts of the earth’s surface. The plains are very fertilelands created by rivers where along with agriculture, trade, industries and transportation have a widespread network. 

(iv) Plateau : The land with low gradient and which is flat on the top is called plateau. The high plateaus serve, as—pastures and the low plateaus are used for agriculture. Some plateaus are also important source of minerals. 

(v) Coastal plains : The land surrounding the sea is called coast. These coastal plains are used for fisheries, agriculture and tourism.

(vi) Mountain : Those parts which are approximately higher than 600 meters or more than their surrounding areas are called mountains. The mountains are colder than the plains. They play an important role for rainfall. Step farming is done on the slopes of the mountain. Mountain area is inhabited by wildlife and some tribes also live here.

The list of plants and animals found in the nearby biosphere around us is mentioned below: 

• Plants/trees : Neem, Pipal, Babool, Mango, Shisham etc. and bushes. 
• Creatures : Cow, bull, horse, camel, sheep, goat, dog, monkey, cat, snake, mouse, crow, birds, fish, etc.

Answer:

(b) Peninsula

Answer:

(i). Pacific Ocean 

(ii). Atlantic Ocean 

(iii). Indian Ocean 

(iv). Arctic Ocean 

2. summer 

3. River Basin 

4. River.

Domicile is not a natural landform.

The flat surface of the earth is called plains. The height of such place from sea level is on an average less than 300 mts. These are created by soil deposit from rivers. On the earth’s surface plains cover approx 50% of the total area. 

There are mainly two types of plains : 

• Coastal plains 
• Internal plains. 

(i) Coastal plains : These are found near seas and are mainly created by sea waves. They are less wide and these are good for constructing sea ports. Such as Konkan and Malabar in India. People visit these places for entertainment and they are often used for pisciculture. 

(ii) Internal plains : The plains created by deposition of fertile soil by rivers on the main land are called internal plains. Such as the plains of Ganga and Brahmputra in India . Due to high fertility of the soil, these plains are important for agriculture and because they are flat, transportation is made easy through roads and railways. Since the availability of basic necessities for living is easy, the population density is high.

Himalayas mountain ranges is Mount Everest located.

Mount Everest is located in Himalayan ranges found in North part of India and Nepal . Correct option c) Himalayas .

Sun is the primary source of energy on the earth

That land which is completely surrounded by water on all the sides, is called an island. It is not compulsory that islands are always found in seas, they can exist in rivers, lakes or oceAnswer: Andaman and Nicobar islands and Lakshdweep are some important islands found in Indian Ocean. The Majuli Island on the river Brahmputra is the largest river in island in the world.

The majuli island situated on Brahamputra river

The naturally follwing single stream of water is called River

Most of the mineral deposits are found in Plateaus

(i) Mahatma Gandhi started his famous 'salt March' or 'Dandi March' on 11th March 1930 accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.

(ii) The march was to cover 240 miles from Gandhi's ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati Coastal town of Dandi.

(iii) On 6h April 1930, he reached Dandi and ceremonially violated the law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
(iv) This marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement.

(d) Animal husbandry

When mountains lie in one or more than one (parallel) on a straight sequence they are called mountain range.

The leeward side of mountain remains deprived of rains due to which they are called rain shadow areas.

Various land forms on the earth are as follows : 

(i) Mountains 

(ii) Plateaus 

(iii) Plains 

(iv) River basins 

(v) Coastal plains 

(vi) Islands.

On the various levels of the biosphere there is systematic arrangement of food/energy transfer which is called food chain.

The plain where the main river and its tributaries flow is called river basin.

Mount Everest-8848 meters, which is situated in the Himalayan mountain ranges.

Those low gradient areas which are high and broad and are flat on top are called plateaus. Deccan plateau, Chhota Nagpur plateau are example of plateaus in India

The balance of ecosystem is getting disturbed due to expansion of industrialisation and increasing population due to which it has become necessary to maintain the balance of the ecosystem for which the most important points are :

(i) Development should be done in such a way that it does not harm the ecosystem. 

(ii) The environmental resources should be used judiciously in the development works. Such a balance should be created so that the development cycle should go on continuously and without effecting the environment. Collaborative point of view and not exploitative point of view should be adopted.

'Salt March became an effective tool of resistance against colonialism because:
(i) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol
(ii) Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax.
(iii) Salt was the most essential item of foods and was consumed by rich and poor alike.

(iv) Irwin was unwilling to negotiate, so Gandhiji started Salt march with 78 volunteers. (On 6th April) he reached Dandi, violated law and made salt.

This March developed the feeling of nationalism, people in different parts of the country broke the salt law and manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.