Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

ऐसीटेल्डिहाइड ऐसीटिक अम्ल में ऑक्सीकृत हो जाता है।

(i) क्लोरोबेन्जिल कीटोन

फॉर्मेलिन, फॉर्मेल्डिहाइड का जलीय विलयन होता है जिसमें फॉर्मेल्डिहाइड की अधिकतम सान्द्रता 40% तक होती है। यह विलयन मृत जीवों के परिरक्षण में प्रयुक्त होता है।

वे ऐल्डिहाइड तथा कीटोन जिनमें α-हाइड्रोजन होती है।

हाइड्राजोनों को निर्माण कार्बोनिल यौगिकों की हाइड्राजीन से क्रिया द्वारा होता है जो कि नाभिकस्नेही की तरह कार्य करता है। प्रबल अम्लीय माध्यम में हाइड्राजीन प्रोटॉनीकृत हो जाती है। अत: यह नाभिकस्नेही के समान कार्य करने के योग्य नहीं रहती जिसके परिणामस्वरूप ऐल्डिहाइड तथा कीटोनों को प्रबल अम्लीय माध्यमों में नहीं बनाया जा सकता।

हीलियम तथा निऑन के मिश्रण को 180°C पर चारकोल के सम्पर्क में लाने पर He मुक्त हो। जाती है तथा निऑन अधिशोषित हो जाती है। इसको गर्म करने पर निऑन प्राप्त की जा सकती है।

हल्का हरा और नीला |

ऐसीटोफीनोन ।

ऐल्डिहाइड जिनमें 2-हाइड्रोजन नहीं होती, जैसे-फॉर्मेल्डिहाइड तथा बेन्जेल्डिहाइड कैनिजारो अभिक्रिया देते हैं।

मैग्नीशियम और कैलिसियम धातुए जो तनु अम्ल से हाइड्रोजन को विस्थापित कर देंगे जबकि कॉपर तथा सिल्वर धातुए हाइड्रोजन को विस्थापित नहीं कर पाएंगी क्योंकि ये धातुए हाइड्रोजन से कम अभिक्रियाशील है|

 ऐल्युमीनियम तथा आयरन

चाँदी एवं कॉपर ।

ऐल्डिहाइडों का अणुभार जनक ऐल्केनों से अधिक होता है तथा ऐल्डिहाइडों में अधिक ध्रुवता के कारण ये जनक ऐल्केनों से अधिक क्वथनांक वाले होते हैं। दूसरी तरफ, ऐल्डिहाइड ऐल्कोहॉलों के समान संयुग्मित द्रव नहीं होते हैं, अत: इनके क्वथनांक संगत ऐल्कोहॉलों से निम्न होते हैं।

अयस्क वह खनिज होते हैं। जिनसे धातुओं का निष्कर्षण लाभप्रद हो और जिनमें धातु की मात्रा अधिक हो | सभी अयस्क खनिज होती है। परन्तु सभी खनिज अयस्क नही होता है। वह खनिज जो सस्ते से सस्ते विधी से किसी तत्व को प्राप्त करते है वह तत्व का अयस्क कहलाता है।

(i) खनिज वे पदार्थ होते है जिनमे धातुएँ अपने यौगिक के रूप में पाई जाती है | 

(ii) ऐसे खनिज जिनमे धातुओ का निष्कर्षण अत्याधिक सरल व उपयुक्त होता है , अयस्क कहलाते है |

(iii) खनिज प्रकृति में शुद्ध रूप से प्राप्त नहीं होते है उनमे उपस्थित अशुद्धियो को गैंग कहते है |

1.  रोधी विधि द्वारा –  वायु तथा धातु के बीच में रोधी का परत लगाकर धातु का संक्षारण रोका जा सकता है। यह पेन्ट, वारनिस या टिन, कॉपर, क्रोनियम, निकेल का विद्युत लेपन करके किया जाता है।

2.  उत्सर्ग विधि द्वारा –  इस प्रक्रिया में जिंक की परत से उस तत्व को ढ़ककर उस धातु का संक्षारण रोका जा सकता हैं । इस प्रक्रिया को गैल्वीनीकरण (यशदलेपन) कहते है।

अयस्कों में से अंवाछनिय अशुद्धियों को दूर करने की प्राक्रिया को अयस्क का समृद्विकरण या साद्ररण कहते हैं ।

कार्बोनिल समूह (> C = O) में π इलेक्ट्रॉन युग्म ढीला बँधा रहता है और आसानी से ऑक्सीजन परमाणु की ओर स्थानान्तरित हो जाता है। ऐसा ऐल्कोहॉल समूह (O-H) में नहीं होता। अतः कार्बोनिल यौगिक अधिक ध्रुवीय होते हैं और इनके द्विध्रुव आघूर्णमान (2.3 से 2.80) ऐल्कोहॉलों (1.6-1.8 D) से उच्च होते हैं।

धातु यौगिको से धातुओं को प्राप्त करने के प्रक्रम को अपचयन कहते है।

बेन्जोइक अम्ल का K, मान (6.3 × 10^-5) ऐसीटिक अम्ल के K मान (1.75 × 10^-5) से अधिक होता है क्योंकि-I प्रभाव युक्त C₆H₅ समूह बेन्जोइक अम्ल से H⁺ का विमोचन सुलभ बनाता है जबकि + I प्रभाव युक्त CH₃ समूह इसे रोके रखता है।

(i) F > Cl > Br > I

(iv) Cl₂O₇ परक्लोरिक अम्ल का ऐनहाइड्राइड है

फॉर्मिक अम्ल में α-हाइड्रोजन नहीं पाया जाता है। अत: यह हैलोजनीकृत (halogenated) नहीं होता है जबकि ऐसीटिक अम्ल में α-कार्बन परमाणु होता है तथा हैलोजनीकरण -कार्बन परमाणु पर होता है।

टॉलेन अभिकर्मक सिल्वर नाइट्रेट का अमोनीकृत विलयन होता है।

क्लोरोफ्लुओरो कार्बन (CFCs) 

गलनांक एवं क्वथनांक

हैलोजन समूह के तत्वों की संयोजकता 1  होती है 

फॉर्मिक अम्ल में मुक्त ऐल्डिहाइड समूह होता है जो शीघ्रता से ऑक्सीकृत होता है, अत: यह टॉलेन अभिकर्मक (अमोनीकृत सिल्वर नाइट्रेट विलयन) को रजत दर्पण (silver mirror) में अपचयित करता है।

प्रथमें संक्रमण श्रेणी के प्रथम अर्द्धभाग में बढ़ते हुए परमाणु क्रमांक के साथ प्रथम तथा द्वितीय आयनन एन्थैल्पियों का योग बढ़ता है। अत: मानक अपचायक विभव (E–) कम तथा ऋणात्मक होता है। इसलिए M²⁺ आयन बनाने की प्रवृत्ति घटती है। अत: +2 ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था प्रथम अर्द्ध-भाग में अधिक स्थायी होती है। +2 ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था का अधिक स्थायित्व, Mn²⁺ में अर्द्धपूरित d-उपकोशों (d⁵) के कारण, Zn²⁺ में पूर्णपूरित d-उपकोशों (d¹⁰) के कारण तथा निकिल में उच्च ऋणात्मक जलयोजन एन्थैल्पी के कारण होता है।

(ii) बेन्जेल्डिहाइड

The dog came running to the farmer, putting its paws against his legs and motioning with its head to some spot behind. He thought it was only playing and did not mind it. However, the dog kept on whining and running to and from for some minutes. Then the farmer followed it a few yards to a place where it began scratching the ground. The farmer thought there was a bone or a bit of fish buried there and therefore, struck his hoe in the earth. However, what he found was a pile of gold.

The Vaav was hidden for almost seven centuries.

The study of Antarctica shows that India and Antarctica were parts of a supercontinent named Gondwana. This supercontinent existed 650 million years ago. The climate of Gondwana was much warmer. It fostered a huge variety of flora and fauna. Then about 150 million years ago, dinosaurs were wiped out. The age of mammals started. Gondwana was forced to separate into countries. The globe was shaped much as we know it today. A cold circumpolar current was created. It made Antarctica frigid. It holds half-million-year-old carbon records trapped in its layers of ice. It helps us understand the significance of Cordilleran folds and Pre-Cambrian granite shields, ozone and carbon, evolution and extinction. Thus, we can say that the world’s geological history is really trapped in Antarctica.

अंटार्कटिका का अध्ययन दिखाता है कि भारत और अंटार्कटिका एक ही विशाल महाद्वीप के अंग थे जिसका नाम गोंडवाना था। यह विशाल महाद्वीप 650 मिलियन वर्ष पहले अस्तित्व में था। गोंडवाना की जलवायु अब से कहीं अधिक गर्म थी। इसमें वनस्पति व जीवों की विविध प्रजातियाँ पनपती थीं। फिर लगभग 150 मिलियन वर्ष पहले, डायनोसोर विलुप्त हो गये। स्तनधारी जीवों का युग आरम्भ हुआ। गोंडवाना को देशों में बँटना पड़ा। पृथ्वी ने काफी कुछ वह रूप ले लिया जैसा कि आज हम जानते हैं। एक ठण्डी परिध्रुवीय धारा का निर्माण हुआ। इससे अंटार्कटिका जम गया। यह पाँच लाख वर्ष पुराने कार्बन का लेखा-जोखा अपनी बर्फ की परतों में समेटे हुए है। यह हमें समानान्तर पर्वतीय श्रृंखलाओं की परतों और पूर्व कैम्ब्रियन ग्रेनाइट कवचों के महत्व, ओजोन और कार्बन के क्रमिक विकास और विनाश को समझने में मदद करता है। इस प्रकार, हम कह सकते हैं कि अंटार्कटिका में विश्व का भूवैज्ञानिक इतिहास कैद है।

The world’s geological history is trapped in Antarctica. Antarctica belongs to an ancient geological era when things were quite different and when human beings did not exist. Here we can study the earth’s past. About 90 per cent of the earth’s total ice is stored here. There are no trees, buildings or other human marks. Here we see glaciers melting and ice-caps falling. We can see them being damaged as a result of global warming. Antarctica also warns us for the future. It warns the end of the world if the West Antarctica ice sheet melts entirely and the Gulf Stream ocean current is stopped. Thus, Antarctica is the perfect place to go to and to understand the earth’s present, past and the future.

विश्व का भूगर्भीय इतिहास अंटार्कटिका में दबा पड़ा है। अंटार्कटिका प्राचीन भूगर्भिक युग का है जबकि चीजें बिल्कुल भिन्न थीं तथा यहाँ मानव का अस्तित्व भी नहीं था। यहाँ हम पृथ्वी के अतीत का अध्ययन कर सकते हैं। पृथ्वी की सम्पूर्ण बर्फ का लगभग 90 प्रतिशत यहाँ संग्रहीत है। वहाँ न वृक्ष हैं, न भवन हैं, और न अन्य मानवता के चिह्न हैं। यहाँ हम ग्लेशियरों को पिघलते और बर्फ की चोटियों को गिरते हुए देखते हैं। हम इस क्षति को वैश्विक गर्मी के परिणाम से जोड़कर देख सकते हैं। अंटार्कटिका हमें भविष्य के लिए चेतावनी भी देता है। पश्चिमी अंटार्कटिका के बर्फ के आवरण के पूरी तरह पिघल जाने और गल्फ स्ट्रीम महासागरीय धारा के रुकने की दशा में यह विश्व के अन्त की चेतावनी देता है। इस प्रकार, पृथ्वी के वर्तमान, भूत और भविष्य को समझने के लिए अंटार्कटिका जाने योग्य स्थान है।

• Bio-remediation is a technique that involves the use of organisms to break down environmental pollutants. 
• Generally, fungi like yeast and bacteria are used for bio-remediation. 
• A yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica is used to absorb the toxins released during the production of palm oil and the heavy metals and minerals released in some other industrial processes. 
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for absorption of a pollutant, arsenic. 
• Oil spills in oceans are cleaned with the help of Alcanivorax bacteria.

The wounded man urgently needed an operation or he would die. Hana was with Sadao when he started operating on the prisoner. Hana, who had never seen an operation in her life, started vomiting. Sadao wanted to help her in her distress but he couldn't leave his patient. This made him impatient and irritable.

While Hana was attending to the wounded patient, she wondered if the stories one had heard of the torture of prisoners were true. In this context, she remembered the cruel nature of General Takima who was also an abusive husband.

The chief concern of Sadao’s father was his son’s education so at the age of twenty-two. Sadao was sent to America to study medicine and surgery. Saving the life of American-POW, brought back the memories of Sadao’s stay in America. He thought of the professor at whose house he had met Hana. He remembered his old teacher of anatomy who had been so insistent on mercy with the knife but Sadao also felt that Americans were full of prejudices and that was why Sadao had great difficulty in finding a place to live in America because he was a Japanese. He recalled how he had hated the ignorant and dirty old woman who had agreed to rent him a miserable room but, at the same time, he was grateful to her as she had taken care of him when he was sick. Overall, the found the white people very disgusting and hated them.

When Dr Sadao came across the prisoner of war, the first thing he did was to save his life. As a doctor, he fulfilled the moral obligation of saving a human life. Next, he proved himself to his country by informing the General about the enemy. When the General assured Dr Sadao of sending the private assassins to eliminate the American sailor, Dr Sadao felt restless and perhaps guilty of betraying the same person whose life he had saved. After spending three sleepless nights, he finally deliberated on a flawless plan to let Tom, the American prisoner of war, escape. By letting him escape, Dr Sadao proves that even if two countries are at war, the religion of humanity does not alter. Its basic tenet is saving a human life, which Dr Sadao does with aplomb. In a way, Dr Sadao echoes the author, Pearl S Buck's views against war and hatred that it generates between man and man. Through Dr Sadao, the author conveys the message of universal brotherhood, peace and amity. It is indeed the best solution to the problem.

Hana had never seen an operation. When Sadao started operating, blood began to flow. Hana choked at this moment. Sadao sharply told her not to faint because if he stopped, the wounded man would surely have died. Hana clapped her hands to her mouth and ran out. Sadao heard her vomiting.

Sadao had met Hana at his American professor’s house. The professor and his wife were kind people who wanted to help the foreign students and so invited them to their house. After completing their studies in America, Sadao and Hana returned to Japan and got married.

Dr. Sadao at first mistook the American soldier for a fisherman. On closer inspection, he found the sand on one side of his face and realised that he was wounded and unconscious. There was a gunshot wound on the right side of his lower back.

Dr Sadao was drawn by the sheer feelings of humanity and compassion towards Tom. Just because Dr Sadao harboured an enemy, he had to face innumerable problems. The servants left the house in defiance and he was under perpetual threat of being branded a traitor. He told the General about how the American prisoner of war was washed ashore and the circumstances under which he was granted refuge in the Sadao's household. The General understood his situation and assured him of sending assassins to eliminate the American. However, when no assassins came for three nights, Sadao decided that he could not 'go through another night'. He decided to save the American sailor's life a second time.

As, a doctor, Sadao fulfilled his moral obligation of saving a human life. When he confided in the General about the enemy, the General assured him that he would send his private assassins to eliminate the enemy, Sadao waited, spent sleepless nights, perhaps felt guilty of betraying the same person whose life he had saved and then finally decided to help him escape. Dr. Sadao helped the American POW to escape by arranging a boat in which he put food and bottled water, extra clothing and two quits and also gave him his flashlight and told him to signal with it if he ran out of food. He cautioned him not to light any fire at night lest he be caught. He felt relieved when the soldier was finally gone. That was the last that he saw of him.

Dr Sadao is not only a superb surgeon but he is a superb human being as well. As we go through the chapter, we see different shades f his character. Dr Sadao was a famous surgeon and scientist. He was about to perfect a discovery which would render wounds entirely clean. The General trusted him so much with his life that he was not sent with the troops. Dr Sadao respected his father very much. It was his father's wish that he became a surgeon and Sadao fulfilled it. They married Hana according to his father's wishes. Dr Sadao is a man full of compassion. He saved the dying enemy. A man who stuck to his decision, he didn't allow the servants to pressurise him. He did everything he could do to save the American. He was also a patriot. He told the General about Tom without any fear. Throughout the story he kept calling the American his enemy.

Dr Sadao first waited for the General's assassins to kill the American. But they never arrived. Sadao, then, himself arranged for a boat and helped Tom to escape. He later told the General that the prisoner had escaped. The General realised that it was a sheer carelessness on his part to have forgotten about the matter. If the whole thing was disclosed, he might be charged with negligence of duty. It was clear that the secret would be kept. Thus, Dr Sadao ensured that the American left his house but he himself remained safe and secure.

It is obvious to find a marked difference between in an adult's perspective on life and that of a child's because on earth, a child is considered as a form of a God as his/her heart is very pure and innocent. It doesn't know what is wrong or what is right. There is no bad intention in child's mind behind doing any deed. it is just because its perspective on life, its actions and reactions, are natural and not guided by any past experiences. A child speaks from the heart what seems to be ethically and morally correct. In the case of an adult, its perspective is based on what it has learnt over the years, the expectations of society and similar other experiences. It also knows the worth of originality so it thinks according to the situation and takes a good decision on the basis of right and wrong.

Roger Skunk went to the wizard to get rid of his awful smell. The wizard asked him what he wanted to smell like, and Roger replied that he wanted to smell like roses. The wizard then chanted a spell and changed his smell to that of roses. Roger Skunk was very happy, as now everybody liked to play with him.

Jack comes across as a very carrying and a dutiful father. He is also an equally carrying husband. As a loving and devoted father, he fulfils his daughter’s wish of a bed

Jack enjoyed the part of the story most when he had to speak in the wizard's voice, as it was one of Jack's own favourite effects. He did it by scrunching up his face and somehow whining through his eyes. He felt being an old man suited him. Besides, he also enjoyed telling the story when Jo listened carefully, without interrupting him with questions.