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(i) Slope of the graph between V₀ and v (from Einstein s equation) equals (h/e). Hence it does not depend on the nature of the material.

(ii) Emitted electrons have greater energy for material M₁. This is because ϕ₀ (= hv_o) has a lower value for material M₁.

(A) 3.2 × 10^-19 J 

Objective : To test the strength and physical fitness of leg muscles. This is a test of leg power.

Points to be remembered in case of physical fitness : 

1. Giving information before the examination. 

2. It is important to warm-up before the examination.

Two objectives of physical fitness test are :

1. Measuring Muscular Strength 

2. Measuring Endurance Power

Muscular strength : It means ability of the muscles to overcome resistance. Strength also implies the amount of force a muscle or a muscular group can exert. A certain level of physical fitness is also essential for a common man whereas for a sportsman it is the most essential to have muscular strength.

Endurance : It is another component of physical fitness. It is the ability to sustain an activity or the ability to resist fatigue. In all sports, Endurance is, directly or indirectly of a great significance. It is measured, usually, by the number of repetitions, For example number of steps an individual can complete in one minute is often, used to measure the endurance of muscles.

Endurance : It is another component of physical fitness. It is the ability to sustain an activity or the ability to resist fatigue. In all sports, Endurance is, directly or indirectly, of a great significance. It is measured, usually, by the number of repetitions, For example number of steps an individual can complete in one minute is often, used to measure the endurance of muscles.

(a) Physical ability test

The definition of statistics given by Croxton and Cowden is as under:
“Statistics is the science which deals with the collection, analysis and interpretation of numerical data.”

The origin and growth of statistics can be described as follows ;

Origin of Statistics:

• From the time of Mauryan empire (321-296 BC) the contribution of India in Statistics has been quite significant.
• During the time of Mughal Empire, Akbar (1596-’97) mentioned statistical system in Ain- I-Akbari’ written by Abul Fazal.
• The German word ‘Statistik’ was first used by Gottfried Achen Wall in 1749 for analysis of data of the state.
• By 18th century, the term ‘statistics’ was used for systematic collection of data by states.
• Statistics was formally introduce in Encyclopedia Britanic in 1797.
• In 17th and 18th century Laplace (1749- 1827) and Gauss (1772- 1855) presented the initial principles on probability.
• In the late 19th and early 20th century Karl Pearson founded Mathematical Statistics. Galton and Karl Pearson used mathematical statistics in science, Industry and Politics.
• During 1910 and 1920, Gosset and Fisher developed modern statistical science and applied in the fields such as genetics, biometry, psychology, education, agriculture, etc.
• During 1930, role of E. Pearson and J. Neyman has been significant in the development of statistics. After that advanced methods of statistics were developed day-by-day.

Growth of Statistics in India:

• Contribution of Prof. P. C. Mahalanobis has been significant in growth of statistics in India. He has founded Indian Statistical Institute – ISI in 1931 at Kolkata. He started for the first time post graduate course in Statistics at Kolkata University in 1941.
• In 1950, Mahalanobis started National Sample Survey-NSS and started data collection. (NSS has been named as National Sample Survey Organisation – NSSO at present.)
• Indian Agriculture Statistics Research Institute – LASRI has contributed a lot in the development of statistics in India.
• Among the various definitions of statistics, the definition given by Croxton and Cowden is ‘Statistics is the science which deals with the collection, analysis and interpretation of numerical data.’
• How a days, statistics is not only useful for quantitative data but also for qualitative data.
• Statistics is considered as a part of scientific methods. An important branch of statistics is Operations Research-OR, which was used in the military projects during the second world war. The use of OR in industries and for the government cannot be ignored.
• The constructive development in statistical studies has considerably increased its scope and importance.

At present statistics has been accepted as an independent part of scientific methods. As its scope becomes wide, statistics is not only useful for quantitative data but also useful for qualitative data.

• Industrial statistics and a branch of statistics Operations Research – OR was used in the military projects during the second world war.
• In India, OR is used for national planning and survey and OR technique is used to formulate five year plans.
• OR technique can be useful for government to maximise the per capita income with minimum resources.
• In industry, by using OR technique, decisions regarding the optimum allocations of limited resources can be made and it can be planned to maximise the returns.
• To meet the market demand in future, OR technique is useful to decide the size of inventery.
• Thus, considering the use of statistics in recent times, its importance cannot be ignored.

382 persons per sq. km.

The well-known Indian Statistician Prof. P. C. Mahalanobis founded the Indian Statistical Institute – ISI at Kolkata in 1931. He started the first post-graduate course in statistics at Kolkata University in 1941.

• National Sample Survey-NSS (now known as National Sample Survey Organisation – NSSO) proposed by
• Mahalanobis was started in 1950 and the data collection started in India.
• In 1953 using operations search system in ISI he had framed outline of second five year plan.
• Thus his contribution in the development of statistics in India was significant.

Prof. P. C. Mahalanobis development model was based on development of industries.

The quality of the population can be judged from the education, skills and health levels of people. These are measured through literacy and skill attainments and life expectancy. 

The National Health policy of India aims to improve health care, family welfare and nutritional sendees of the people. The government has tried to provide comprehensive health facilities and thus improve the quality of people. Due to these measures, the health of the people has improved. It could be seen through the increased life expectancy, an reduced infant, child, and maternal mortality rates.

(i) After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the 'native' press.

(ii) As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist, the colonial government began debating measures of stringent control.

(i) Manuscripts were documents or books written by hand.

(ii) They were not widely because-

(i) They could not satisfy the ever increasing demand for books.

(ii) They were expensive as copying, was an expensive, laborious and time consuming business.

(iii) Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle and could not be carried around or read easily.

(iv) Their circulation was limited.

(i) The vernacular press act provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.

(ii) The government kept regular -track of the ' vernacular newspapers published in different provinces.

(iii) When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned.

(iv) If the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery could be could be confiscated. 

(i) The Portuguese missionaries first introduced printing press in India in the mid 16th century.

(ii) Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts.

(iii) By 1674 about 50 books had been printed in the Konkani and Kannada language.

 (iv) Catholic priest first published printed books in Tamil in Cochin and in 1713 first Malayalam book was printed.

(v) Dutch protestant missionaries had printed nearly 32 printed text in Tamil which was later translated. 

(vi) The English language press did not grow in India till quite late even though officials of the East India Company began to import presses from late

(vii) From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine; it was a private English enterprise and was free from colonial influence.

(viii) Hickey published a lot of advertisements including those that related to import and sale of

(ix) By the close of the 18h century, a number of newspaper and journals appeared in print.

(i) The vernacular press act provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.

(ii) The government kept regular -track of the ' vernacular newspapers published in different provinces.

(iii) When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned.

(iv) If the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery could be could be confiscated. 

Initially, people were skeptical about girls’ school. They thought that education would pollute the minds of the girls. They also feared the schools would take away the girls from home and away from their domestic duties.

Various social reformers used ancient texts to convince the people about the need for abolishing certain social evils. Quotation from ancient texts gave weight to their arguments.

Answer: (a) False, (b) False, (c) False, (d) False

(i) The printing press first came to goa in western India through portuguese missionaries in mid 16th century.

(ii) Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several texts and nearly 50 books were printed in Konkani.

(iii) Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin.

(iv) The first Malayalam book was printed in 1713.

(v) The Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts.

(i) This was because of the superstitions and myths that prevailed in the society.

(ii) Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.

Three methods by, which printed books became more accessible to common people:

(i) Very cheap books were brought in Madras town and sold on the crossroads, allowing poor people travelling to markets to buy them.

(ii) Mill workers set up libraries, e.g., in Bombay.

(iii) Libraries were located mostly in cities and in prosperous villages.

He used to be a member of the Congress. But when he saw seating arrangements on caste affiliations during one of the feasts organized by the Congress, he left it in disgust. While nothing is mentioned in this chapter on this issue, we can make some assumptions. After the return of Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa, issues about untouchables became focus of debate by the nationalist leaders. Hence, it can be said that movements by Phule and Periyar must have helped in shaping the opinion of nationalist leaders.

(i) In Bengal, as the debate developed, tracts and newspapers proliferated, circulating a variety of arguments.

(ii) To reach a wider audience, the ideas were printed in the everyday spoken language of ordinary people.

(iii) Ram Mohan Roy published the 'Sambad Kaumudi' from 1821 and the Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the 'Samachar Chandrika' to oppose his opinion.

(iv) A wider range of people could not participate in these public discussions and express their views.

(v) New ideas emerged through these clashes of opinions.

(vi) Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating pan-Indian identities.

(i) With the setting up of an increasing number of printing press, visual images could be easily

(ii) painters like Raja Ravi Verma produced images for mass circulation.

(iii) cheap prints and calendars were easily available in the bazaar. By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons were also being published in journals and newspapers commenting on social and political issues

(i) Management is an art, a science and a profession.

(ii) There are three levels of management.

(iii) Middle level management works under top level management.

(iv) Middle level management works under top-level management.

(i) Dabur

(ii) Tata Motors

Sources of attraction:

(i) Very cheap small books were brought to market in the 19th century.

(ii) Public libraries were set up to give an easy access to books.

(iii) Kashibaba of Kanpur published ‘chhote our bade ka sawal’ where caste and class exploitation were linked.

(iv) Sacchi kavitayen, the poems of another Kanpur mill worker who wrote under the pen name of Sudarshan chakra also attracted the mill workers towards reading printed books, since they could see their lives and sufferings reflected in such books.

(v) Bombay and Bangalore cotton mill workers set up libraries to educate themselves. These libraries were sponsored by social reformers.  

Sources of attraction:

(i) Very cheap small books were brought to market in the 19th century.

(ii) Public libraries were set up to give an easy access to books.

(iii) Kashibaba of Kanpur published ‘chhote our bade ka sawal’ where caste and class exploitation were linked.

(iv) Sacchi kavitayen, the poems of another Kanpur mill worker who wrote under the pen name of Sudarshan chakra also attracted the mill workers towards reading printed books, since they could see their lives and sufferings reflected in such books.

(v) Bombay and Bangalore cotton mill workers set up libraries to educate themselves. These libraries were sponsored by social reformers.  

1. Co-operative Society

2. AMUL was started with a mission to stop the exploitation of farmers by middlemen.

1. SAIL

2. RBI.

Correct Answer is  LIC

In the school textbooks, the Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward people. They were capable of only manual labour. They did not have intellect. They could work hard in the fields but could not rule themselves. They could not do any creative work. School children were told that only French rule could establish peace in Vietnam.

The colonial economy in Vietnam was based on rice cultivation and rubber plantation owned by the French and a small Vietnamese elite.

‘Kesari' was the news paper started by the BaI Cangadhar Tilak in India during 19th century.

Correct Answer is Amul India

Religious groups played a very significant role in the development of anti-colonial feeling in Vietnam. Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mix of Buddhism, Confucianism and local customs. Christianity looked down upon their reverence for the supernatural. In 1868, the Scholars’ Revolt protested against the tyrannical spread of Christianity, and though the movement was defeated, it inspired others to follow suit. The Hoa Hoa movement in 1939 drew upon popular religious ideas of the nineteenth century, and its leader Huynh Phu So was a famous entity. These groups were not in tandem with political parties which tended to look down upon their activities with discomfort. Nevertheless, religious movements were successful in arousing anti-imperialist tendencies in the Vietnamese people.

(i) Aurangzeb sent a powerful Sardar, Jaisingh to defeat Shivaji Maharaj.

(ii) He started a naval campaign against Maharaj.

(iii) Jaisingh and Dilerkhan siege the fort of Purandar.

(iv) The Mughals siege the Fort of Purandar

(v) Murarbaji Deshpande fought with courage but died a hero’s death.

The factors that disturbed the religious sentiment of soldiers were: 

1. The soldiers in the British army were being given new rifles called Royal Enfield. The cartridge used in the rifles were greased with the fat of cow and pigs. The soldiers had to pull the safety catch with the help of their teeth. But, it was impossible for both the Hindu and Muslim soldiers, because cow was sacred for the Hindus, while pig was blasphemous for Muslims. This factor disturbed the religious sentiments for both the religions. 

2. The another factor that disturbed the Indian religious sentiment, was that the soldiers were forced to cross the oceans to serve on foreign land.

The reasons for revolt were: 

1. The revolt was intended to protect the interest of a few rather than getting freedom for the country. 

2. There was unity among the British, but there was lack of unity among the farmers. 

3. There was no proper organisation, direction or proper leadership to Lead the army. 

4. There was a lack of strategy, experience among the soldiers. 

5. Many provincial kings were loyal to the British >at the time of war. Therefore,-they did not support the struggle of freedom movement.

Bahadur Shah II