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Different points of view:

1. Zamindari system should be abolished. 

2. Zamindars should be compensated. 

3. Land should be given to the poor for cultivation. 

4. Tenants should be the owners of their land. 

5. Vetti /Begar should be abolished.

6. Large tracts of wasteland should be redistributed to the poor. 

7. Tax collection authority should be in the hands of the government. 

8. Peasantry should be protected from landlords. Stronger point of view: Put an end to rural poverty.

Client: A person receiving social or medical services.

The tribals have natural right on forest. So they can be permitted to cut wood. They do no harm to the forests. So we can support the tribals. Cutting down forest by a big company is an illegal activity. So we cannot suppoi; them.

The accused and witnesses are all appeared before the court at lower level. So it is not necessary to attend before the High Court. So it does not summon them.

a) Civil

b) Criminal

The rule of law says that everyone is equal before the law. Before deciding if someone is guilty she/he will be allowed to a fair and impartial public hearing. Criminal prosecution starts with ‘presumption of innocence’ and the guilt must be proved beyond reasonable doubt.

This kind of trial is known as Fair Trial. It is necessary. If the trial is not fair, the victims may lose their confidence in the judiciary. This confidence only leads the people to judiciary.

Villagers feel intimacy between them. They interfere in other’s matters without their permission. They give no value to ‘privacy’. So disputes arise. The villagers should adopt the town/city culture.

In any country the penal code is to change the attitude of the accused. The district magistrate court imposed an imprisonment of 4 years. Then he appealed to the session’s court. It took 2 years for judgement in this court. He spent half of his punishment period awaiting court decision. There is a chance of change in the behaviour of any person. So the court considered all these issues and reduced his punishment to one year.

In any case the victims and the accused, support their own words in the court. So the truth may be under cover. Being third person, the witnesses uncover these truths. So it is necessary to hear the evidences given by them in any case.

In any case the victims and the accused, support their own words in the court. So the truth may be under cover. Being third person, the witnesses uncover these truths. So it is necessary to hear the evidences given by them in any case.

Judicial Magistrate court was hearing the case of Ravi.

I appreciate the judgement in Ravi’s case. It would be better if it would have been completed earlier.

S.H.O is the officer at P.S. level. Magistrate is still higher level. S. l. should present the arrested person before the Magistrate before 24 hours.

The ecosystem which develops in natural conditions is called natural ecosystem.

The abiotic components are mainly of three types: 

1. Climatic elements. 

2. Organic substances. 

3. Inorganic substances

Ecology is a system that is the result of the interaction of the organism and the environment. This system is developed under natural rules. Therefore, in the study of ecology, the secrets of this system are traced. This system is so complex that as the scholars are searching for these secrets, new discoveries are emerging.

Although the scientific man, in the field of scientific achievements and technological advances, has started accepting that he is not a slave of nature. He is free to use and consume natural bounties as he wishes. The adverse consequences of this trend of human beings have now started to appear in various forms of environmental degradation.

The components that take the food provided by auto – trophic primary producers are called hetero – trophic components.

All the living organisms of an ecosystem are the biotic constituents of that system; all these organisms are inter-related by different interactions.

All the organisms in the ecosystem that come under the category of producers and consumers are arranged in a sequence or series. This systematic series of organisms, by which the transfer of food energy and nutrients takes place, is called food chain.

The pyramidal structure representing the formulation of the amount of rectangles biomass and energy flow of producers, carnivores and herbivores through their rectangles, is known as ecological pyramid.

Afforestation, industrialization and invention nuclear power is considered to be accountable for climatic change.

“Key – stone species are such species that affect most ecosystems of a particular region.” Key-stone species provide sustainability to ecosystem and in their absence there are changes in which the nature of ecosystem changes completely and the chances of elimination also remain. Thus the role of Key – stone species in ecosystem is highly significant. Key – stone species mainly include predatory species, and these species have a major impact on ecosystems.

Increase in the number of predators is an indicator that they keep the number of prey species limited by consuming them in the form of food. Due to the lack of predatory species there will be an increase in the number of prey species and due to this situation, the possibility of destruction of all ecosystems will arise. These types of key-stone species determine the number of other species in the community. Elephants and frogs are such keystone species that balance the ecosystem.

The adverse effect of human activities of uncontrolled deforestation for agriculture, urbanisation and other economic activities can be seen clearly on the ecosystem’s climate, soil, wild life, birds, etc. As a result of deforestation, the climate starts heating up; the amount of rainfall decreases, the erosion of the land starts and the destruction of wildlife occurs.

As a result of uncontrolled harvesting of forests today, in many parts of the world, in which India is also included, many wild life species have become extinct or they are on the verge of extinction. This has made the forest ecosystem imbalanced, because natural vegetation is the main basis of the forest ecosystem.

About 29 per cent of the entire earth is the lithosphere.

In our country, 8 per cent of the world’s total plant diversity is present.

Climate controls any ecosystem. Since the Industrial Revolution, there is a change in the climate through many actions of human beings, which is also affecting the ecosystem indirectly. 

The following activities of human beings are considered as important factors responsible for the change of climate:

1. Deforestation: Mankind is excessively exploiting the forests for its convenience and benefits, which has resulted in irregularity in rainfall and increased temperature. 

2. Industrialisation: Toxic gases emitted from indiustrial units not only pollute the air, but due to their impact, the ozone layer starts to deplete. The ozone layer prevents the ultraviolet and infrared rays coming from the sun to reach the earth and absorbs them before reaching the surface. As a result of the toxic gases, there has been an unprecedented increase in the incidence of skin and respiratory diseases in the world. 

3. The invention of nuclear power: The most devastating scientific invention of humans is the discovery of nuclear bombs, due to which the climate is affected by the underground or oceanic explosions. After the Pokhran blast, abnormal rainfall in the Barmer area is an example of this. Whatever is being done by scientists in the name of development, all that is directly impacting the climate and indirectly impacting the ecological system.

From December 6 to 17, 2004, a climate change meeting held in Buenos Aires did not reach any consensus on the changes in the weather and determining the reasons behind this and the efforts needed to control them. The reason for this is the uncompromising attitude of developed countries such as the United States, the Soviet Union, Italy, etc. Not only that, countries such as Saudi Arabia, Oman and Qatar are also opposed to curbing carbon emissions, because doing so could cause a crisis for their economy.

Today, the behavior of the weather in every country of the world is unusual. It appears as if there is no definite season of rain. There is no fixed place for the snowstorm, because snow fall has taken place in Dubai. There is no definite season for blooming of flowers, when the summer season will stat and what temperature will be reached, it is not possible to determine. The main reason for this unusual behavior of weather is the increase in global temperature.

The Inter – governmental Manual on Climate Change has warned about global warming, that if it is not stopped, there will be a large number of storms and floods, temperature will increase and the number of people killed by Loo and hot storms will also increase. The only way to reduce it is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by 50% to 70% from the 1990 level.

In June 2004, the Government of India released the first National Communication Report on climate change. In which for the first time according to this report, an increase of 0.4 degree Celsius in the average temperature in the last 100 years has resulted in an increase in rainfall of 10 – 12% in the west, north – western part of the country and northern Andhra Pradesh.

India is the country with the highest bio – diversity in the world, next only to Brazil. Due to geographical and climatic variations in our country, there is a wide variety of bio – diversity of – flora and fauna. India has 6.5 percent of animal species and 8 per cent of plant species of the world. There are approximately 46,000 plant species and 81,000 animal species found in India. In India, two bio – diversity hot – spots are found. Western Ghats hot spots and Eastern Himalayas hot spot.

Correct Answer is: (A) Absorption of UV. β radiation 

• Snow blindness, also called arc eye or photokeratitis, is a painful eye condition caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. 

• When too much UV light hits the transparent outer layer of your eyes, called the cornea, it essentially gives your cornea sunburn. 

• Snow blindness symptoms can be disorienting.

Correct Answer is: (c) 25

Correct Answer is: (D) Insects

Entomophily or insect pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen of plants, especially but not only of flowering plants, is distributed by insects.

Correct Answer is: (D) None of these 

• There are 34 areas around the world which are qualified as Biodiversity hotspots. 

• These hotspots represent only 2.3% of the total Earth's land surface. 

• These hotspots are important because Biodiversity underpins all life on Earth.

(A) Dobson unit

Correct Answer is: (A) Dobson unit 

• The Dobson Unit is a way to describe how much ozone there would be in the column if it were all squeezed into a single layer. 

• The average amount of ozone in the atmosphere is roughly 300 Dobson Units, equivalent to a layer 3 millimetres (0.12 inches) thick—the height of 2 pennies stacked together.

जन्तुओं में विशेष ग्रथियँ कुछ हॉर्मोन स्त्रवित करती है | ये हॉर्मोन ही रासायनिक समन्वय करते है |

रक्त में बढ़ी हुई शर्करा के निंयत्रण हेतु इंसुलिन की पड़ती है | यह हॉर्मोन इसे नियंत्रित करता है तथा यह अग्नाशय ग्रंथि द्वारा स्त्रवित होता है | मुधमेह के रोगियों के इसका स्त्राव कम होता है अत: इंसुलिन का इंजेक्शन रक्त में शर्करा को नियंत्रित कर देता है |

जनन की मूल घटना डी.एन.ए. की प्रतिकृति बनाना है | डी.एन.ए. की प्रतिकृति बनाने के लिए कोशिकाएँ विभिन्न रासायनिक क्रियाओं का उपयोग करती है | जनन कोशिका में इस प्रकार डी.एन.ए. की दो प्रतिकृतियाँ बनती है | जनन के दौरान डी.एन.ए. प्रतिकृति का जीव की शारीरिक संरचना एवं डिजाईन के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है जो जीवों के विशिष्ट स्थान में रहने के योग्य बनाती है |

प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया मस्तिष्कके नियंत्रण में नहीं होती है | स्त्रवित प्रतिवर्ती क्रियाएँ मेरुरज्जू द्वारा नियंत्रित की जाती है | मस्तिष्क प्रतिवर्ती क्रिया में होने वाले कार्य की सुचना अपने अंदर एकत्रित कर लेता है |

तंत्रिका क्रिया विधि :

1.  तंत्रिका तंत्र संवेदी सूचनाएँ प्राप्त कर अपना संदेश भेजता है तथा नियंत्रण करता है |

2.  शरीर में तंत्रिका तंत्र अपना जाल बना लेता है तथा इसकी अपनी संरचनात्मक इकाई होती है|

प्रतिवर्ती क्रियाएँ :

1.  शरीर के अंगो में महत्वपूर्ण ग्रंथि ही हार्मोन स्त्रावित होते है ये हार्मोन कई क्रियाएँ उदाहरण – वृद्धि , विकास , जनन आदि को नियंत्रित करते है |

2.  हार्मोन स्वयं ही शरीर में स्त्रावित होते है |

(i)  द्रुमाकृतिक सिरे

(ii)  द्रुमिका

(iii)  तंत्रिकाक्ष (एक्सॉन)

(b)   सिनेप्स

अनैच्छिक क्रियाएँ :

1.  इन क्रियाएँ को मस्तिष्क नियंत्रित करता है – ह्रदय का धडकन , साँस लेना |

2.  ये क्रियाएँ सम्पन्न होने में ज्यादा सनी लेती है |

प्रतिवर्ती क्रियाएँ :

1.  इन क्रियाओं को मेरुरज्जू द्वारा नियंत्रित किया जाता है | उदाहरण : गर्म पदार्थ को स्पर्श करने पर हाथ का हटना |

2.  ये क्रियाएँ सम्पन्न होने में बहुत कम समय लेती है |

तंत्रिका कोशिका (न्यूरॉन)तंत्रिका तंत्र की क्रियात्मक व संरचनात्मक इकाई है | यह तीन हिस्सों में बंटी होती है |

1.  द्रुमिका ,

2.  कोशिकाय ,

3.  एक्सॉन हमारे शरीर में संवेदी तंत्रिका तथा तंत्रिका होती है | संवेदी तंत्रिका ग्राही अंगो से उद्दीपन प्राप्त कर सुचना को मेरुरज्जु तक ले जाती है तथा वाहक मस्तिष्क से सुचना अंगो तक पहुँचती है |

In this process nematode specific genes were introduced into the host plant through agrobacterium,it produce both sense and antisense RNA, since this two RNAs are complementary to each other, form a dsRNA RNAi is operated and the nematode can’t produce proteins.

(c) gene therapy

(b) these are small circular DNA molecules with their own replication origin site

(c) Toxin is inactive

Because Bt toxin is present in the form of protoxin in Bacillus bacterium.

For this, bacterial cells must first be made ‘competent’ to take up DNA. This is done by treating them with a specific concentration of a divalent cation, such as calcium, Recombinant DNA can then be forced into such cells by incubating the cells with recombinant DNA on ice, followed by placing them briefly at 42°C (heat shock), and then putting them back on ice. This helps to introduce the plasmid DNA into bacterial cell.

Microinjection – In this recombinant DNA is directly injected into the nucleus of an animal cell. Biolistics – In this cells are bombarded with high velocity microparticles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA

(b) type casting (explicit conversion);

Correct option is (A) 0.59 eV

Given v₀ = 3.3 × 10¹⁴ Hz

v = 8.2 × 10¹⁴ Hz

Since eV₀ = hv – hv₀

So V₀ = \(\frac{h}{e}\) (v-v₀)

= \(\frac{6.62\times10^{-34}}{1.6\times10^{-19}}\) x (8.2 x 10¹⁴ - 3.3 x 10¹⁴)

= 4.14 × 10^-15 × 4.9 × 10¹⁴

= 2.02 V = 2.0 V