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It indicates that the given solution is acidic in nature. The pH of 1M HCI solution is zero

We can see neutralisation in every day life are 

1. in digestion, 

2. Ant bite 

3. Soil treatment 

4. Factory waste.

Carbon and Sulphur being non-metals form acidic oxides

(a) Potatoes grow better in acidic soil having pH = 5.5

(b) Broccoli grows better in a lkaline soil since adding a lot of lime to acidic soil will make it basic in nature.

Correct option is (C) Wintergreen

Uses of pH in everyday life : 

1. pH value helps us to identify acids, bases and neutrals. 

2. If pH value is less in our mouth, it leads to tooth decay. We can find it as the reason for our tooth decay.

3. pH value helps us to know about acid rain.

Mendeleev said that the properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses.

1. Weakly alkaline: D (pH = 11)

2. Neutral : C (pH = 7)

3. Strongly acidic: A (pH = 1)

4. Strongly alkaline: E (pH = 13)

5. Weakly acidic : B (pH = 5)

According to the theory on a pH scale, a more acidic substance is assigned a lower value. Normally substances with pH less than 7 are considered as acidic and those with pH greater than 7 are considered as basic with acidic strength increasing as we move towards 1 from 7 and the basic strength increases as we move toward 14 from 7. The more the acidic a substance is the more the hydrogen ions concentration will be.

Hence, in the given solutions, solution A has more hydrogen ions concentration as it is having the least pH value out of the three. 

The nature of each solution is: - 

Solution A – acidic 

Solution B – basic 

Solution C – basic

A = Strongly acidic

B = neutral

C = Weakly alkaline

D = Strongly alkaline

E = Weakly acidic

(a) Solution A (acidic solution) + Mg H₂ + Mg salt

(b) Solution A (acidic solution) + Zn H₂ + Zn salt

1. It is used for disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs.

2. It is used as a reagent in the preparation of chloroform.

When the soil is too acidic, it is treated with bases like quicklime or slaked lime or chalk.

(a)Sodium hydrogencarbonate and tartaric acid.

(b)Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid whereas baking soda is only sodium hydrogencarbonate.

(c)When baking powder mixes with water, then sodium hydrogencarbonate reacts with tartaric acid to evolve carbon dioxide gas which gets trapped in the wet dough and bubbles out slowly making the cake soft and spongy.

Na₂CO₃, 10H₂O is the compound of sodium to soften hard water.

(a) The cold drink turns blue litmus red because of its acidic nature. It will have no action on red litmus.

(b) A < C < B.B will have maximum acid strength because pH is inversely proportional to concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

(a) Calcium oxychloride.

(b) CaOCl₂

(c) Calcium hydroxide and chlorine.

(d) It is used for disinfecting drinking water supply.

(a) Sodium carbonate.

(b) Bleaching powder.

(c) Sodium carbonate.

(d) Bleaching powder.

(e) It sets into a hard mass on mixing with proper quantity of water.

(f) Bleaching powder.

Blue vitriol is common name for Copper sulphate solution which has chemical formula as CuSO₄.

The sodium compound X used in fire extinguisher is Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) and when it is heated it gives sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) as Y along with water (H₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Sodium carbonate on absorbs 10 molecules of water and crystallises into sodium decahydrate (Na₂CO₃.10H₂O). 

Thus X is Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), Y is sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and Z is sodium decahydrate (Na₂CO₃.10H₂O).

When knob of the fire extinguisher is pressed, then sulphuric acid mixes with sodium bicarbonate solution and produces a lot of CO₂ gas, which forms a blanket over the fire and cuts it off from the supply of the air to the burning substance and the fire stops

2NaHCO₃ + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O + 2CO₂

The reflection of the overall views, objectives, and policies of a political party is called its ideology.

During the first few steps of his motion, the horse has to pull a cart harder, because the horse has to work against the limiting friction, whereas once the motion starts the horse has to work against dynamic friction which is less than the limiting friction.

The four methods of contraception used by humans are : 

(i) Mechanical barrier method. 

(ii) Chemical methods 

(iii) Oral Pills 

(iv) Surgical methods 

Sexual act always has the potential to pregnancy. Pregnancy makes major demand on the body and mind of woman and if she is not ready, her health will be adversely affected. Contraceptive methods help in avoiding pregnancy and also help in keeping gaps between two children so that women's body recovers. These methods help in limiting the number of children one or two.

Indian Education System

• Still based on ‘talk and chalk’ method. 
• Overcrowded classrooms. 
• No light and fan in classrooms. 
• Student-Teacher ratio not good at all. 
• Stress is on learning by rote. 
• Book-learning is emphasized without any emphasis on practical work.
• In the examination only memory is tested. 
• Many schools lack laboratories and libraries. 
• Many schools lack recreational facilities. 
• Many classrooms are not hygienic; inadequate toilet facilities.

Indian National Congress

Indian National Congress was founded on

28th December 1885 due to the efforts of A.O.

Hume, to act as a platform for civil and political dialogue among educated Indians. The first session, held in Bombay with 72 delegates in attendance, elected W.C. Banerjee as its first President. Members were mainly from the Bombay and Madras Presidencies such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Pherozshah Mehta, and others. During its early phase, the Congress was led by the Moderates.

The party first split at the Surat session (1907) into two groups i.e., Moderates and Extremists (led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak). The party began to endorse the policy of “Swaraj” (Self-rule) and “Swadeshi” (of our own country), After the death of Lokmanya Tilak, the leadership of the Congress passed into the hands of Mahatma Gandhi. His philosophy was based on the ideals of Satyagraha and Ahimsa. Various movements were organized by Gandhiji such as Non-Cooperation Movement (1920’s), Civil Disobedience (1930’s), and Quit India Movement (1942).

The INC has dominated most of India’s political landscape since Independence. The period 1947-1967 is described as the One Party Dominant System (OPDS) of the INC. However, Congress dominance has declined. In the UPA government (2004 – 2014) the INC was one of the major parties. At present, it is the main opposition party (2019).

• Counselling plays a significant role in alleviating stress and helping depressed farmers to improve their self-esteem. 
• The cause of farmer suicide is mental stress, caused by debt, crop failure, social evil dowry, etc. 
• Counselling helps to relieve mental stress and develop selfesteem among farmers.

The following pointers will help you prepare a speech.

• It is a process of social transformation. 
• The developing countries imitate the western model of development. Thereby the traditional society becomes a technologically modern society. 
• It develops new attitudes, new values and social relationships. 
• It has paved a way for developing a scientific temperament. 
• It encompasses social, economic, political, religious, and intellectual changes. 
• Modernisation is a current term of an old process of social change.

The flux of people for the purpose of employment has resulted in cities getting overpopulated

(i) Factory System

(ii) Mechanisation

(iii) Capital Intensive

(iv) Labour Intensive System

(v) Division of Labour

(vi) Urbanisation

(i) Industrial growth in Mumbai:

• Mumbai is the economic capital of India. 
• In earlier days cotton textile industry dominated Mumbai’s economy, but now Mumbai’s economic base is diversified. 
• Textiles industries still remain important, but the city’s industries include petrochemicals, automobile manufacturing, metals, electronics, engineering, food processing, and a wide range of light manufacturing.

(ii) Industrial growth in Pune: 

• From a small university town to IT hub, Pune has changed its face over the years. 
• Numerous automobile manufacturers and ancillary companies have today invested heavily in Pune. e.g. TATA motors, Cummins, etc. 

(iii) Industrial growth in Nagpur: 

• One of the largest industrial estates approximately 6000 Hectares of Asia is located at Butibori near Nagpur. 
• About 47% of Maharashtra State’s power is generated around Nagpur.

 (iv) Industrial growth in Kolkata:

• Industrial growth rate of West Bengal is 1.1% higher than the national average. 
• The growth and development are around the capital city of Kolkata.
• Kolkata is home to many industrial units, major sectors are steel, mining, minerals, cement, etc.

In the field of education, we are working towards integrating technology for the purpose of education in the 21st century.

(i) Impact of the Internet on Parents:

• Parents know that the internet is a window opening to the whole world and as a tool to get information. 
• Parents are aware of the positive and negative effects of internet use. 
• Parents know that the internet is useful for attaining information. 
• They mainly consider it as an effective means of communication due to instant messaging services that can communicate to any part of the world. 
• It improves business, interactions, transactions saving vital time.
•  Banking, shopping online has made life less complicated for parents.

(ii) Impact of the Internet on Children:

• Maximum children are busy playing games online. 
• Increased use of the internet among children is making them feel lonely and depressed. 
• More time spent online means children spent less time with family and friends or working on hobbies.
• Internet allows children to participate actively in a self-learning environment.

(iii) Impact of the Internet on School:

• The internet has not only increased the amount of learning possibilities in the classroom but it has created infinite amounts of learning opportunities for students and teachers. 
• Use of internet in the school improves the quality of education in many ways. 
• Teachers can use online materials to prepare lessons. 
• The Internet plays a very vital role in education.

Yes, some people feel insecure about digitalisation processes because of being computer phobic or computer illiterate, as they don’t trust the internet and perceived security risks. The perception that someone else has access to your bank account is a deal-breaker for many. It’s a big jump into the unknown with your hard-earned money especially if you have no one to explain it to you.

The four administrative divisions of Karnataka are: 

1. Belagavi, 

2. in Kalaburagi, 

3. Mysuru, 

4. Bengaluru.

(i) Positive effects of digitalisation

• Due to digitalisation, closer crossborder ties. 
• It makes our lives better and easy. It is a most essential technology. 
• It makes people become more efficient and this leads to increased productivity. 
• Digitalisation saves time, cost and gives quick and precise service, 
• Digitalisation boosts the country to do cashless transactions. 
• For example, for filing Income Tax returns, obtaining Birth and Death Certificates from the Municipal Corporation, for online admission, for declaration of election results, etc. Nowadays all these processes make use of digitalisation and it has radically transformed the processes, compared to those used just a few decades ago.

(ii) Negative effects of digitalisation

• The excessive use of digital technology has health hazards like affecting sleep. 
• Preventing children from engaging in physical activity that resulting in cases of obesity among children. 
• In extreme cases, there can be mental illnesses like social isolation, aggression, etc. 
• In short, it affects social, physical, and mental health.
• Due to the acceptance of digitalisation big industries take over the smaller ones. 
• One of the major problems is individual privacy in the web world. This is always under threat.

As COVID-19 is a pandemic and a contagious disease. I will create an online group of my friends and we will remain connected online while staying at home. United through social media groups we will jointly put posters and graffiti on social media to make the general public aware of the deadly disease.

As we are in 2020, in the modern era, so I think yes people will prefer living in a nuclear family. Since the nuclear family provides them with extra space, quality of life and mainly in the nuclear family status of women are high, gender equality, the standard of living is high as the couple is working, less impact of traditional beliefs and superstitions. So, one will prefer individuality i.e. nuclear family.

1. 1st November.

2. 1973

3. Andhra Pradesh.

4. Belagavi.

5. 1,91,791.

Rational outlook refers to an approach that is based on reasoning, and the ability to provide logical explanations for any phenomenon.

Explanation: A rational outlook is based on the idea of rationalism or reasoning. This means Here, one seeks to establish laws that link facts and which govern social life. To have a rational outlook means that one’s view of a situation or a problem or an event is understood on the basis of reason. This refers to the development of a scientific way of understanding and explaining any phenomenon. Scientific reasoning explains causal relationships between factors. There is a shift to secular and rational values from spiritual-religious values.

For example, non-rational explanation of allnatural calamities are the expressions of God’s anger. 

Rational explanation: Scientific explanation for natural calamities.

• Grant Duff, a British officer, wrote the book ‘A History of Mahrattas’, in three volumes.
• His name stands out among the British officers who wrote about Maratha history.
• The tendency of the British historians to condemn Indian culture and history is found in Grant Duff’s writing.
• Historians Nilkanth Janardan Kirtane and Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade exposed the limitations of Grant Duff’s writings.

The salient features of writings of historians in the courts of Mughal emperors are:

• Historians praised the Mughal emperors in their writings.
• Their loyalty towards the rulers is exhibited.
• The custom of adding suitable poetic quotes was introduced. The historians started to include beautiful pictures as well.

The Government has enacted Dowry Prohibition Law, Child Marriage Act, Sati Prohibition Law, for women empowerment. There is also a provision for penalization in cases of violation of these laws. Apart from this, penal laws have been made to prevent domestic violence against women.

33% of the seats have been reserved for women in the elections of Panchayati Raj system and urban bodies. National and State Women Commis-sions have been formed to help women solve problems. The posts have been reserved for women in government jobs. The law of equal wages has been made for equal work.

• Govind Sakharam Sardesai had a momentous achievement to his credit by publishing ‘Maratha Riyasat’.
• He published several volumes of Maratha history.
• His work became so popular that people began to address him as ‘Riyasatkar’.

• James Mill, a‘British historian, had written the monumental book ‘The History of British India’. He published it in three volumes in 1817.
• The book is important as it was the first book written by a British officer on Indian history.
• The book: lacks objective perspective and is prejudiced about various aspects of the Indian culture.

• History of deprived classes or communities who were deprived of all rights is known as subaltern history.
• The seeds of subaltern history can be traced in the Marxist history. Italian historian Antonio Gramsci has special importance in writing the subaltern history.
• He presented the idea that history should be written starting from the bottommost ranks of people in the society.
• Ranjit Guha, an Indian historian, has given prominence to subaltern history and played a major role in establishing it as an important academic school of historiography.
• Similar thoughts were expressed by Mahatma Phule and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar which can be found in their writings.

(1) Right Pair: ‘Who were the Shudras’ – subaltern History 

(2) Right Pair: ‘Stri-Purush Tulana’ – Feminist writing 

(3) Wrong Pair: ‘The Indian War of Independence 1857’ – Marxist History 

(4) Right Pair: Grant Duff – Colonial History.

• For a considerable period of time, mainly male scholars were involved in the writing of Indian history.
• It was obvious that the perspective was maledominated.
• The work of the women historians was neglected for long. So it became important to highlight this fact.
• It was a huge challenge in front of the women: historians to compile the work and do research which would prove to be a medium to put forth their status in society.

Hence, it became necessary to rethink about the position of women in history.

Correct option: (b) Ranjit Guha.