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• History of the deprived classes expressed in folklore was known as ‘Subaltern History’.
• Similar thoughts were expressed by Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.
• Mahatma Phule unfolded the history of the Shudratishudra communities in his book ‘Gulamgiri’.
• Mahatma Phule unfolded the history of the Shudratishudra communities in his book ‘Gulamgiri’.
• Dr. Ambedkar focused on the idea that in spite of having a significant role in shaping the cultural and political aspects of India, the role of Dalits was not duly acknowledged in colonial and nationalistic historiography.
• Injustice done to the Dalits was mostly written by him. ‘Who Were the Shudras’ and ‘The Untouchables’ are his books which can be cited as examples of subaltern history.

• Indian civilisation is among the various ancient civilisations in the world.
• Excavations at Harappa took place in 1920 under the supervision of Sir John Marshall, then Director General of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). This led to the discovery of Harappan Civilization.
• This discovery prqved helpful to trace the antiquity of Indian history which dates back 3rd millennium BCE or earlier.

Wrong pair: Marathyanchya Itihasachi SadhaneVishnushastri Chiplunkar.

Correct option: (d) Marxist

Correct option: (b) William Wilson Hunter

Wrong pair: The Indian War of Independence – Marxist History.

Correct option: (c) Tarabai Shinde.

1. The opening of Suez Canal

2. Introduction of Steam Navigation

3. Construction of railways 

4. Canals, harbours, growth of factory industries, coal mining, tea plantation, banking, shipping and insurance, all these created a new trend urbanisation in the latter half of the nineteenth century.

(b) An Interpreter

1. d 

2. a 

3. e 

4. b 

5. c

(d) all the above

1. The traditional industrial base of Indian cities, was destroyed by Industrial revolution.

2. The high import duties and other restrictions imposed on the import of Indian goods into Britain and Europe led to the decline of Indian industries.

1. Fort,port 

2. urbanisation 

3. policies 

4. Mughal 

5. sikkim 

6. railways 

7. Egmore 

8. Madras 

9. Madrasapatnam 

10. 1996 

11. Bombay

• During medieval times, most of the towns developed as headquarters of principalities and kingdoms.
• They functioned either fort city or port city.
• Important among them are Delhi. Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra and Nagpur.

(a) for trading

(c) A is correct and R explains A

1. 1853 

2. Ripon 

3. Dyarchy 

4. Sir Josiah Child 

5. 1639

Fort St. George was constructed by the British in Madras

1. In the beginning, the policies of the British proved harmful to the process of urbanisation.

2. Later the economic policies followed by the British led to the rapid transformation of India’s economy into a colonial economy and development of cities.

3. The one way free trade predominance of British, Indian manufacturing industries were destroyed. 4. There was a sudden collapse of the urban handicrafts industry.

5. Towns and cities long famed for their specialized products gazed continually shrinking market.

6. The manufacturing towns lost their previous importance.

7. The industrial revolution, high import duties and other restrictions imposed on the import of Indian goods into Britain and Europe led to the decline of Indian industries.

8. Thus, India became the agricultural colony of Britians.

Answer is (a) i only

(d) all the above

An urban area is one that has a high population density engaged in occupations other than food production, living in a highly built environment.

Zanu – PF party is in power in Zimbabwe

(B) governments

(c) A is correct and R explains A

(d) i, ii and iii

One of the old populous manufacturing towns was Dacca

Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Varanasi, Allahabad and Madurai are well – known ancient towns in India.

Origin and Growth of Madras:

(a) The beginning of the city of Madras goes back to the earliest stages of British commercial enterprise in India. The English East India Company was started in 1600 A.D(C.E). 

(b) The English, after some efforts secured the privilege of building a factory at Masulipatnam. It was well protected from the monsoon winds. 

(c) The official grant for the land was given by Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak, the deputy of the Raja of Chandragiri (12km west ofTirupathi). Damarla gave British a piece of land between Cooum river and the Egmore.

(d) India Company’s Francis Day accompanied by his interpreter Beri Thimmappa and superior Andrew Cogan. By this Francis Day and Andrew Cogan (the chief of the Masulipatnam Factory), was granted permission to establish a factory –cum – trading post and a fort at Madrasapatnam in 1639. 

(e) This fortified settlement came to be known as Fort St. George settlement. It is otherwise referred to as the White Town. While the nearby villages inhabited by local population was called as Black Town. Collectively the White Town and the Black Town were called Madras.

(c) Fort St. George

In Libya that ultimate power lay with RCC

The victories of Japan against the Americans and Europeans created a strong impression on the people in India. Firstly, it seemed that the European colonialists would get defeated very soon. Secondly, Japan was an Asian country and could stand up against the European colonialists. Indians felt that they too can stand up and fight against Britain decisively. The myth of the racist superiority of the British was smashed.

The Muslim League was popular in the United Provinces, Bombay and Madras. However, it was quite weak in the three provinces from which Pakistan was to be carved out just ten years later, viz. Bengal, the NWFP and Punjab. Even in Sind it failed to form a government.

The Muslim League had argued that since the majority people in many areas were Hindus, more Hindus are likely to get elected to councils to and Muslims will find it difficult to protect their interests in government. But, if a certain number of seats were reserved for Muslims for which only the Muslims population of an area would vote, the Muslim members reaching the councils will be able to raise the concerns of Muslims.

This was a party formed in 1906. Till 1930, it mainly represented the interests of Muslim landlords of UP and did not have much mass support. It had demanded that the British should create separate seats in all councils for which only Muslims would vote.

(c) A is correct and R explains A

1. True 

2. True 

3. False 

4. True 

5. False

The development of local government in the British India may be traced in three distinct phases.

(a) First phase (1688-1882): 

1. Municipal government in India has been in existence since 1688 with the formation of Madras Municipal Corporation with a Mayor.

2. Sir Josiah Child, one of the Directors of the East India Company was responsible for the formation of the corporation.

3. The Charter Act of 1793, established Municipal administration in the three Presidency Towns.

4. The Act of 1850 provided the formation of municipalities North Western Frontier provinces, Oudh and Bombay.

(b) Second phase (1882-1920):

1. Ripon’s Resolution on local Self – Government was a landmark in the history of local self-government.

2. So Ripon is rightly called the “Father of Local Self-Government” in India.

(c) Third phase (1920-1950): 

1. The Government of India Act of 1919 introduced Dyarchy in the provinces. 

2. The Government of India Act of 1935 introduced Provincial Autonomy.

3. With the attainment of Independence in 1947 India had the unique opportunity of making and moulding local government to meet the needs of the free nation.

1. The Europeans first developed some coastal towns. 

2. They were Surat, Daman, Goa and Pondicherry.

The newly developed towns are known differently as hill towns, industrial towns, court towns, railway station towns, cantonments and administrative towns.

(d) all the above

(a) Harappa and Mohenjodaro

(a) economic policy

The trade of English East India Company expanded in 1757

The region covered in the Madras Presidency during the British regime covered were

• Modem day Tamil Nadu 
• The Lakshadweep Island 
• Northern Kerala 
• Rayalaseema 
• Coastal Andhra 
• Districts of Karnataka and various districts of southern Odisha.

D) All people who are adults

English trade did not thrive at Masulipatnam due to Famine

(d) all the above

(d) All of these