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(c) strong military camps

The charter 1793 established Municipal administration in the three presidency Towns

D) Mahatma Gandhi

The soldiers of INA were imprisoned and the British decided to punish them. A trial of INA soldiers was began – to court martial them for being traitors to the army and hanging them to death in punishment. 

Unrest and unhappiness and discontent kept erupting in different parts of India as the INA trails proceeded. 

In this popular upsurge of nationalist consciousness, the issue of Hindu-Muslim identity and separatist politics often became unimportant.

People were restless with food shortages, rationing of food, high prices, black marketing and hoarding. Railway and postal employees and other government employees were planning to go on India wide strike against prices.

B) Winston Churchill – Labour Party

(b) Simla and Nainital

1. India is a land of many religions and many races. 

2. Even though, it is continuing as a democratic secular state. 

3. It gives protection to all the citizens irrespective of their religions. 

4. All citizens have equal rights.

1. The British colonialists practised their Divide and Rule Policy in India. 

2. They encouraged Muslims to set up a separate party Muslim League in 1906. 

3. They set separate electorate for Muslims from 1909. 

4. They gave communal electorate to Sikhs also in 1932. 

5. They also extended separate electorate to Dalits. 

6. Thus, all the time they wanted to weaken the hold of Congress on people, which is fighting hard against them for Independence.

Comparison : 

In Nigeria, in 1939 the British separated the Yoruba and Igbo regions into Western and Eastern Nigeria and encouraged competition and conflict between the three major tribal groups so as to be able to “divide and rule” the country.

 (OR)

1. In the Indian context, the basic truth is that the British did rule and, they did try to divide opposition. 

2. Divide and rule was seen in the following actions : 

a) Partition of Bengal 

b) Encouraging formation of Muslim League, 

c) Separate electorates for Muslims and for SC. 

3. The idea that ‘Divide and Rule’ was such a set and evil strategy that it actively, logically led on to partition of our country. 

4. To solve the minority question, the British imperialists, implementing their policy of divide and rule, separated the continent into a Hindu and a Muslim state.

1. Hitler propagated Nazism in Germany. 

2. They killed lakhs of Jews. 

3. Even though Japan is a small country in Asia, has been competing with powerful European nations and started colonialism in the name of Pan Asianism. 

4. So, morally it is not right to support Germany or Japan.

1. The growth of Muslim separation from the late 19th century and the rise of communal violence from 1920s to the virulent outbreaks of 1946-1947.

2. Muslims, as a religious community, comprised only 20% of the population and represented great diversity in economic, social and political terms. 

3. From the late 19th century, some of its political elites in northern India felt increasingly threatened by British devolution of power. Due to this, the logic of numbers would mean the dominance of the majority Hindu community.

1. Religion played a crucial role in politics before Partition. 

2. To weaken Congress’s hold over the people, the British vigorously followed ‘Divide and Rule’ policy. 

3. So with support and encouragement of British, Muslim League for Muslims was started. 

4. Separate electorate and reserved seats for Muslims were there from 1909. 

5. Hindu Maha Sabha and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh wished to unite all Hindus overcoming caste divisions.

6. As minorities, Muslims made a demand to carve out a new state from regions where they were majorities. 

7. The League created an impression that Congress was basically a Hindu party. 

8. There were riots broke out and several thousand people dead after Cabinet Mission plan was rejected.

1. The Muslim League thought of reserved seats for Muslims, where they are the majority. 

2. Congress accepted this logic, so, from 1909 separate electorates were implemented. 

3. League pointed out many issues and blamed Congress of insensitivity to the needs of Muslims. 

4. The fears of League were fueled by British ‘Divide and Rule Policy’. 

5. League was able to convince Muslim masses of the benefits and need for a separation. 

6. When Cabinet Mission recommended India was to be united, League opposed it.

7. They asked people to come out on the streets and riots and violence and thousands of people were dead. 

8. So it was inevitable for the partition of India.

1. Before the Partition there were different ways in which power sharing among different communities was organised. 

2. There were too many organizations like the Muslim League, Congress, Hindu Maha Jana Sabha, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, etc. in function in India. 

3. There were separate electorates for Muslims both provincial assemblies and in central assembly. 

4. In 1946, Muslim League won all 30 seats in the Centre and 442 out of 509 seats in the provinces. 

5. It had got more than 86% of the Muslim votes. 

6. In 1946 the Congress swept the general constituencies, capturing over 91% of the non-Muslim vote.

1. Anti-thinking of the Muslims and their communalism. 

2. Activities of the Muslim League. 

3. Congress’s policy of Appeasement. 

4. Communal reaction. 

5. Congress policy of strengthening India.

6. Formation of weak Pakistan in the minds of Indian leaders. 

7. Development transfer of power. 

8. Provisions of the Indian Independent Act. 

9. British’s policy of divide and rule. 

10. Mount Batten Plan.

The qualities that I like the most in Sardar Patel are: 

1.  Patriotism 
2.  Commitment

C) Firm determination in annexing princely states into India.

(b) n 

Unit matrix of order n is in echelon form with n non-zero rows

1 – d, 2 – c, 3 – a, 4 – b

\( \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 1 & 4 & 9 \end{vmatrix} \)

= 1(18 -12) - 1(9 - 3) + 1(4 - 2)

= 6 - 6 + 2

= 2 \(\ne\) 0

So rank is 3

(b) the speaker was afraid of the consequences

(a) (3 2 4) – Column matrix

(b) A has at least one minor of order r which does not vanish

(c) 3 

 There are only three non-zero rows as the matrix is in echelon form.

(d) All of the above

(c) ρ(A) = min of {m, n}

The correct answer is : (c) |A| ≠ 0

(c) 0.4 

 x = 1 – 0.6 = 0.4

(iv) both a and b 

 Sum of all the probabilities should be equal to one

(b) 0.7

0.3 + α = 1 

⇒ α = 1 – 0.3 = 0.7

(b) 0

\( \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 & -1 \\ 3 & 2 & k \end{vmatrix} \) 

= k + 2 - (2k + 3) + 1 \(\ne\) 0

= k \(\ne\) 0

Let A = \(\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & k \\ 3 & 4 & 5 \\ 7 & 10 & 12 \end{pmatrix}\) Give A is non-soingular. That is |A| \(\ne\) 0

\(\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 & k \\ 3 & 4 & 5 \\ 7 & 10 & 12 \end{vmatrix}\) \(\ne\) 0

1(48 - 50) - 2(36 -35) + k(30 - 28) \(\ne\) 0

-2 - 2 + 2k \(\ne\) 0

2k \(\ne\) 4 ⇒ k \(\ne\) 2

The chemicals released from factories would not be dumped in open fields and into rivers. Special ash ponds must be there for the discharged chemicals and they must be far away from the habitations.

(a) non-singular matrix

Answer is (D),

1 + i² + i⁴ + i⁶ + ... + i²ⁿ = 1 – 1 + 1 – 1 + ... (–1)ⁿ which can not be evaluated unless n is known.

(b) 5

|adj A| = |A|^{n - 1} , n is order of matrix 

243 = 3^{n - 1} 

3⁴ = 3^{n - 1} 

n = 5

CSA of cone = πrl 

= ( 22/7 x 14 x 50 ) cm²

= 2200 cm²

Therefore, the curved surface area of the cone is 2200 cm².

1. This law is quite well for lighter elements but not supported to heavier elements. 

2. Elements were arranged in increasing atomic masses without taking an account on the properties of elements. 

3. This law was seemed to be applicable only for elements upto calcium.

As the element 'X' is non-metallic, it may be belonging to group 17. In group 17, the first two elements are gases. Metallic character of elements (non-metals) increases on moving down the group. Therefore, the element 'X' may be located in group 17 and 3^rd or 4^th period of the periodic table.

In a period, the number of valence shell remains the same for all elements. However, the number of electrons in the valence shell increases from left to right.

The position of an element in the periodic table is determined by its electronic configuration e.g. electronic configuration of sodium is 2, 8, 1 i.e., it has three shells and one electron in the outermost shell. Hence, it is placed in period number 3 and group number 1. However, in the case of transition elements this pattern is not followed.

B) electronegativity

Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a molecule of a compound. The value of electronegativity of an element describes the ability of its atom to compete for electrons with the other atom to which it is bonded. Electronegativity is however not the property of an isolated atom.

Electronegativity increases from left to right in each period ending at group 17.

In the 3rd period, electronegativity increases from sodium to chlorine i.e., chlorine can accept electrons most easily in that period followed backwards by sulphur, phosphorus, silicon, aluminium, magnesium and sodium. All the atoms of the above mentioned elements have three shells but chlorine has the smallest atomic radii. Hence chlorine experiences more positive charge from the nucleus than all other atoms in that period. So, if one electron is available, chlorine can attract it most easily.

Correct option is  A) Milliken

Since the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid involves the addition of oxygen to ethanol,
it is an oxidation reaction.

A) Fermentation

(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

Correct option is C) Base

Setting of curd is a chemical change since a new substance (lactic acid) is formed which differs in taste from the original substance (fats and proteins) i.e. milk. Also the change is irreversible (curd cannot be converted into milk).

This a chemical change as new products are formed.
Baking soda + Lemon juice ------------> Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
When acid react with carbonates, salt is formed releasing carbon dioxide and water.