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In 1861 the girls vernacular school started at Nasirabad in Rajasthan by the Missionary Institution.

Inshu dreams of being a popstar.

It is necessary for the government to make their people's life better.

Swami Dayanand set up the Propakarini Sabha in Ajmer for the spread of education.

(C) We insist on cooking the dinner ourselves

Mayo college (school) was established in Ajmer in 1872.

Art of Ancient India: 

Architecture: The monuments of architecture are found in three forms: 

1. Pillars 

2. Stupas and buildings 

3. Rock-cut caves.

Pillars: Pillars are excellent examples of Indian architecture. There are 30 pillars found in different parts of India built by king Ashoka. Indian and foreign archaeologists have considered these Ashoka pillars as the best wealth of Indian architecture. These pillars are thin at upper part and thick from bottom. They are heavy and long. Having length about 40 to 50 feet, they are built from one piece of stone. A special type of paste is used on these pillars. The smoothness, polish and brightness of them make people surprised. Their polish shines like glass even today.

Stupas and Bhawans (Buildings): Stupas are like high mounds ‘Gumbavdar’ monuments made up of bricks or stones. Among stupas in central India near Bhopal, Stupa of Sanchi is the most famous. By observing beauty and art of monuments and buildings, the Chinese traveller Fa-Hien had written that these buildings can’t be built by man of this world, they might be built by Gods.

Rock-cut caves: They have their own importance. By cutting hard rocks of mountains, dwelling places, worship places and meeting places were built which is a unique style of Indian architecture

Art of Sculptor: Ancient India’s sculptor art is the best in Bhava, Spiritualism, Aura, Naturality, posture and beauty. In ancient sculptors, Varahavatar, statue of Udaigiri, Krishna’s birth sculptors of Pathari. In Devgarh temple, idol of Vishnu lying on bed of Sheshnaga and in Mandor (Jodhpur) idols having glimpses of the life of Lord Krishna are very attractive. Stone idols of Buddha at Sarnath and Mankuwar, a big copper idol of Buddha of Sultanganj, idols of four lions on pillar of Sarnath built by king Ashoka are the best examples of ancient Indian sculptor art. The idols of Greater India- Saraswati, Ganesha, Laxmi, Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma have attractive form.

Painting: The best examples of Indian picture art are cave paintings of Ajanta, Gwalior and Bagh caves. By observing the paintings of Ajanta, it can be said that Indian artists have not left any part of man’s life. In paintings different types of body postures, face impressions, Bhav Bhangima, costumes (Vesh Bhusha), hair style, beauty and complexion are beautifully painted. Trees, plants, leaves and different scenes of Buddha’s life are painted. These paintings are so beautiful that no one can follow them.

Art of Music: Under the shelter of kings, the three organs of music- Gayan (singing), Udan (playing) and Nritya (dancing) flourished. Many centres of music prevailed in ancient India.

Art of Impression: In coins of ancient rulers, a combination of Indianism, Nationalism, Artism and beauty is seen. Rulers, according to their style, manufactured the coins of gold and silver.

Della felt sorry for Jim because he looked thin and very serious. He was a poor fellow. He was only twenty-two but he had the burden of the family. He needed a new overcoat and gloves but he did not have.

डेला जिम के लिए दुःखी हुई क्योंकि वह बहुत ही दुबला तथा गंभीर दिखाई दे रहा था। वह एक गरीब व्यक्ति था। वह केवल बाईस का ही था लेकिन उसके ऊपर परिवार का बोझ था। उसे एक नये ओवर कोट तथा दस्तानों की आवश्यकता थी लेकिन उसके पास वे नहीं थे।

It was developed just like other different forms of art. Under the shelter of Kings, the three organs of music i.e., Gayan, Udan and Nritya flourished. Many centres were prevailed in ancient India. Pictures of violin, drum, trumpet, etc. were found on the coins of Harappa civilization which are a great evidence of emphasis upon music. Music or songs in the form of ‘Kawwali’ was began by Amir Khusro in medieval time and classical songs as a branch of music had been developed. Folk music was also developed.

Gandhara style of art.

Correct option is (a) Gautam Buddha

B) ii is correct

Correct option is (b) Kushana

(a) India is the Asian and Nigeria is the African colony of Britain.

(b) Indonesia is the Asian and Western Sahara is the African colony of Holland.

(c) Vietnam is the Asian, Algeria is the African colony of France.

(d) China and Russia are the Asian and Ithiopia is the African country which was not a colony of any power.

(e) Australia was the colony of the British.

1. China was attacked and occupied by Japan between 1937 and 1945. 

2. Both Guomindang and CCP tried to join forces to fight Japan. 

3. After Japan’s surrender to US, both CCP and Guomindang engaged in war with each other. 

4. CCP became ruler in main land of China and Guomindang set up government in Taiwan. 

5. Vietnam waged 8 year long war with France and got independence but was divided. 

6. North Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh was again attacked by US and war lasted 7 long years. 

7. Finally a peace agreement was made and Vietnam was united.

8. Nigerian organisations, Nigerian soldiers tried to fight with the British. 

9. Considering the wave of nationalism, the British decided to handover power to Nigerians.

1. Phyllode – E.g: Acacia.

2. Cladode – E.g: Asparagus.

Anatomical adaptations: 

1. Epidermal cells of stem is heavily cutinized, almost squarish and are filled with oil and tannins.

2. Star’ shaped sclereids and ‘H’ shaped heavy thickened spicules that provide mechanical strength to cortex are present in the stem.

3. The leaves may be dorsiventral or isobilateral with salt secreting glands.

(b) Statement A is correct but statement B is incorrect.

According to modem researchers of linguistics and anthropology, it is believed that before Dravidians, six tribes came and settled in India.

Height of frustum = h = 8 cm

Radius of lower circular end = r = 12 cm

Radius of upper circular end = R = 18 cm

Let l = slant height

Slant height = l² = (R-r)² + h² cm

= 36 + 64

= 100

or l = 10 cm

We know, Total surface area of frustum = πr² + πR² + π(R + r)l cm²

= π × 12² + π × (18 + 12) × 10 cm²

= 3.14(144 + 324 + 300)

= 2411.52

Total surface area of frustum is 2411.52 cm²

India ranks 7th in area-wise and 2nd in population-wise in the world.

The three tribes possessing similar physical features are Alpine, Dinaric and Armenoid.

Australoids (Nishads) had black skin, broad head, flat nose and short height.

We find origins of the Australoids in the tribes like ‘Kol’, ‘Munda’, Khasi’ tribes of Assam, the tribes of Nicobar and Myanmar.

The oldest tree is a large banyan tree situated on the confines of my village Sitapur.

One hundred and five years old Chhaganbha says that, his father and uncles used to swing on the branches of this banyan tree in their childhood. The large trunk and its innumerable branches are a witness to the fact that, it is the oldest tree of our village.

We find our close relation with nature from the stories of ‘Pancha tantra’ and Jatak Tales’ of Buddhist religion.

Natural heritage refers to the sum total of the elements of biodiversity, including flora and fauna, ecosystems and geological structures. India’s natural heritage is unique and varied. It includes features like mountains, forests, deserts, rivers, streams, oceans, trees, plants, creepers, flowers, leaves, insects and varied landscapes, wide range of minerals, vegetation, plants and animals.

Our natural heritage includes:

(1) Landscapes: The different shapes and forms of land give rise to beautiful landscapes. The Himalaya is one of them. It has blessed us abundantly with useful vegetation and minerals. A large variety of beautiful and unique birds and animals and mountain peaks covered with snow, brimming rivers are also part of gifts of Himalaya. Forests of Terrai and the holy pilgrimage places such as Amarnath, Badrinath, Kedarnath and summit like Nandadevi are in Himalayas.

(2) Rivers: Indian rivers have been providing natural waterways since ancient time. Indian culture has flourished on the river banks of Indus, Narmada, Godavari Krishna, etc. have largely influenced the people of India. Rivers also work as the source of drinking water, domestic works, irrigation producing electricity, etc. They have also helped man to develop industries for making clay utensils. They also provide water to construct houses. The landscape scenes of rivers and mountains at dawn and dusk are very fascinating. They have inspired artists to create paintings and hence enrich our heritage.

(3) Vegetation: Indians are environment lovers. Their love for nature can be seen in their artistic works, worship of trees, rivers forms an important part of our natural heritage. Banyan, Pipal trees and Basil (Tulsi) plants are worshipped in India. Its rich vegetation produces cereals, pulses, oil-seeds plants, several herbs and medicinal plants, fruits and vegetables.

Harde, Amla, Aloe-vera, Ardusi, Neem, etc. are some of the several medicinal plants grown in India. Flowers like Rose, Lotus, Mogra (Jasmine), Damaro (Sweet Basil), Sunflower, Champa (Plumeria), Jui (polyanthus tuberose), etc. have spread fragrance. Together these plants have made our lives beautiful healthy and prosperous. Humans, animals, birds, etc. are dependent on vegetation for their food. Our social and religious life is greatly influenced by Indian vegetation.

(4) Wildlife: Indians are nature, lovers too. They have sympathy, care and love for the animals. They also worship several animals such as tiger, lion, elephant, rhino, leopard, fox, bear, deer, sambhar, rabbit, python, snake, mongoose, porcupine are some of the animals found in India. India is the only place in the whole Asia to be blessed with Asian lions. These lions are found in Gir Forest of Gujarat.

Several wild animals such as tigers, peacocks, crocodiles, eagles, etc. have been given as the status of vehicles for various God and Goddesses. Our love for animals can be also seen in our national emblem which carries the figure of four lions, horse and bull. To protect and preserve such rich wildlife, the government has created several wildlife reserves and laws in order to protect them.

The Dravidians were the direct descendants of stone age civilization and the creators of Mohenjodaro culture.

India has one of the most ancient cultures. As per ‘Vishnu Puran’ an ancient Indian scripture, India extends from the Himalaya in north to the Indian Ocean in the south. It is said that new descendants are called Indians. In the beginning of any auspicious ceremony, Bharatvarsha, Bharatkhand, Jambudweep and Arayavarta etc. words are used while taking resolution.

Our country is gifted with the natural boundaries Himalaya in the North and sea in the East, West and South. Countries all over the world got mesmerized by the Indian prosperity and came to trade, settle and mingle with Indian culture. Due to mutual exchange many changes have been seen in our culture. In this way, our heritage is transferred from generation to generation and it is continuously progressing.

The name of my village is Vadnagar. It is situated in Kheralu Taluka of North Gujarat. It is a historical and ancient town. People called it ‘Vridhhnagar’, as it belonged to very old times. It seems that, Vridhhnagar has become Vadnagar in public language.

Some years back, Vadnagar was called Aanartpur’. At that time, Gujarat was divided into three parts : Sorath, Laat and Aanart. The present part of North Gujarat was known as “Aanart Pradesh”. The capital of Aanart Pradesh is today’s Vadnagar.

Correct option is (C) Rivers

The remains of Harappa were discovered in 1921 from Montgomery in Punjab district near Harappa.

Gopurams of Kanchi and Madurai are famous.

Rivers have enriched life of people through natural heritage. So we call it Lokmata with due respect.

House, land, estates like properties obtained from ancestors is called
material inheritance.

Indus Valley (Sindhy Valley) Civilization blossomed in the region of Sapta Sindhu.

The ancient sculptures of Mauryan era are the bullock or lion on an inverted lotus, the statue of Gautam Buddha in a meditative form (Pragya Parmita).

It is a man-made heritage, whatever is received or created by human with it tact, wisdom, art and skill is called cultural heritage.

Generally, Rasa is performed during festivals like Navaratri and Jammashtami.

The region where seven large rivers (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Satluj, Sindhu, Saraswati) were flowing via north-west India and Punjab.

A child inherits physical and mental characteristics from the parents. This is known as ‘genetic inheritance’.

(a) Precious gift from our motherland to the whole world, regarding mysteries of human life.

The Indus Valley Civilization is called Harappan Civilization because its remains were first found from Harappa.

Foreign tribes came to India were greatly influenced by languages, script, names and religious beliefs etc., and a fine amalgamation was done with Indians. This is known as Indianisation.

Aryans had composed hymns for praying various natural element called Richas.

Akik is a kind of precious stone found in river valleys. It is mainly chalcedonic mixed with silica, blue or white stone.

(4) Sculpture of a bearded man and the statue of a dancer

(3) The statue of Gautam Buddha in a meditative form

(2) Discovery of zero in India

(1) Sabarmati Ashram and Dandi

(5) Patangotsav and Kankaria Carnival – Ahmedabad

Ropar in Himalayan region, Alamgirpur at Meerut in Uttar Pradesh, Kalibangan in Rajasthan, Lothal at Dholka in Gujarat, Deshalpur – Shikarpur in Kachchh, Dholaveera, Rangpur near Limdi in Saurashtra, Shrinathgad (Rozadi) near Gondal, Kuntasi near Morbi and Somnath, etc. were the names the various Harappan sites discovered in India.

We see pillar inscriptions at Ambala, Meerut, Allahabad, Sarnath, Loriya near Nandangadh, Sanchi, Kashi, Patna and Bodhivruksha near Both Gaya.