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A.K. Gopalan, S.A. Dange, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, P.C. Joshi, Ajay Ghosh and P. Sundarraya were among the notable leaders of the CPI.

(c) Forest dwellers of Banni region of Kachchh have unique speciality in embroidery.

(b) Statue of Mahavir Swami of Mathura

When excavation was done at Haraooa and Mohenjodaro, idols and statues found has embroidered clothes. This proves that the art of embroidery is quite ancient in India. The art of embroidery was also quite famous in the ancient time for the clothes of women, men and even children. This art of embroideiy would be seen on the clothes of men, women and children in Sindh, Saurashtra and Kachchh region at the time of the Indus civilization.

Similarly, Kashmiri (Kasab) work is also well-known. Over and above embroideiy, Bandhani of Jamnagar, Jetpur, Bhuj and Mandvi of Gujarat are very popular. The traditional style of lustrous Bandhani having beautiful designs of elephant, puppet, dice and pitcher are quite popular even today. The women of Kachchh and Saurashtra regions of Gujarat have dominated the cottage industry of embroidery in these regions. The traditional art of embroideiy, torans, chakda, pillow cover, bed sheet, shakh, todaliya and clothes like kediya are well-known even today. This work is also carried out on quilts and shawls. Embroidery work of ‘Jat’ community of Banni area of Kachchh is unique and appreciated worldwide.

Wood was used for different purposes like for making idols, toys for children, wooden pillars, windows and doors, small huts on top of the terrace, thrones, chairs and grills. Wooden furniture like swings and toys of Idar and Sankheda in Gujarat are well-known.

India is a country of vast diversity. India got independence with the curse of partition, based on religion, which led to animosity between Hindus and Muslims. Apart from this, there were people professing various other religions, speaking different languages and following different cultures. A country with such vast diversity was not easy to unify.

Partition led to the attacks on minorities on both sides of the border.

It is amalgamation of all the arts. Describing it Bharatmuni says,” There is no sculpture, there is no knowledge, there is no deed which is lacking in dramatic art”. The first drama of Bharatmuni was ‘Devasur Sangram’. He has also written dramas like ‘Kamabhar’, ‘Urubhanga’, ‘Dutvakyam’ based on Mahabharata.

The work of embroidery can be seen on the clothes of the idols and statues which were found during the excavation of Harappa and Mohenjodaro. This art was seen on the clothes of men, women and children in Sindh, Saurashtra and Kachchh region at the time of Indus valley civilization.

India is a country of vast diversity. India got independence with the curse of partition, based on religion, which led to animosity between Hindus and Muslims. Apart from this, there were people professing various other religions, speaking different languages and following different cultures. A country with such vast diversity was not easy to unify.

Poets in India and Pakistan have expressed the ruthlessness of the killings and the suffering of displacement and violence in their poems. They have tried to convey the pain and sufferings of the people during partition through their poems. While recounting the trauma of Partition, they have described it as a ‘division of hearts’. Of all the poets, Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Amrita Pritam are nameworthy.

After the princely states were declared independent, it was feared that India would be divided in small countries.

Indian music is unique in the world from the viewpoint of tune, rhythm and harmony. Out of the four Vedas, Samveda is considered to be associated with music. Indian music can be divided in classical music and folk music. 

We have five main ragas in classical music:

• Shree
• Deepak
• Hindol
• Megh
• Bhairavi.

The word ‘Nritya’ has been derived from the original Sanskrit word ‘Nrit’. Shiva is considered the originator and the lord of ‘Dance’ and said to be ‘Natraj’. India has wide variety of traditional classical dances such as Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathak, Kathakali, Odissi and Manipuri.

On 15 Aug 1947, India got its independence but at the same time it also had to face partition. With the declaration of the partition, minorities were violently attacked in both the counries, India and Pakistan. Women were molested and raped. People had to leave their homes. 1947 was a tragic year of violence and displacement for the country.

Yes, I agree with the statement because most of the leaders of national movement joined politics and tried to be in power to solve the problems of the people.

After partition the Indian government was particularly worried about the unity of the nation. The people of Junagadh rebelled against the Nawab of Junagadh, who joined with Pakistan to script a conspiracy against India. On 20 Feb, 1948, the issue of Junagardh was resolved after a plebiscite, which confirmed people’s desire to join India. As a result of which Junagardh became a part of India on 20 Feb, 1948.

Four challenges faced by India during the Independenc were:

(i) Displacement and rehabilitation after partition.

(ii) Diversity of language, culture and religion.

(iii) Establish democracy.

(iv) Formulate policy for economic development and eradication of poverty.

Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election Commissioner of India.

Jinnah proposed two-nation theory with view to create Hindustan for Hindus and Pakistan for Muslims.

The place where inscriptions are preserved is known as ‘Archives’.

No, language was not the only basis of reorganising states. Regional culture, regional imbalance were the basis of reorganisation of States like- Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Telangana etc.

State Reorganisation Commission agreed in its report that the boundaries of the states shall be drawn on the basis of language.

States were reorganised in 1956 on the basis of language to soothe the discontent among the people who wanted states to be completely based on language.

In 1953, Government of India appointed State Reorganisation Commission. The commission was appointed to look into the question of redrawing of the boundaries of states. The Commission in its report accepted that the boundaries of the state should reflect the boundaries of different languages.

(i) Areas of Muslim majority were not clearly delineated. As a compromise, Pakistan was to have two zones: west and east separated by a long expanse of Indian territory.

(ii) Opposition to the two-nation theory within Muslim region and community, e.g., opposition by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan.

(iii) Bifurcation of certain areas like Punjab and Bengal were very difficult and traumatic. (iv)Problem of minorities on both sides. Minorities had to leave at a very short notice during the scenes of violence.

Gandhiji was deeply concerned about ensuring that Muslims should be allowed to stay in India with dignity, as equal citizens. He was also concerned about the relations between India and Pakistan. He was unhappy with what he saw as the Indian government’s decision not to honour its financial commitments to Pakistan. With all this in mind, he undertook what turned out to be his last fast in January 1948. As in Kolkata, his fast had a dramatic effect in Delhi. Communal tension and violence reduced. Muslims of Delhi and surrounding areas could safely return to their homes. The government of India agreed to give Pakistan its dues.

Meghalaya was carved out of Assam in 1972.

Potti Srimulu was a veteran Gandhian, who went on an indefinite fast for the demand of separate state of Andhra Pradesh, which led to his death in 1952.

Initially, decision was taken to reorganise states on the basis of language. State of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Punjab, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh were created on the basis of language.

The issue of Kashmir has been a serious point of contention. Due to this problem, three wars have been fought between India and Pakistan viz. 1948, 1965 and 1971. In1999 also, an unofficial war was fought between India and Pakistan. In 1947, when India was partitioned the ruler of the Kashmir Maharaja Hari Singh had dreamt of independent Kashmir. During partition, riots began in Kashmir in September 1947 and muslims were killed in western Kashmir. Due to this, people of this region rebelled against the Maharaja and announced formation of government of ‘Azad kashmir’. With an aim to reap benefit of the situation, Pakistan sent tribal infiltrators from its side and surrounded Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir from the range of 15 mile to capture Kashmir. This forced the Maharaja to ask for Indian military help. India agreed to extend the military support only after the Maharaja signed the ‘instrument of Accession’. Thereafter Sheikh Abdulla, the supreme leader of National Conference of Kashmir also agreed when Maharaja signed the ‘instrument of Accession’. India accepted the integration of Kashmir. India sent its army to Kashmir for its protection whereas Pakistan provided military support to ‘Azad Kashmir’ movement. On 1 Jan., 1948 Prime Minister, Nehru went to UN against the wishes of Deputy PM Sardar Patel. UNO passed a resolution, according to which, both India and Pakistan were to withdraw their troops and conduct plebiscite. After the failure of UN initiative, Prime Minister Nehru met the then Prime Minister of Pakistan Mohammed Ali Bogara and both decided to resolve the issue by peaceful dialogue. The acquisition of Pakistan by army under the leadership of General Ayub Khan and its newly acquired membership in US security cover SEATO and CENTO forced India to shift its policy and approach on the subject of elections. So, we assumed on the basis of instrument of accession signed by Maharaja Hari Singh that Kashmir was a part of India. According to Independence of India Act, 1947, Princely States had liberty to join India or Pakistan. Therefore, Kashmir became part of India through legal process, which cannot be held invalid, as claimed by Pakistan.

After solving the problem of partition and integration of Princely States, India had to face additional challenges. It was not only a matter of administrative divisions. Now the challenge was to draw the internal boundaries of the Indian states. The boundaries had to be drawn in a way so that the linguistic and cultural plurality of the country could be reflected without affecting the unity of the nation. In 1920, during the Nagpur session, Congress had promised the linguistic principle as the basis of formation of states. But after the Independence and partition, our leaders felt that carving out states on the basis of language might lead to disruption and disintegration. Therefore, it was decided to postpone matters. But this decision was challenged by the local leaders and the people. Widespread protest began for the creation of Andra Pradesh during which Potti Sriramulu, a Congress leader and a veteran Gandhian, went on an indefinite fast that led to his death after 56 days. This caused great unrest and resulted in violent outbursts. Finally, a separate State of Andra Pradesh was formed in December 1952. The formation of Andhra spurred the struggle in other parts of the country for making of other states on linguistic basis. These struggles forced the Central Government into appointing a States Reorganisation Commission in 1953 to look into the question of redrawing of the boundaries of states. The Commission in its report accepted that the boundaries of the state should reflect the boundaries of different languages. On the basis of its report, the States Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956. This led to the creation of 14 states and six union territories. In 1960, Maharashtra and Gujarat were created as separate states on the basis of Guajarati and Marathi language speaking region. In 1966, Punjabi speaking region was made the State of Punjab and later on, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh were carved out of Punjab. In 1972, reorganisation of north-eastern states began. In 1972, Meghalaya was carved out of Assam and the same year Manipur, Tripura were also created. Nagaland was given statehood much earlier in 1963 but Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram were created in 1987. Language did not, however, remain the sole basis of organisation of states. In later years, subregions raised demands for separate states on the basis of a separate regional culture or complaints of regional imbalance in development. Three such states, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand, were created in 2000. The same way Telangana was created in 2014. The story of reorganisation has not come to an end. There are many regions in the country where there are movements demanding separate and smaller states. These include Vidarbha in Maharashtra, Harit Pradesh in the western region of Uttar Pradesh and the northern region of West Bengal.

The constitutional government was established in June 1948, after elections.

Potti Srimulu sat on an indefinite fast for the creation of Andhra Pradesh?

Nagpur session, 1920.

Forest is beneficial for maintaining balance of environment is True.

State reorganisation commission was established in 1953.

December 1952.

The process of nation-building did not come to an end with the partition and integration of Princely States. Now the challenge was to draw the internal boundaries of the Indian states. Our leaders felt that carving out states on the basis of language might lead to disruption and disintegration. It was also felt that this would draw attention away from other social and economic challenges that the country faced. The central leadership decided to postpone matters. This decision of the national leadership was challenged by the local leaders and the people. Protests began in the Telugu speaking areas of the old Madras province. The Vishalandhra movement demanded that the Telugu speaking areas should be separated from the Madras province and be made into a separate state of Andhra Pradesh. Finally, the Prime Minister announced the formation of a separate Andhra state in December 1952. The formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1952 triggered the struggle for making of other states on linguistic lines in other parts of the country. These struggles forced the Central Government into appointing a State Reorganisation Commission in 1953 to look into the question of redrawing of the boundaries of states. The Commission in its report accepted that the boundaries of the state should reflect the boundaries of different languages. On the basis of its report, the States Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956. This led to the creation of 14 states and six union territories.

The states created after 1956 are:

Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and Telangana.

On the basis of language, Gujarat and Maharashtra were created in 1960.

Its most important recommendation was reorganisation on the basis of language or regional language.

(i) The Narasimha Rao Government started economic reforms from 1991. These economic reforms are known as economic liberalisation. 

(ii) The Indian economy flourished as a result of the implementation of this policy. 

(iii) The foreign investment in India increased. Skilled Indian professionals helped reform the Indian economy. 

(iv) The field of information technology opened several avenues of employment in the country. 

(v) The changes after 1991 are also described as ‘globalisation’.

In the State Reorganisation Commission report, 1953, it was recommended that the boundaries of the state should reflect the boundaries of different languages.

For maintaining the environmental balance, we should protect the wild animals and conserve the forests.

(i) Right from independence, the modernisation of economy, economic self-sufficiency and social justice have been the characteristics of Indian economy. 

(ii) India wanted to acquire modernity and selfreliance by establishing industries. 

(iii) It wanted to establish an economy based on social justice through planning. 

(iv) For this, the National Planning Commission was established that would coordinate development through the policy of Five Year Plans.

(i) India wanted to acquire modernity and selfreliance by establishing industries. 

(ii) India wanted to establish an economy based on social justice through planning. 

(iii) For this, the National Planning Commission was established. This would coordinate development through the policy of Five Year Plans.

(i) On the backdrop of the emergency, many opposition parties came together and formed a party called the Janata Party. 

(ii) The Congress party led by Indira Gandhi was roundly defeated by this newly formed ‘Janata Party’. 

(iii) Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister, but under his leadership the Janata Party government couldn’t last long due to its internal differences. 

(iv) Hence, the Morarji Desai government lasted for a short while.