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The herbivorous animals (rabbit, deer etc.) in the jungle get their food from plants and trees and the carnivorous animals (tiger, lion etc.) feed on other animals. So, without tigers, it will not be possible to complete the food chain in the environment. As a result, the food chain will be broken.

Rajasthan took a leading role to maintain the environmental balance from earlier days. So, conservation of trees is the traditional culture of Rajasthan. 

(i) The community awareness in Rajasthan to save the environment is ages old. The land area near the villages is conserved by naming it after any regional god, goddess, saint or a great person. 

(ii) The concern of the local people towards environment conservation, the grazing land, the grass lands and the orans are conserved in the rural areas. 

(iii) Many variety of trees are worshipped on different occasions like amla tree on Amla Navami, sacred peepal tree on Dasha Mata vrat. We worship trees to give a message and make efforts to save them. 

(iv) The king’s soldiers cut the khejari trees along with their villagers. Total 363 people including Amrita Devi Bishnoi sacrificed their lives to save the Khejari trees. They sacrificed because trees and plants give us fruits, flowers, cereals, vegetables, wood, medicines and oxygen. People took an inspiration from this incident and started the Chipko movement.

Bishnoi community

363 people were sacrificed in khejari movement is True.

(i) Trees and plants give us fruits, flowers, cereals, vegetables, wood, medicines and oxygen. 

(ii) Trees and plants bring rainfall. 

(iii) It supplies food and fodder for animals. 

(iv) It keeps the balance of environment as well as nature.

Sawai Madhopur.

Trees give us fruits, flowers, cereals, vegetables, wood, medicines and oxygen.

1. The compositions which are passed on from one generation to the other by way of information or rote learning and which are not in written form are called the ‘oral sources of history’.

2. Folk songs, powadas, ovees, inspirational songs, folk tales, etc. are included in oral sources. 

3. The creators of the oral sources mostly remain unknown. 

4. We come to know about prevalent social life, traditions, customs, language, etc. through oral sources. 

5. The aim of oral sources was to entertain, inspire and create vitality in the society.

(i) These sources include folktales, folksongs, proverbs, ballads and owis (Marathi verses in the oral tradition). 

(ii) Activists were inspired by the powadas of Lok shahir, Anna Bhau Sathe and Shahir Amar Sheikh during the Sanyukta Maharashtra Movement.

The following sources are included in material sources:

• Coins 
• Places of worship
• Things in daily use 
• Royal seals 
• Ornaments 
• Museums 
• Clothing 
• Modern architecture.

Owis, folk songs, folk tales and similar literature is preserved by oral tradition.

(i) Other than Philatelies, other streams of vocation which deal with sources of history are: Numismatics, Museology and Archaeology.

(ii) Two institutions founded by Jal Cooper are:

(i) The First Philatelic Bureau in India. 

(ii) Empire of India Philatelic Society.

(iii) Jal Cooper is accredited to raise Indian Philatelies to an international level. He nurtured his hobby with great expertise and became a renowned Postage Stamp Collector. To honour his contribution, the government of India issued a postage stamp in his name in 1977.

(1) A place where ancient artefacts, paintings, photographs, tools, coins, documents, clothes, etc. are exhibited is known as Museum. 

(2) Ancient artefacts give us information about the economic, social, political and religious conditions of the respective periods. 

(3) The metal and the inscriptions on the coin tell us about the economic conditions of that period and the metals used. 

(4) We come to know progress in art of making tools, paintings, sculpture and metallurgy.

(5) History and museums are related. They are important source of writing history

Amrita Devi Bishnoi.

(a) Amrita Devi in Bishnoi community

Once upon a time, the king of Jodhpur required wood for the construction of his palace. So, he ordered his men to cut the khejari trees. The people belonging to the Bishnoi community living there protested against it. As they started cutting the trees, Amrita Devi Bishnoi embraced the khejari trees and said – “first you cut me, then only you will be able to cut these trees”. Similarly, other villagers also supported her and did the same.

The king’s soldiers cut the khejari trees along with the villagers. Total 363 people including Amrita Devi Bishnoi sacrificed their lives to save the khejari trees. In history, there is no other incidence like this, where people sacrificed their lives to save the trees.

Correct option is (d) Proverbs

Correct option is (d) Satellite Broadcast

(i) Any historical document written by hand or typed or in printed form is called written sources. 

(ii) The following are included in written sources: Newspapers, Periodicals, Diaries, Reference books, Correspondence, Document in the Archives, Government Gazettes, Postage Stamps, and Encyclopedias.

(i) All states of India have museums that depict the characteristics and display the cultural and social heritage of the state. 

(ii) They enable us to understand history; For example, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Museum at Mumbai and the Reserve Bank Museum in Pune city. 

(iii) Apart from the Government Museums, some private collectors also set up their own museums. 

(iv) They are based on distinctive subjects; For example, coins, notes, lamps and nutcrackers in different shapes, cricket equipment, etc.

Anything which can be used for our benefit is called a resource. A resource coming from nature is called natural resource. Resources are classified on different criteria.

Resources on the basis of development and usage:

• Developed Resources: A resource which is being used at present is called a developed resource, e.g .coal and petroleum.
• Potential Resources: A resource about which no data is available and is not being used currently is called a potential resource. For example; uranium in Ladakh.

Resources on the basis of origin:

• Biotic Resource: A resource which comes from any organism is called a biotic resource, e.g. firewood, fruits, timber, etc.
• Abiotic Resource: A resource which comes from non-living things is called abiotic resource, e.g. iron, coal, limestone, etc.

Resources on the basis of distribution:

• Local Resource: A resource which is found at selected places is called a local resource, e.g. diamond mines in Africa.
• Universal Resource: A resource which is found all over the world is called universal resource, e.g. air and water.

Resources on the basis of renewabiltiy:

• Renewable Resources: A resource which can be reused or which can be renewed in foreseeable future is called renewable resource. Examples: solar energy, wind energy, etc.
• Non-renewable Resources: A resource which cannot be renewed in foreseeable future is called non-renewable resource. Examples: coal, petroleum and natural gas.

Amar Shaikh – Art Collector

(i) The Indian government issued the ‘Jal Cooper’ stamp in 1977. Jal Cooper was an internationally acclaimed philatelist, i.e. an expert on the subject of ‘postage stamps’. 

(ii) Bom in a Parsi household in Mumbai, Cooper edited ‘India’s Stamp Journal’. 

(iii) He was the founder of the first Philatelic Bureau in India, an office that collected stamps. He founded the ‘Empire of India Philatelic Society. 

(iv) He went on to write many books on this subject. He gave a scientific bent to his hobby. (v) He played a pivotal role in taking the study of Indian postage stamps to the international level.

(vi) Having started his career as a postage stamp collector, Cooper achieved the expertise of a philatelist at the international level. 

(vii) The postage stamp on Jal Cooper is an important source to understand his significant contribution to this field.

Correct option is (b) Press Trust of India

The ornaments and other artefacts throw light on the social interaction of ancient man.

Following are the suggestions of Shivaraman Committee: 

• Installation of large garbage bins. 
• Proper arrangement of management of human excreta. 
• Proper system for picking up garbage in towns. 
• Using incinerators for disposing off the waste.

Four types of coal are as follows:

Three principles of conservation and management of water are as follows:

(a) Ensure availability of water: This helps in providing adequate access of water to majority of people.

(b) Prevent pollution of water: This helps in providing safe drinking water to people and cattle.

(c) Recycling of wastewater: This helps in reusing wastewater for various purposes.

(b) Petroleum

Following steps can be taken to conserve water:

• Water should he declared as national property so that effective management of water resources can be done.
• Rainwater harvesting should be promoted aggressively.
• Prevent wastage of water during domestic use.
• Avoid exploitation of groundwater.
• Prevent pollution of water.
• Wastewater should be treated and recycled.
• River linking can help in flood control and in better management
• Use drip irrigation or sprinkler system for saving water.

Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur.

Forest, Water, Wildlife.

(b) to save trees

Correct option is (c) Indian News Review

Correct option is (a) India’s Stamp Journal

Social fores,try is facilitated by the people and is meant for the people. ¡t has following components:

(a) Agro forestry

(b) Plantation of trees on public places by government

(c) Participation of people in plantation drive

Municipalities in small towns suffer from shortage of funds. So, the contractors do not get timely payment. Even sanitation workers do not get regular salary. Due to these reasons, waste management is not efficient in small towns.

Following methods can be used for conservation of wildlife: 

• Ratio of deforestation and afforestation should be same. 
• Monoculture plantation should be avoided at all costs. 
• Certain areas should be declared as protected forests so that wildlife can be protected. 
• Poaching should be strictly banned and laws for this should be strictly implemented. Endangered species should be given special care so that their population can grow. 
• All stakeholders should be brought under the conservation programmes so that people participation can be ensured in conservation efforts.

It is because these resources are limited and the human population is increasing at very fast rate, the demand for these resources is increasing. For long term usage and to preserve them we need to use our resources carefully.

It is the movement initiated by local people in the Khejrali Village of Jodhpur by preventing the cutting down of trees by hugging the trees. It was initiated by Sunder Lai Bahuguna to stop the commercial exploitation of forest. We should conserve forest because it is of great benefit to us as it holds soil, water, prevents floods, brings rain fall, maintain ecological balance on the earth.

Dictatorship cannot be an alternative to democracy. Though there is a strong, stable and proficient administration in dictatorship and it is good in the context of economic.

Meaning of Government, its forms: 

prosperity and social reforms, but dictatorship has many drawbacks, such as – autocracy of administration, no importance to the rights and liberties of an individual, strong restrictions on free expression of thoughts etc. In this system of administration, there are only duties for an individual, but no rights. Because of these shortcomings, dictatorship cannot be an alternative to democracy.

Democracy has all the provisions for all sorts of freedoms to its citizens. There is freedom of expression. It is meant for the growth and development of an individual. This system supports peace and does not have any place for revolution. In democracy, political and social equalities are there. In this system, the people are all- powerful. Therefore, on the basis of above facts, it can be said that dictatorship is not an alliterative to democracy. However, we can further improve democracy by way of inclusion of some merits of dictatorship into it.

Wild life means all the animals and plants that grow and live in forest, grow naturally, are not cultivated, domesticated and tamed. 

Importance of wildlife: 

1. They help in maintaining ecological balance. 

2. They provide aesthetic value for human beings.

Correct option is (b) Kusumagraj

National Archives of India – Calcutta

Difference between aristocratic and dictatorship governments: 

Aristocracy: 

Aristocracy is a blend of democracy and plutocracy. For its formation, three factors are quite a must-birth, ability and property. In this mechanism of administration, the government is operated on the basis of intellect, quality and culture. In this mechanism, heredity and experience is given precedence. Great scholar Aristotle has . recommended to grant the rights of governance of state to mature and experienced persons in aristocracy.

In fact, general public hates administrators in this system of governance. General people cannot distinguish between themselves and governance on the basis of quality and character. In aristocracy, general public is dealt with discrimination. A part of the administrative fold gets disgruntled because of war or otherwise and it demands for division of property. These all become a cause of revolution.

Dictatorship: 

In this type of government or administration, sovereignty rests in one hand. As the sovereignty lies with one person, he enforces laws as per his free will and forces others to follow them. In this form of government, desires of the people are not respected. In dictatorial governance, the post of the administrator is gained by force and violence in place of qualification. In this system, all powers of executive, legislature and judiciary are centralized with one person only. Practically, he uses totalitarian powers.

Analysis of distinction between governments of both types of system: While analyzing the distinction between aristocracy and dictatorship, one thing gets quite clear that aristocracy is more liberal than dictatorship in its nature and viewpoint, although there is lack of democratic values in both. In aristocratic government, the factor of plutocracy dominates, and at the same time, in dictatorial government, a free will of a specific person rules high.

While there is discriminatory treatment towards the people in aristocracy, the people are given no importance in dictatorship also, In aristocratic government, there is a decentralization of powers to an extent, but in dictatorial system of governance, all powers are centralised.

Some protected areas have been made to conserve wildlife. National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuary and Biosphere Reserve are main examples of protected areas. National Park is a natural area where wildlife, natural remains and environment are given protection. Grazing is completely prohibited in a national park. Private agencies cannot enter a national park for private work. Some portion of national park is developed with an aim of promoting tourism. The control, management and policy making of national parks is under the central government.

A sanctuary is a protected area where there is complete ban on hunting of animals. A private agency is given a permission to enter a sanctuary only when its activity is creative and is not going to have negative effect on wildlife. Some of the wildlife sanctuaries in India are as follows. A biosphere reserve is an area which is declared as peaceful areas for scientific research. There are 669 biosphere reserves in 128 countries; out of which 18 biosphere reserves are in India. The first biosphere reserve came into existence in 1986 in Nilgiri.

(i) There is a need for afforestation on about one crore hectare of encroached land, to ensure ecological balance. This target can be achieved through social forestry. This will not only help in increasing forest cover but also in creating new avenues of employment. Before the implementation of National Forest Policy, the National Agriculture Commission had mooted the idea of social forestry so that forest cover could be increased and supply of fodder, firewood and secondary forest produce could be ensured for villager. Social forestry was accepted as the programme which was for the people, by the people and of the people. 

There are three components of social forestry: 

1. Agro-forestry 

2. Plantation of trees for the community at public places like canals, roads, hospitals, etc. 

3. Plantation of trees at public land by villagers. 

(ii) Watershed management includes combined application of agricultural, forestry and technological practices. A watershed is an area from which water flows out in only one direction. This is a unit of landform, a basin of tributary, which can be ideally utilized for integrated development of a small area. Watershed management involves the concept of all around development, which includes conservation of soil, humidity, flood control, water harvesting, plantation, development of pasture, social forestry, etc. The watersheci management programme is coordinated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development, Environment & Forest.

Two causes which led to the failure of sustaining the availability of underground water are: 

1. Population: With the increase in population the demand is also increasing which is depleting the underground water. 

2. Industrialisation: As the industries need more water to manufacture its goods, this led to decrease in the level of underground water.

The following is the distinction between democracy and dictatorship : 

1. Fundamental basis of democracy is public welfare, whereas in dictatorship, self-interests are fulfilled in the name of public welfare. 

2. In democracy, different types of liberties are provided to the people, whereas all civic liberties are impounded in dictatorship. There is also a strict control over press and media. 

3. In democracy, equal opportunities are provided to the people for the development of their abilities, capabilities and personalities, whereas in dictatorship, people are grossly neglected. The only duty of the people is to follow the orders of the administration. 

4. Democratic system recommends resolution of all the problems in a peaceful manner, opposing war, whereas dictatorship believes in war for resolving all the problems. 

5. There is little possibility of revolution in democracy, whereas dictatorship is based on violence and terror. 

6. Opposition to the government is possible in democracy, whereas it is not possible in dictatorship.

Critical analysis of democracy: 

Though at present, democratic system is regarded to be the best form of governance, and it is also a fact that in most of the countries in the world, this system is in existence, it has certain drawbacks in spite of a number of good qualities. As time rolled by, it got infused of politics of individuality in place of public politics.

In this type of administration, there is a huge spending of money and time. Many parties indulge in corruption. Practically, this mechanism of administration proves to be unanswerable to the people. It is also an allegation on democratic system of governance that it in an administration of the wealthy and powerful class.