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Correct option is: (a) exist

Aristotle has accepted age – assessed aristocracy in his ‘Ideal State’.

Aristocracy is a mixture of democracy and plutocracy.

According to Aristotle, “Aristocracy is such a system of administration, wherein there ‘ is perfect equality in the qualities of a good citizen and a good person.”

Rule of the people.

Administration of the best persons.

• Man began to record the events that took place around him. 
• Over a period of time, many forms of literature developed like books on religious and social subjects, plays, poetry, travelogues and scientific works.
• All this literature helps us to understand the history of the various historical periods. 
• These sources are known as ‘written sources of history’.

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True

• A written document cannot be said to be authentic just because it is old. 
• It needs to be examined critically as to who wrote it, why and when it was written.
• The conclusions drawn on the basis of various genuine documents have to be cross-checked and corroborated with one another. 
• Such a critical analysis is very important in the writing of authentic history.

Correct option is: (b) pointed

Plutocracy is the most strong element of aristocracy.

When sovereignty rests with some persons, it is called aristocracy.

Democracy: 

Democratic is people’s governance. In this, people, rule themselves directly or indirectly, that is, by electing representatives to form the government. In this, existence of the government is for fulfilling the interests of the people. Government is answerable to the people. The people have the right to change the government of the elected representatives in the next election.

Aristocracy: 

In aristocracy, the political governance happens to be in the hands of such people who do not gave the qualities such as intelligence, knowledge or rationality. The factual criteria is that they are born in high class or are having the power of wealth. Though, Plato has taken the meaning of aristocracy as ‘the administration of the best persons’, but in this system, the people hate administration and administrators. There is a biased behaviour towards general public. In this type of administration, there are always chances of revolution.

Articles and different pictures published in the newspapers, documents, ornaments, toys, coins, stamps, seals, inscriptions. Bhojapatras, Tadpatras, copper plates, weapons, old monuments, old temples, idols, utensils of Terracota, tools, jewellery, old buildings, forts, ponds, stepwells, etc. are the main sources of history.

Coins, potsherd, earthern pot, ornaments or any kind of ancient artefacts can also be called material source.

Correct option is: (a) emotions

Correct option is: (a) important

In dictatorship.

In Indirect democracy, two types of systems of administration are established: 

• Presidential system of governance
• Parliamentary system of governance.

The following are the differences between direct and Indirect democracy: 

Direct Democracy: 

In direct democracy, the people manage and control the governance directly. They have complete control on those who operate administration. At present, direct democracy is in force in some cantons of Switzerland and two states of United States of America. In ancient times, direct democracy was confined to cities and states, wherein entire populace used to participate in governance works. 

Indirect Democracy: 

In this type of democracy, people elect their representatives through secret ballot process to run the administration for a definite period of time. In indirect democracy, people are the symbol of real power of governance. The elected representatives run the government through legislatures and executives and they also elect members of the judiciary. At present, most of the countries have indirect democracy.

The following conditions are necessary for the success of democracy: 

1. Spread of education: 

For the success of democracy, spread of education is a must. Through education only, citizens can have knowledge of their rights and duties. By education, a spirit of loyalty and belief develops towards democracy. By acquiring education, values, ideals and beliefs are changed. This tries to unite people above the considerations of caste, religion, community. Therefore, for the success of democracy, education should be spread by means of an effective national education policy. 

2. Political Awareness: 

For the success of democracy, citizens should have political awareness. Country’s citizens should understand his role in politics and administration. They should take judicious decision in elections to elect the best candidates for administration. They should shun passivity. People should have control on behaviour and corruption of leaders and should teach them to follow morality in public life. 

3. Political code of conduct: 

It is generally seen in democratic system of administration, that political parties and politicians do not comply with political code of conduct. For the success of democracy, it should be necessarily followed. Leaders should be honest and of high character. Special attention should be paid to morality, political traditions and dignity. These should not be violated in the greed of post and money. Leaders should have the real desire to work for their party and administration. 

4. Dedication towards democracy: 

For the success of democracy, it is necessary that besides the spirit of dedication towards the country, every class, caste and community of the society should have the spirit of dedication towards democratic values, ideals and conventions. 

5. Economic democracy:

In the lack of economic democracy, political democracy is thought to be incomplete. It is necessary for economic democracy that there should be economic equality, and ample availability of opportunities for employment. Democracy cannot succeed amidst economic disparities. 

6. National Unity: 

It is regarded quite necessary for the success of democracy that all citizens have the spirit of unity. The people should be taught unity by way of remaining organised in national activities, interests and in congregations. In the event of lack of unity, the country becomes internally weak.

(1) We come to know about changing nature of a city or a location from the map. 

(2) They are important from the view of study of architecture of a building as well as phases of development of a particular area. 

(3) The development of Bombay city can be understood through the plans drafted by architects and engineers who made the original plan of Bombay Port Trust. Therefore, we can say that maps and drawings are important source of history.

In India,Dada Saheb Phalke laid the foundation of film making in 1913.

Correct option is: (b) archaeological

It is an art which can be expressed through lines and colours. We have evidence of Indian art of painting from the remains of 5000 years old Harappan culture. We have traces of .the pictures of animals and birds in the cave paintings of primitive man of stone age at Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh). Ajanta and Ellora caves are incomparable specimens of such paintings.

In Indirect democracy people are thought to be symbol of power of real governance.

Shatapatre by Lokahitawadi were published in the weekly Prabhakar

The original maps of Mumbai port were prepared by the Department of Mumbai Port Trust.

Women played a crucial role in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam. Women who rebelled against social conventions were idealised and rebel women of the past were likewise celebrated. Trieu Au was a popular figure in nationalist tales. In the 1960s, women were represented as brave soldiers and workers. They assisted in nursing wounded soldiers, constructing underground tunnels and fighting the enemy. Interestingly, between 1965 and 1975, 70-80% of the youth working on the Ho Chi Minh trail were women.
Compared to this very direct and active participation of Vietnamese women in the anti-imperial struggle, India women did not play a very dynamic role in the nationalist struggle of India against Great Britain. They followed Gandhian ideals of boycotting foreign goods and picketing liquor shops, but mainstream politics was controlled by men; although women like Sarojini Naidu, Kamla Nehru and Kasturba Gandhi were keenly involved.

Akik is a kind of precious stone, especially found in valley areas of the river. It is chiefly chalcedonic mixed with silica blue or white stone. Camelian is main stone with semi-transparent quality and red in colour. In Gujarat it is available at Rangpur and Surat.

Correct option is (a) India 2000

The special trees named ‘Bhauj’ are found on the Himalayan mountains.

(c) Haider Ali

1. Vasco da Gama

2. Siraj – Ud – daula

3. Chandra nagore

4. Robert Clive

5. Britain and France

6. San Thome (Madras)

7. Count de Lally

8. Colonel Forde

9. Tipu Sultan

10. Joseph Smith

11. Mathews

12. Raghunath Rao

13. Nana Phadnavis

14. Yashwant Rao Holkas

15. Islington

16. Montague, Chelmsford

17. Army

18. Subedar

19. Daroga

20. Chowkidars

The Treaty of Pondichery brought the Second Carnatic war to an end .

(c) III Carnatic

1. True

2. False

Correct statement: Robert Clive, led the British forces in the battle of Plassey.

3. False

Correct statement: The outbreak of the Austrian war of succession in Europe was led to First Carnatic War in India.

4. True

5. True

(b) St. David

The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757

Buxar was a small fortified town in the territory of Bihar

In the battle of Adayar, the French army fought under captain Paradise

(5) Architecture construction of the Sun Temple of Modhera

(4) Excavation at Mohenjodaro

(2) Discovery of Khambhalida caves near Gondal

(3) K.K. Shastri discovered Khapra-Kodiya caves in Kachchh

(1) Excavation of Dholaveera city/town

The Indian Civil Service Act of 1861 passed by the British Parliament exclusively reserved certain categories of high executive and judicial posts for the covenanted civil service which was later designated as the Indian Civil Service.

BajiRao was the last Peshwa of Maratha empire

Causes: 

1. Haider Ali’s growing power and his friendly relations with the French became a matter of concern for the English East India Company. 

2. The Marathas, the Nizam and the English entered into a triple alliance against Haider Ali.

1. The Maratha confederacy was dissolved and Peshwaship was abolished.

2. Most of the territory of Peshwa BajiRao II was annexed and became part of the Bombay Presidency 

3. The defeat of the Bhonsle and Holkar also resulted in the acquisition of the Maratha kingdoms of Nagpur and Indore by the British. 

4. The BajiRao II, the last Peshwa of Maratha was given an annual pension of 8 lakh rupees.

The Diwani right to the East India Company benefitted it in several ways:

(i) The Diwani allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal.

(ii) The East India Company monopolized trade and began direct plunder of India’s wealth.
(iii) Revenues from India financed Company expenses. These revenues were used to purchase cotton and silk textiles in India, maintain Company troops, and meet the cost of building the Company fort and offices at Calcutta.
(iv) The company used its political power to monopolize trade & dictate terms. They could impose their own prices that had no relation to the costs of production.
(v) The company used revenue of Bengal to finance exports of Indian goods.

This was a major breakthrough for the Company because Diwani allowed it to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal. The Company could use the revenue to finance its trade and other expenses. It could also use the revenue to strengthen its military power.

1. Lack of unity among Indian Stats:

Even though there were powerful kings and who ruled Punjab, Mysore and Maratha region, they lacked unity and fought with each other for various reasons. They failed to perceive the danger arising from the East India Company.

2. Greater Naval Power:

The British came through the sea and established a strong naval power in the Indian Ocean before coming to the Indian main land. There was no strong naval power in India to challenge the Brititsh.

3. Development of textile:

By the beginning of the 19th century English made cotton textiles successfully ousted Indian goods from their traditional markets.

4. Scientific division of labour: 

The production and growth of modem science in India was encouraged by the British with a view to further colonial interests.

5. Economic prospertiy:

The British had enough funds to pay its share holders that compelled them to finance the English wars in India.

Hyderabad (1798). It was followed by Tanjore (1799), Auadh (1801), Peshwa (1802), Bhonsle (1803), Gwalior (1804), Indore (1817), Jaipur, Udaipur and Jodhpur (1818).

According to this alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. The Company army was to protect the Indian state but the ruler had to pay for the “subsidiary forces”. If an Indian ruler failed to make the payment, then part of his territory was taken away as penalty. For example; Awadh and Hyderabad were forced to cede territories on this ground.

After the battle of Plassey in 1757, the battle of Buxar in 1764 and gaining the Diwani of Bengal, the company began to expand its rule in many parts of India. For that it had devised several plans, one among them was the “Subsidiary Alliance”. According to the terms of this alliance –
(i) Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces.
(ii) They were to be protected by the company but pay for the Subsidiary Forces, that the company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of their protection.
(iii) If the Indian rulers failed to make payment, then that part of territory was taken away by the company as penalty. For example, in 1801, the nawab of Awadh was forced to give over half of his territory to the Company for failing to pay for the “subsidiary forces”.