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We find stone inscriptions at Dehradun, Thane, Mumbai, Dhauli, Jaugada, Chennai, etc. in India.

Gof Gunthan dance is a form of Rasa. It is performed on drumbeats and taal and laya of music. The performers tie one end of rope with mandapa, pillar or tree and hold the other end in the hand. They then perform dance in group holding the rope in one hand and dandiya in the other. While dancing they make creeper like formation where in one goes inside and the other comes outside. This is repeatedly done forming a circle. This way they make and open the Gunthan of rope tied with the pillar, Hence, this style of dance is called Gof Gunthan dance.

Akik is a kind of precious stone which is generally found in river valleys. It is a chalcedonic variant of quartz. Chalcedony is silica blue or white quartz. Carnelian, is a well-known variety of chalcedonic. It is a red coloured semi-transparent beautiful stone.

In Gujarat, various precious stones are available in big and small size at Ahmedabad, Ranpur and Surat. All these stones are sent to Khabhat for converting into various beautiful ornaments.

Anchor and funny pair of clowns extending pleasure to people is the identity of Indian dramatic art.

1. Dakor
2. Somnath
3. Shamlaji
4. Vadnagar
5. Ahwa

Correct option is (d) All of these

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. False

Land, houses, estates like properties obtained from ancestors is called material heritage.

Mohan-jo-Daro means ‘the mound of the dead men’. In 1922, an archaeologist named Rakhal Das Banerji and Dayaram Sahni discovered remains of huge town planning, during excavation work. They carried out this work under the guidance of Sir John Marshal and Colonel Meke, in Larkana district, Sindh (now in Pakistan) of Mohenjodaro.

Correct option is (c) Ajanta

Stone inscriptions, carved by religious orders of emperor Ashoka are the best specimens of engraving on stone. The stone inscriptions are part of edicts of Ashoka. He had used these edicts to spread the teachings of Buddha. These inscriptions show Ashoka’s observance of dharma or justice and his efforts to solve the social problems. Such stone inscriptions have been found from Peshawar, Dehradun, Thane, Mumbai, Dhauli, Jaugada (Odisha) and Chennai, etc. Such type of stone inscription has been found from the foothill of Gimar Mountain on the way to Junagadh in Gujarat.

King Ashoka has been the most influential king of the Mauryan period.

• He got prepared various inscriptions on pillars and rocks. These inscriptions were his edicts which depict Ashoka’s belief and faith in Buddhist philosophy.
• The pillars, especially of King Ashoka provided to be excellent sources and are the best examples of Mauryan architecture.
• Each pillar is made of a single piece of sandstone.
• The script used on the inscription was Brahmi script.
• Such pillars were situated in Ambala, Meerut, Allahabad, Sarnath, and Loriya near Nandangadh, Sanchi, Kashi, Patna and Bodhivruksha near Bodh Gaye.

Presenting Sanskara with entertainment is the unique feature of Indian Dramatic Art.

Simple architecture means art of construction. In this reference art, of constructing buildings, houses, towns, well, forts, minarets, temples, mosque and tombs is called architecture.

The Siddi (Habsi) are an ethnic group currently inhabiting in the Jambur village of Gir area of Gujarat. They originally belonged to Africa. ‘Siddi Dhamaal’, popularly known as- ‘Dhamaal’, is a unique dance form of the Siddi people. This dance was earlier also called the ‘Mashira Nritya’. It was performed after returning from a successful hunt of wild animals from the forest. They perform dance by rhythmically striking Mashira (coconut shell containing earthen lamp inside, covered with a cloth), wearing peacock feathers and holding small drums in hands forming a circle. They dance with high and low pitch of ‘HO- HO’ sound which echoes in the whole forest. They dance in a group imitating the voice of birds and animals.

There has been a close relation between man and clay since ancient time. The use of clay was so much in that period that whole life of a person revolved around clay. Since, metal was not invented almost everything was made of clay. Potter’s wheel served as the key equipment for making things out of clay. Potters used to make toys, pots, pitchers, earthen lamps, clay stoves (chulhas), etc. Clay was also used in making utensils to store grains, milk, curd and buttermilk. Most of the kitchen wares were made up of clay.

Mixture of clay and cow-dung was also used to plaster the walls of the houses and making kubans (huts). Evidence of red coloured clay utensils of ancient period has been found in Lothal, Mohen-jodaro and Harappa. We can also see use of clay items like pots for storing water and ‘garba’ (pitcher) having holes containing earthen lamp inside) in Navratri. Ancient India was quite well-known for producing utensils of unbaked and baked clay i.e. terracotta. Evidence of ancient handmade terracotta utensils were found at Nagaijuna kaunda in South India and Laghnaj in Mehsana district. Thus, India’s clay work is extremely ancient and still practised widely.

Many Buddhist Stupas were built in the regions near Krishna and Godavari river during the reign of Satvahan kings. They were of semicircle, oval and bell-shaped or dome-shaped. Stupa in Nagarjunakonda and Amravati are great specimens of the Satavahana’s contribution to Buddhism.

Lothal is situated in Dholka taluka which is 18 km from the Gulf of Khambhat.

• A huge dockyard was constructed facilitates ships in the time of high tides at the lower eastern part of the town.
• Such dockyard, warehouses, etc. prove that exports and imports used to take place at Lothal.
• This suggests that Lothal might have been a rich and prosperous port of Gujarat as well as India. 

(d) All are correct

Mohenjodaro means ‘the mound of the dead men’.
Roadways: Roads are the main features of this town planning. The roads were 9.75 meters wide. Roads in the towns were straight and long. They were built from north to south and east to west, intersecting each other at right angles. The roads were wide enough for a number of vehicles to pass at a time. Pits on the road side suggest that there might have been lamp posts. The comers were rounded off to make it easy for the movement of heavy carts.

Correct option is (c) Africa

The art of making Patola is more than 850 years old.

Bhakti movement started in India in 15^th and 16^th century. Bhakti Sangeet of Chaitanya Mahhaprabhu, Kabir, Tulsidas, Mirabai and Narsinh Mehta, etc. was quite famous. The disciples of Swami Haridas, Baiju Bavra (Baijnath), Tansen and duet Gujarati girls namely Tana and Rigi are considered as rare jewels of music of 15^th century.

Ancient India made use of the dead animal skin to make various products. When the animal died, its skin was processed in a traditional manner and converted into leather which was then used to make several useful products. Initially, leather was mainly used for making ‘masak’ and ‘kos’. Later, it was also used in making musical instruments like drum, dholak and table, etc. It was also used in making footwear, leather belts to tie animals and to make shields used for wars. Saaj, palan, lagaam and whip, etc. for animals like horses and camels were also made for leather. Hence, we can say that leather had a prominent place in ancient Indian Art.

Singing, playing, dancing and performing roles of different characters, etc.

Kathakali is believed to be originated in Kerala and is very famous dance there. In Malayalam language, the word ‘katha’ means story and ‘Kali’ means play. So, Kathakali is a form of narrating story while performing (playing) dance. The word Kathakali has been derived from the dramas based on ancient epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata composed in Sanskrit and Malayalam languages.

Males perform this dance. They wear beautiful plaited attires and artistic crowns. They show various facial expressions and the audience understands the characters that the dancers are playing. In this dance, the stage is lit only with an earthen lamp. So, the dancers come near the lamp and show various expressions. So that people can see their movements and recognize the characters they are playing.

Poet Shri Vallathod (founder, Kalamandal Kathakali) of Kerala, Kalamandalam, Krishnprasad and Shivaraman, etc. have earned great national and international fame in Kathakali dance.

Jain temples are famous worldwide due to their excellent art of sculpture. These temples are found at various places of India.

Jain Temples of Bihar: Rajgirha in Bihar is a very famous pilgrimate for Jains. There are five main hills in Rajgruha which contain various Jain temples. The names of these hills are Vipulachal, Udaygiri, Ratnagiri, Bhramangiri and Vaibhavgiri.
Sammet Shikarji: The pilgrimage called ‘Sammet Shikarji’ lies near Madhuban forests in Jharkhand. It holds a very special importance for Jains because 20 Tirthankaras including Aadinath Bhagwan and Bhagwan Mahavir attained moksha (salvation) here. Famous temples like that of Abhinandannathji and Parshwanathji are located at Sammet Shikhaiji.
Jain Temples of Gujarat: In Gujarat, Jain temple at Palitana and Shankhesh war temple at Panchasara are among the famous ones.
Delwara Temples: Jain temples at Delwara in Mount Abu and Ranakpur in Rajasthan are excellent examples of construction, stone carving, artistic skill and sculpture. ‘Vimal Vasahi’ and ‘Luna Vasahi’ temples were constructed under the patronage of ministers Vimal Shah and Vastupal respectively. These temples are constructed with white marbles. They are famous in India as well as world because of their attractive artistic work’of sculpture. These temples are wonderful and memorable gifts of Jain religion to the Indian culture.

The art of making long threads using small cotton pieces from cotton balls (swab) and joining them together is called art of spinning.

A stupa is a ‘dome-like structure made of stone or bricks’. The purpose of a stupa was to honor a sacred spot, or a particular even or to enshrine the relics of Buddha or those who were Buddhist saint.

The Kailashnath temple and Vaikuntha Perumal temple of Kanchi are the best examples of architecture.

Correct option is (a) Tribal Dance

Golden and silver threads are woven with clothes and embroidery is done with gold and silver threads to decorate the clothes. Surat is a prominent place of Jari work.

Jamnagar, Jetpur, Bhuj and Mandevi of Gujarat are famous for ‘Bhandani’.

Indian music is unique in terms of tune, rhythm and harmony from the music of other countries of the world.

Pandit Sarangdev of Daulatabad (Devgiri) wrote Sangeet Ratnakar. He was quite familiar with the music of south and north India. Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande considers Sangeet Ratnakar as the most authentic book on music. It is considered to be the finest text for understanding music.

(a) Patan is famous for inlay work.

The Bhoomara Shiva temple near Jabalpur and the temples of Larkhan in Bijapur district are the best examples of temple architecture.

Correct option is (a) Vastu

The artisans of Lothal made different weapons like sickles, drills, (curved saws) and needles, etc. with copper and bronze. They also used to make utensils, idols and pots.

Tribal Dance of Gujarat: 

People of tribal areas arid communities perform tribal dEmce during festivals, marriages, fairs and to please the God- Goddesses.

• They dance in circle form mostly on the tunes of various traditional musical instruments like drum, traditional mEmjira, dholak and songs of regional languages.
• In a tribal dance form ‘Chado’, the dancers imitate different birds like peacock, squirrel Emd sparrow.
• We can see this ‘Chado’ form of dance in Dang area of Gujarat. ‘Mali No Chado’ End ‘ThEtkryo Chado’ are two such dance forms seen in Dang.
• The labourers of Bhil and Koli communities perform a form of dance called ‘Tippsmi dance’.
• In this dance, the dancers dance in a group oh the set of thick sticks which are joined with small sticks. They then strike this sticks to the floor and dance.

We find beautiful designs of elephants, puppets, dice and pitcher (kalash) on ‘Bandhani’.

Indian music is quite unique in terms of tune, rhythm and harmony. Hence, it is veiy different from the music of other countries. Samveda which is one of the four vedas, is associated with music. ‘Richas’ i.e. mantras of Samveda are sung with tune and rhythm of music. Music is such an art which involves both singing and playing. There are seven vowels (sur) of music. They are. SA, RE, GA, MA, PA, DHA, NI. Indian music can be divided mainly into two parts. They are:

• Classical music and
• Folk music.

Classical music consists of five main ragas. They are:

1. Shree
2. Deepak
3. Hindol
4. Megh and
5. Bhairavi.

As per mythology, all these five ragas came out naturally from the panchmukh of Lord Shiva. Out of the various texts written on music during ancient times, the famous ones are:

1. Sangeet Makarand,
2. Sangeet Ratnakar and
3. Sangeet Parijat. 

Utensils made from unbaked and backed clay are known as terracotta earthenware. Evidences of ancient handmade terracotta utensils were found at Nagaijuna Kaunda in South India and Laghnaj in Mehsana district.

The Communist Party went through a split in 1964. The reasons for the split was the ideological rift between Soviet Union and China. The pro-Soviet faction remained as the CPI, while the pro-china-faction formed the CPI(M).

The artistic skill of inlaying bright colours like red, green and blue in the gold silver ornaments like rings, bangles, earring, key chain, chain, etc. is known as enamel work. India is the only country in the world where expertise can be seen in enamel work over and above the gold and silver work. Expert artisans for enamel work are found abundantly in Jaipur, Delhi, Lucknow, Varanasi and Hyderabad.

The ‘Jat’ community of Banni area.

India has 7516.6 km long coastline surrounding three directions i.e. east, west and south. As a result, diamonds and beads Eire avaiilable in plenty.

• India has been fond of using gems Emd diamonds since Eincient times.
• Diamond studded ornaments were in a great demand even in foreign countries.
• So, India traded gems and beads with various countries through the sea route via its long coastline.
• Owing to both domestic and international demands, India’s diamond and bead industry flourished extensively.
• India was home to some of the biggest and rarest diamonds including the world famous ‘Kohinoor’ and ‘Great Mughal’.
• Since the diamonds, beads Eind rare stones were very costly, so mainly Kings, rulers or rich class people used them. These people wore jewellery made of gold studded with beads and diamonds.
• Diamonds, rubies, beads, emerald Emd -topaz were used to beautify the thrones and crowns.
• Gujarat is quite famous for beadwork.
• Beautiful bead torans, necklace, pacchit, kalash (pots), bari (window grills-frames) ‘chakda’ (a traditional wall piece), (Lagna na nariyel) decorative coconut used at the time of ceremonies ‘Indhoni’, Modiya’ (a net which covers the mouth of a bullock, horns) hand fans, EmimEil back covers (Jhool), etc.

Enamel work:

• The artistic skill of inlaying bright colours like red, green and blue in the gold-silver ornaments like rings, bangles, earrings, key chains, chains, etc. is known as Enamel work.
• India is the only country in the world where expertise can be seen in the enamel work, apart from the gold and silver work.
• Expert artisans of enamel work are found abundantly in Jaipur, Delhi, Lucknow, Varanasi Emd Hyderabad.

Painting is the supreme form of arts. It can be expressed through geometrical lines, designs and colours. The aim of painting as an art is to imitate the animate and inanimate objects of nature and then express them through creative geometrical lines, designs and colours. Evidence of Indian art of painting has been found from the remains of 5000 years old Harappan culture.

Archaeologists discovered various types of painting during excavation work. We also have traces of cave paintings at Bhimbetka (M.P.) These were made by the primitive man during the Stone Age. The paintings contained pictures of animals and birds. Ancient people used to draw geometrical designs and sketches of elephants, rhinoceros, deer, flowers, etc. Among them paintings of Ajanta- Ellora are the most unique and incomparable.

India has a long tradition of drawing sketches of swastik, Kalash (pitcher), Lord Ganesha, at the time of festivals and celebrations. People of some regions also have age old tradition of making rangolis.

Since ancient time, India is known for its textile knowledge. Fine Muslin of Dhaka, carpet of several regions, knitting work on attires and artistry etc. occupied a prominent place.

India is well-known for its excellence in textile since ancient times. Ancient India’s Dhaka region was famous for producing fine muslin cloth. It was so delicate and fine that its whole big piece (taka) could easily pass through a ring and could fit in a match box size. India was also quite famous for its carpets, knitting work and other artistic weaving works. Among them Patola of Patan, Kanjivaram and Banarasi sarees, Bandhani of Rajasthan are some of the most unique works of India.