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Any resource that can produce heat, power life, move objects and produce electricity is called an energy resource. Energy resources can be classified on a variety of basis like nature of their transaction, availability, etc. The most important classification is based on the conventionality in deriving the energy. According to this, energy resources are of two types –

a) Conventional energy resources

b) Non-conventional energy resources.

(a) Conventional energy resources – Any energy resource that is limited in nature and non-renewable and has been used since a long time is termed a conventional energy resource. Examples of this include coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity.

(b) Non-conventional energy resources- Any energy resource that is yet to be used on a large scale and can be naturally replenished on a human time scale is called non-conventional energy resource. Not only are these abundant in nature but also renewable. Examples of this include Nuclear or atomic energy, solar energy, wind power, biogas, tidal energy and geothermal energy.

In a developing country like India, energy resources are highly important as they form the basis of the country’s evolution. In such a scenario, non-conventional energy resources play a major role. Because of its geographic location, India has an abundant supply of non-conventional energy resources.

With research, it is possible to channel these sources for proper use, which in turn will lower India’s dependency on conventional sources. India is affected in a negative manner by the rising oil and gas prices, switching resource options will lower the negative impacts. Conventional resources are mainly fossil fuels which inadvertently affect the environment. By switching to non-conventional resources, we will not only be able to better the economy but also better the impacts on the environment and secure its future.

(a) Mica, Gypsum, Sulphur, Diamond

1. Coal is a type of fossil fuel where trapped solar energy in dead and decaying plant matter has been compressed over a period of time to give its current form. It is burned to provide the necessary energy which is converted further into thermal power, fuel and various other raw materials for industries.

2. ‘Oil’ or petroleum is a naturally occurring inflammable liquid that is primarily composed of hydro-carbons. It has high economic importance as it is used for transportation, generation of electricity, power industries etc.

3. Hydroelectricity is the electricity generated from hydropower which is the power generated by utilizing the energy potential of running water.

The following table will provide a comparative study of all three energy sources –

From the above table, we can observe that the advantages of hydroelectricity far outweigh the disadvantages of the same in comparison to coal and petroleum energy resources. With technological advances, it is possible that hydroelectricity will one day replace the more conventional power sources of coal and petroleum.

Coal is a black or brown rock consisting mainly of carbon. Coal is formed by the decomposition of vegetation of last ages. Most of coal deposits were formed in carboniferous age about 300 million years ago.

The force of tides and ebbs can be utilize to produce tidal energy. A turbine is connected to generate electricity from these tides. In 1910, France was the first country to get electricity with the help of tides and ebbs. India has a huge coastline and so India has a good potential to generate tidal energy. Gujarat has started a project in the Gulf of Kachchh and the Gulf of Khambhat to produce tidal energy.

Coal is a solid black mineral made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in varying proportions. it is a type of fossil fuel where trapped solar energy in dead and decaying plant matter has been compressed over a period of time to give its current form.

Coal is the most important source of energy today in India. Its importance can be seen by the extent of its use in various aspects of the development of the country.

a) Power generation – It is the most important source of commercial energy in India. The thermal power which accounts for four-fifth of the country’s power generation is mostly coal-based. Development of power generation is key to industrial development. Some of the big coal-based thermal stations include Farakka (West Bengal), Singrauli and Dadri (Uttar Pradesh), Korba (Madhya Pradesh) and Ramagundam (Andhra Pradesh).

b) Iron and steel Industry – Presence of Coking and high-grade non-coking coal – an essential raw material for steel determines the location of the iron and steel industry. These types of coal are predominantly found in the eastern part of India which explains the concentration of said industries in this region.

c) Cement Industry – Coal is one of the primary raw materials for cement manufacturing and is also used as a source of power in the form of electricity. Cement is a necessary material for a developing country like India which is undergoing rapid urbanization.

d) By-products of coal and their industrial uses – Coal is a source of a number of raw materials for chemical industries. The major by-products like tar, coal gas, benzole are used in a variety of industries like plastics, organic chemicals, fertilizers and pharmaceutical industries. India has a shortage of petroleum which has resulted in the growth of coal use in chemical industries.

e) Transport fuel – Though this was in the past, yet India faced rapid development with the introduction of railways which heavily depended on coal for fuelling the steam-powered engines. Even though it is not relevant today, the development of the Indian economy as a whole was based on coal power.

Thus, from the above discussion, it is evident that coal despite having negative impacts on the environment is essential for the development and sustenance of the Indian economy. This trend will continue until alternative forms of cheaper, sustainable power is made available to the industries and the public.

Rajasthan abounds with a large variety of minerals next to Jharkhand. Some of the minerals are found exclusively in the Rajasthan state such as Volestonite and Jasper. Rajasthan is called the Museum of minerals. Taj Mahal, one of the seven wonders of the world has been built with the marble extracted from the Makrana mines in the Nagaur districts of Rajasthan. Below given list justifies the significance of the statement that Rajasthan is the museum of minerals.

Atomic minerals should be used carefully. These should be used for the development of the country and not for destruction and pollution.

Uranium, Thorium, Lithium and Zircon are used to produce atomic energy.

We find wind mills to generate electricity in Gujarat at Devbhoomi Drawika, Jamnagar, Rajkot, Porbandar etc, districts.

Natural gas is a clean energy resource. It is often found in association with petroleum and is used not only as a source of energy but also as a raw material in the petrochemical industry. Assam, Tripura, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Gujarat have onshore fields that are also major producers of natural gas. Assam had the highest percentage in the gross production of onshore natural gas in the year 2016-17.

France started the project to generate electricity with the help of tides and ebbs in 1910 AD.

The following steps can be taken for saving energy:

(i) Judicious use of energy resources.

(ii) Use of public transport/ car pool.

(iii) To use bicycle for short distances.

(iv) Switching off electrical gadgets when not in use.

(v) Regular cleaning of gas burners and switching off the gas regulator when not in use.

(vi) Avoid using refrigerator/ A.C when not needed.

(vii) Creating awareness in neighbourhood with catchy slogans.

The energy that is generated and stored in the earth is called geothermal energy. It is mostly used for electricity production and is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly energy source. But it is limited to areas with hot springs. Two experimental projects to harness this source has been set up in India. One is in Parvati Valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh. The other is in Puga Valley, Ladakh.

Importance of coal as a source of energy in India are:

(i) Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India.

(ii) It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs.

(iii) It is used for power generation.

(iv) It supplies energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.

1. Natural gas

2. quarrying

3. rural

4. is rich

5. bauxite

6. iron

The statement is right to a great extent. Therefore, we need to adopt a cautious approach for the Judicious use of energy resources.

(i) Use public transport system.

(ii) Switch off electricity when not needed.

(iii) Use power saving devices.

(iv) Use non-conventional sources of energy.

The release of nuclear energy to generate heat through nuclear reactions is called atomic power. The generated heat is mostly used to further generate electricity. It is one of the less carbon-intensive methods for electricity generation making it highly environmentally friendly. The main minerals that are used for nuclear reactions are uranium and thorium.

Energy is required for all activities. It is needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to propel vehicles and to drive machinery in industries.

To conserve energy resources:

(i) Minerals are considered to be the backbone of the economy.

(ii) Industry and agriculture depend on mineral deposits.

(iii) The substances manufactured from them also depend on mineral deposits.

(iv) Total volume of workable mineral deposits is very less-only 1% of the earth's crust.

(v) Mineral resources are being consumed rapidly, and minerals require millions of years to be created and concentrated.

(vi) The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.

(vii) Minerals resources are finite and non-renewable.

(viii) The rich mineral deposits of our country are extremely valuable but short-lived possessions.

Mining is an age-old activity. The use of minerals is marked with different stages of human civilisation. During 5000 B.C., copper age existed. During 3000 B.C., Bronze age and during 1400 B.C., iron age were developed.

Conservation of minerals is the need of the hour:

(i) Minerals are considered to be the backbone of the economy.

(ii) Industry and agriculture depend on mineral deposits.

(iii) The substances manufactured from them also depend on mineral deposits.

(iv) Total volume of workable mineral deposits is very less-only 1% of the earth's crust.

(v) Mineral resources are being consumed rapidly, and minerals require millions of years to be created and concentrated.

(vi) The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.

(vii) Minerals resources are finite and non-renewable.

(viii) The rich mineral deposits of our country are extremely valuable but short-lived possessions.

India ranks second in world production of Manganese. In India the main producing areas are Karnataka, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Goa.

U.S.A., Russia, India, France, Argentina and South Korea are the main producers of Mica. India is the leading producer of mica in the world. But the production of mica is decreasing in India.

It is due to two factors :

1. The demand for mica is decreasing in the world.
2. The use of substitutes is increasing.

90% of the production of Mica in India comes from three states of Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jharkhand. Other producers are Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh. The main districts are Nellore, Vishakhapatnam, Krishna (Andhra Pradesh), Jaipur, Udaipur, Bhilwara (Rajasthan), Gaya (Bihar), Hazaribagh (Jharkhand).

The minerals which are used to obtain this energy are:

(i) Uranium and (ii) Thorium.

The six nuclear power stations of India are –

(i) Narora nuclear power station

(ii) Kakrapara nuclear power station

(iii) Tarapur nuclear power station

(iv) Kaiga nuclear power station

(v) Kalpakkam nuclear power station

(vi) Rawat Bhata nuclear Power station

Uranium, thorium, beryllium

Correct option is (d) Bihar

(i) Non-renewable sources are going to exhaust such as coal, petrol, natural gas, etc. They can cause environmental pollution, therefore, we have to use renewable resources.

(ii) India has an abundance of solar energy, wind, water, and biomass.

(iii) Rising prices of oil and gas and their shortage have raised uncertainties about energy resources in the future.

The features of Strato-Cumulus, Stratus and Nimbostratus are as follows :

1. Strato-Cumulus: Strato-Cumulus have layers. These clouds are mostly seen in round clusters. They are white to earthy in colour. 

2. Stratus: Stratus are found in layers. They have uniform base. They are ash coloured. 

3. Nimbostratus: Nimbostratus have thick layers. They are greyish in colour. They cause continuous rainfall. They are also responsible for snowfall.

The energy generated by nuclear minerals is called nuclear energy. Uranium, Thorium, Lithium are nuclear minerals.

Areas of Production :

• Uranium. Singhbhum, Hazaribagh (Jharkhand), Gaya (Bihar) Saharanpur (U.P.) and Udaipur (Rajasthan).
• Thorium. Kerala, Jharkhand, Bihar, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.
• Lithium. Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Kerala.

Hydel power is generated through falling water. Dams are built on rivers, the water is dropped from a height to rotate turbines. Due to friction, turbines generate electricity.

Production: Many countries have sufficient water resources. These countries produce large quantities of Hydel power. U.S.A., Russia, Japan, Germany, Canada, England, France, Italy, Poland, Brazil and India are the main producers. U.S.A. produces 31% water power of the world.

Hydel power in India. India produces sufficient Hydel power. But India’s share is only 1% in world production. Rivers and canals are the main sources.

1. Himalayan rivers
2. Peninsular rivers.

Ganga, Brahmaputra and tributaries are snow fed and perennial rivers. So these have large capacity to generate water power with 18% of total potential of India. But peninsular rivers are seasonal and depend upon rainfall. So their capacity is low.

Distribution: All the states, except, Goa produce Hydel power. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Kerala states have large capacity. Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh are rich in Hydel power resources. We have to develop these resources.

Important: Projects,

• Nagarjun Sagar Dam-Karnataka.
• Ganga Hydro-electric system-U.P.
• Tata Hydro-electric Grid-Maharashtra.
• Hirakud Dam-Orissa.
• Pandoh Project-Himachal Pradesh.
• Bhakra-Nangal Project-Punjab.

Universal Rights are based on human nature : Natural rights

This statement is True. 

Human Rights refer to the rights that people are entitled to simply because they are human beings.

 An individual can achieve his/her full potential only when one is free to make the best use of available opportunities. 

Human Rights are based on the principle of dignity and the inherent worth of an individual.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was made On 10th December 1948.

Nuclear or atomic energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. When such an alternation is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power.

(i) Uranium and Thorium are used for generating atomic or nuclear power.

(ii) They are available in Jharkhand and Rajasthan.

Correct Answer is : (A) 10

Metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals.

Minerals: Mineral resources are of great use to man. Minerals have been called ‘The Gifts of Nature’. Mineral resources have been used since pre-historic times. Human civilisation has seen many ages like the stone age, copper age and iron age. Modern industrial and economic development depends upon the production and utilization of minerals.

Types of Minerals: There are 70 to 80 minerals found on the surface of the earth. These can be divided into three types :

1. Non-Metallic Minerals: These include salt, mica, limestone, graphite, potash, gypsum.

2. Metallic Minerals: These include iron, copper, aluminium, gold, silver. These can be melted into useful metals.

3. Fuel Minerals: These include coal, oil and natural gas. These are called sources of power.

Importance of Minerals :

• Industries. Minerals form the basis of heavy industries like iron and steel. Minerals are called ‘vitamins’ of industry.
• Machinery. Minerals provide machinery for modern manufacturing.
• Transport. Minerals are used in the making of different means of transportation.
• Sources of Energy. Minerals provide energy to modern industries.

Production: In about 10 lakh sq. km. oil-bearing rocks are found in India. The oil reserves in India are estimated to be 50 crore metric tons. The first oilfield in India was discovered in 1867 at Makum in Assam. At present the production is as under:

1. Assam: In Assam, oil is produced in Digboi, Moran, Naharkatiya, and Sibsagar regions.

2. Gujarat: In Gujarat, oil is produced in the Gulf of Cambay region at Kalol, Ankleshwar, Lunej, etc.

3. Maharashtra: Oil has struck in the offshore region at Mumbai High along the coast of Mumbai. It is the leading producer of crude oil in India. North Basin and South Basin and Albet islands are the important oil fields.

4. The production of oil in India is increasing everywhere under the organization of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission. The production of oil in India was estimated to be about 210 lakh tonnes in 2001.

(a) 8000 – 12000 meters

U.D.H.R. was made on 10th December 1948. It consists of 30 articles that elaborate on civil, political, social, and economic rights. The U.D.H.R. expresses a strong belief in the principles of liberty, equality, justice, and fraternity. It is an attempt to eliminate forms of injustice and discrimination so that everyone is entitled to live with dignity and respect.

U.D.H.R. includes 

• Civil rights such as the right to life, right to liberty, right to freedom of thought and expression right to religious freedom, etc. 
• Political rights such as the right to franchise, to political participation, to criticize the government, etc. 
• Social rights such as the right against any form of denial, injustice, exploitation, torture, etc. It also includes the right to health, education leisure, etc.
• Economic rights such as the right to work, right to a livelihood, right to just and humane work conditions, etc.

The correct answer is (D) gizzard

The Anti-arrack movement was led by the rural women in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh to protect against alcoholism, alcohol mafia and government policies. This movement originated from the ‘adult literacy drive’, where a common issue that was raised was the consumption of locally brewed alcohol arrack by men in their families and its effects on rural economy. A local initiative was taken up by the women in Nellore to protect against arrack and demanded a closure of local liquor shops.

The Dalit youth formed a militant organisation group ‘Dalit Panther’ in 1972 in Maharashtra. The main objective of the group was to fight against the caste based inequalities and material injustices that were faced by the Dalits. They demanded strict implementation of reservations and other such policies of social justice. The larger ideological agenda was to destroy the caste system and to build an organisation of oppressed sections like the landless peasants, industrial workers and Dalits.

The party movements are in support of the political parties or either supported by political parties, such as Trade Unions in Kanpur, Kolkata and Mumbai, etc. On the other hand, a non-party movement consists of particular sections of society, such as women that protest through mass-mobilisation without any association to a political party. Generally, voluntary organisation participate in non-party movement.

The organisations have a voluntary nature. These voluntary organisations chose to remain outside party politics. They did not contest elections at the local or regional level and they did not support any political party directly. These organisations were called ‘non-party political formations’. With time, many of these organisations began to be funded by external agencies including international agencies. The participation of local initiatives weakened as a result of availability of external funds. The formations also function as pressure groups on the government and represent the views and demand of particular section of society.

Dalit Panthers was a militant organization of Dalit Youth to be formed in 1972 in Maharashtra: 

1. These groups mainly fought against the perpetual caste-based inequalities and material injustices that Dalits faced in spite of constitutional guarantees of equality and justice. 

2. Dalits faced collective atrocities over minor symbolic issues of caste pride. Hence, they demanded effective implementation of reservations and other such policies of social justice.

Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL) 

Bangalore and Hyderabad