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(a) Diesel Locomotive Works, Varanasi

(b) Chittaranjan Locomotive Works, Asansol and BHEL, Bhopal

(c) Integral Coach Factory, Perambur (Tamil Nadu) and Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala (Punjab)

Non-party movements are started by voluntary organizations or group of people (Students/Workers) who did not get the support of political parties and not contest elections also.

The Indian Space Program is self reliant. Today India is amongst the top five nations with regard to development of space technology. 

Space technology plays an important role in defence, communications and broadcasting, meteorology and education.  

HAL has 11 manufacturing units. However, for security reasons. Each unit manufactures only a few parts of an airplane at a time. 

(a) Gurgaon and Pune

(b) Gurgaon and Halol

(c) Jamshedpur and Chennai

Telephones, mobile phones, optical fibres, fax machines, etc. 

Bangalore, Kanpur, Nasik, Hyderabad, Lucknow 

Following are a few important centres of space technology in India. 

i. ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation), Bangalore and Ahmedabad 

ii. SAC (Space Applications Centre), Ahmadabad 

iii. NRSA (National Remote Sensing Agency), Hyderabad

People-Agitation or mass-movement is a time bound group activities. This movement demands change or reversal of some specific Government policy or action.

Dalit Panthers aimed at the destruction of a caste system and to build on the organization of all oppressed sections like landless poor peasants and urban industrial workers along with Dalits.

Dalit Panthers denotes to a militant organization of Dalit Youth to be formed in 1972 in Maharashtra.

Limestone (CaCO₃) is used to remove silica impurity (SiO₂) from iron ore. Limestone acts as a flux. It mixes with silica to give slag (CaSiO₃). CaCO₃ (flux) + SiO₂ (impurity) QQCaSiO₃ (slag)  

Two reasons why pig iron cannot be used directly are 

i. It is brittle 

ii. When exposed to oxygen, it converts to rust 

In a steel rolling mill, steel produced is cast into several shapes depending on requirements such as sheets, rods, ingots or billets. 

Bangalore and Hyderabad 

The computer industry has a great future in India. This is due to the following reasons. 

a. Growth of population 

b. Large English speaking population 

c. Increasing utility of computers in various fields 

d. Alternative of using the computer for self employment 

Integrated Steel Plant and Mini Steel Plant  

Iron and Steel Industry is considered to be a key or basic industry because the product of this industry is steel which in turn is used to make machines for other industries. Moreover, steel is required for construction, making agricultural equipment, defence equipment, transport and several other applications. 

Farmers’ agitation is not new in our country. It has been in existence time to time for particular goals. We know that the Indian farmers have been the worst sufferers in the country. They are the backbone of the country in development, yet they are not given much attention. Governments come and go, but the tragedy of our farmers remain the same. Being the leader of the farmers’ agitation I have several demands in my mind for the benefit of the poor farmers but here I would mention only three demands on their behalf: 

(i) Proper banking facilities so that farmers should not depend on the village moneylenders who give them money at a very high rate. Most of the time the poor farmers fall into a debt trap which makes their life a hell. 

(ii) Proper irrigation facilities in case there is the poor/weak monsoon. 

(iii) Insurance of crops will save farmers from committing suicide. The unexpected rain in the months of March and April this year devastated the standing crops in the field. Nature’s fury aggravated the miseries of the farmers some of whom could not bear and committed suicide.

The main demands were:

(i) The forest contracts should not be given to outside contractors.

(ii) The villagers wanted the effective control on natural resources like land, forests and water.

(iii) They wanted the government to approve low cost material to small industries and also the regional development without disturbance in ecological balance.

(iv) The movement demanded guaranteed minimum wages for the landless forest workers.

1. The Chipko movement began in two or three villages of Uttarakhand on the refusal of permission to villagers to fell ash trees for making agricultural tools, and allotted the same land to sports manufacturers for commercial uses. 

2. The villagers protested against the practices of logging to be permitted by the government. 

3. Villagers used a novel tactic to hug the trees to protect them from being cut down. 

Impact of movement: 

•  It soon spread across many parts of Uttarakhand and larger issues of ecological and economic exploitation were also raised. 
•  The government issued a ban on felling of trees in the Himalayan region for fifteen years until the green cover was fully restored. 
•  Active participation of women was also a very novel aspect of the movement. 
• This movement was started with a single issue but became the symbol of many such popular movements emerging in different parts of the country during the 1970s.

The Marathi poet Namdeo Dhal wrote a poem on Dalit during the decade of the seventies which expresses the anguish that the Dalit masses continued to face even after twenty years of Independence.

In a steel melting furnace (or basic oxygen furnace or LD convertor), pig iron and manganese are mixed together along with nickel, carbon and chromium and heated to a temperature of 1800 ˚C. Oxygen is blown over the molten mixture such that the final output is steel. 

Iron ore: Coking Coal: Limestone = 4:2:1

(a) Rolling Mill

(b) Ingots and Billets

They demanded the records of famine relief and accounts of the labourers and other information from the panchayat.

Due to the beginning of the process of “Liberalisation of Indian Economy” when agricultural sector came under threat and a debate between industry and agriculture has become one of the prominent issues in India’s model of development.

Steel Melting Furnace or Basic Oxygen Furnace

Iron and Manganese 

Its main demand was proper rehabilitation of all those to be affected from the construction of dam projects on river Narmada.

1. A mobilization of support at the international level.

2. Appeals to the judiciary.

3. ‘Public rallies.

4. Forms of Satyagraha to convince people.

Narmada Bachao Aandolan was a collective local organization’s movement to save river Narmada which opposed the construction of multi-purpose dam „ “The Narmada Sagar Project” and questioned the ongoing developmental projects in the country: 

1. Narmada Bachao Aandolan linked its opposition to Sardar Sarovar Project with larger issues concerning the nature of ongoing developmental projects, an efficiency of the model of development that the country followed and about what constituted the public interest in a democracy. 

2. It demanded that there should be a cost-benefit analysis of the major development projects due to the construction of the dam submerged around 245 villages to require two and a half lakh population to be relocated. 

3. The movement demanded proper rehabilitation of all those to be affected by the construction of these projects. 

4. This movement also questioned the nature of the decision-making process to be in the framing of mega-scale development projects. 

5. The movement also insisted that local communities must have a say in such decision making along with an effective control over natural resources. 

6. Hence, NBA achieved a comprehensive National Rehabilitation Policy formed by the government in 2003.

1. Issue of‘double coincidence of wants’ and mutual adjustments of wants,
2. Difficulty in storing wealth and
3. Problem of measurement of value.

There were multiple criticisms against the Narmada Bachao Andolan. They were considered as barriers to the process of development. Their opposition was constructed as a form of rejection to deny access to water to many people for drinking, irrigation purposes, etc. They were criticized for acting as an obstacle to economic development of Gujarat and misleading the illiterate and poor villagers of the region.

The state – related principle of Marx can be criticized on the following bases: 

1. State is not a class :

 based institution: Marx was the supporter of classified principle of origin of a state. He accepts that the origin of state is the result of class struggle. A state is an institution for preferring the interests of oppressing class, but this is not a fact. A state is an organization for the welfare and service of its people. The advent of a state is for the interests of people, and not for the safety of interests of a particular class.

2. Capitalist state related wrong conception: 

In present time, the way the capitalist states are making progress, the concept of Marx stands untrue. Marx had defined capitalist states as a means of exploitation of labourers, whereas at present, capitalist states have accepted the responsibility for the welfare of labour class. According to Marx, capitalist states ought to end, whereas in modern time, capitalist states are becoming more powerful and more influential than earlier times.

Narmada Bachao Aandolan linked its opposition to Sardar Sarovar Project with larger issues concerning the nature of ongoing development projects with them. dreams of cost-benefit analysis due to the construction of dams submerged around 245 villages to require two and a half lakh population to be relocated. 

It's criticism:

1. The obstruction to the process of development.

2. Denial to the access to water too many people.

3. The hurdle to economic development.

(c) Thirunelveli

“Any human activity which is engaged in the conversion of raw materials into readily usable materials is called an industry”.

TIIC is intended to provide low – cost financial support for both setting up of new units and for expansion of existing units.

The small scale sector is seen as important for two reasons.

1. To generate more employment than the large – scale sector. 

2. The small scale sectors allows for a larger number of entrepreneurs to emerge from less privileged groups.

‘The Detroit of Asia’ is Chennai.

(b) Coimbatore

MEPZ is a special Economic Zone in Chennai and it is one of the seven export processing zones in the country set up by the central government. It was established in 1984. The MPEZ head-quarters is located on GST Road in Tambaram, Chennai.

Entrepreneur is an innovator of new ideas in business.

(c) Both (a) and (b)

Correct Answer is: (c) 1965