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(b) Marshall

Business Process Outsourcing, Telecommunications, the entertainment industry, internet cafes, public booths, the advertising agencies and banks etc., have brought in new kinds of jobs to the educated or highly skilled in India.

• In order to reduce cost and avoid paying health, pension and provident fund benefits to workers, industries ‘outsource’ security services to security agencies. 
• Many companies outsource their work for research and development, accounting, legal services, customer service, public relations etc.

The two goals of World Bank to be achieved by 2030 is to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity.

NABARD provides recommendation to RBI on issue of licences to Co-operative Bank.

Board of Governors is the supreme policy making body of World Bank.

Yes, there is migration of labourers from our village. 

Reasons for migration : 

1. People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient employment opportunities, inadequate income available in rural employment. 

2. People also migrate with the expectation of higher incomes and more opportunities for family members and may be better services.

3. For some people from rural areas moving to cities and towns, to work in industry and other services activities have been recognised as a natural response to increase their income and for better family prospects.

1. The people involved in primary sector activities such as agriculture and shifting from rural areas to urban areas in search of better opportunities. 2. Many industries have shut down, industry.

One can withdraw money in cash or make payments by Cheque

• New jobs are providing good salaries but the employees are also expected to work very long hours. 
• The life is very stressful and mechanical.
• There is no social life. 
• These jobs definitely depress the employees.

• With lack of job opportunities many people today are employed in low income services. 
• Closure of factories forced workers to work as small vendors, rickshaw pullers and other low income service professions. 
• People from rural areas are not getting opportunities in urban areas. 
• They shift to many unskilled low earning employment opportunities in services.

(i) Washington D.C.

(ii) 2006.

(C) Bengaluru

• There has been tremendous change in the communication technology which has opened a wide range of jobs for educated people. 
• Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has brought in new kinds of employment opportunities. 
• They provide services to people located across the globe using telecommunication links. 
• The entertainment industry creates jobs to work in various print media firms, cable television channels.
•  We see number of internet cafes and telephone booths in most of the cities and towns. 
• The advertising industry has also brought new job opportunities. 
• Many new jobs are available in Banking and insurance sectors.
• Hence service sector can reduce educated unemployment in our country.

1. Business Process Outsourcing or BPO employs numerous individuals who can offer their types of assistance over the globe through media transmission. 2. Data innovation or the IT area has set up numerous organizations in metropolitan urban communities.

• People from rural areas come to work in the city but there are not enough employment opportunities in urban areas. 
• Hence most of the unskilled are earning their livelihood as small vendors, rickshaw pullers, etc. 
• They are unable to make both ends meet.

• No, I don’t think so. 
• Dream jobs in service sector are at a rate of one in tens of thousands of jobs. 
• Remaining, especially uneducated and less educated do jobs with meagre wages. 
• Those who have dreams are also under constant pressure and job stress

Answer is (B) Mining

C) Gandhi Nagar

(C) Guwahati

(B) Amaravathi

In the first oxide, oxygen = 27.6, metal = 100 - 27.6 = 72.4 parts by mass. 

As the formula of the oxide is M₃O₄, this means 72.4 parts by mass of metal = 3 atoms of metal and 4 atoms of oxygen = 27.6 parts by mass. 

In the second oxide, oxygen = 30.0 parts by mass and metal = 100 - 30 = 70 parts by mass. 

But 72.4 parts by mass of metal = 3 atoms of metal. 

∴ 70 parts by mass of metal = 3/72.4 × 70 atoms of metal = 2.90 atoms of metal. 

Also, 27.6 parts by mass of oxygen = 4 atoms of oxygen. 

∴ 4.35 atoms of oxygen. 

Hence, ratio of M: O in the second oxide = 2.90 : 4.35 = 1:1.5 = 2:3. 

∴ Formula of the metal oxide is M₂O₃.

Correct option is (a) effective planning,

Correct option is (a) effective planning,

Correct option is (b) Planning premises

Correct option is (a) lower level management,

Correct option is (c) pervasive function,

Correct option is (b) long range plans

Correct option is (c) machine,

Correct option is (c) organizational development,

e‐business means using the internet to connect people and processes for doing business. It also includes providing service to customers and collaborating with business partners across the globe. The internet and the emergence of e‐business has provided entrepreneurs with many new advantages. However, it has few limitations too. 

Advantages of e‐Business:  

The advantages of e‐business are as follows:

i. Flexible Business Hours:

• The internet is accessible 24 x 7. This means that buyers and sellers can conduct transactions at any time as opposed to the regular trading hours of traditional business models.

ii. Availability of Wide Range of Products:

• Consumers have access to a broader range of products and services from which they can select the products as per their choice.
• For e.g.: flipkart.com, amazon.in etc. offer a wide range of services and products to select from.

iii. Very Low Start Up Cost:

• The initial investment for starting an e‐business is generally lower than the cost associated with starting the same business using a traditional model.

iv. Quick and Easy Communication: 

• Through e‐business, it is easier and faster for the business organizations to communicate with their suppliers and their customers as there is no face‐to‐face interaction.

v. No Physical Space:

• e‐business does not require physical space for operation.
• It requires highly qualified technical professionals.

vi. Government Support: 

e‐business gets a lot of support from the government.

vii. Establishes Strong Relationship:

• e‐business enables strong relationship building between suppliers and consumers as there is direct contact between both the parties.

viii. Renders a Global Platform:

• e‐business provides the business organizations with the opportunity to transact with buyers across the globe. It connects the consumers and the business organizations anywhere from the world through internet.

ix. Easy Set Up:

• It is very easy to set up e‐business as compared to traditional business.

x. Sound Communication:

• e‐business provides a platform for sound and direct communication between suppliers and consumers.

Disadvantages of e‐business: 

The disadvantages of e‐business are as follows:

i. High Transaction Risk:

• There are many internet frauds that are committed through hacking etc.  
• There is a possibility of misuse of the buyer’s bank details and this makes buyers insecure to perform online transactions and payments.

ii. No Face‐to‐Face Interaction:

• The absence of face‐to‐face interaction with the sellers makes the buyers insecure at times.

iii. Personal Touch of Seller:

• Since the transaction is online, the personal touch of the seller is missing and this may make the buyer insecure.

iv. Government Interference:

• Sometimes government monitoring can lead to interference in the business.  

v. Ineffective Return Policies:

• Usually, all the online shopping sites come with a money back/product return policy. However, they do not work as effectively and spontaneously, in case of dissatisfaction of the customer.

vi. Issues in Delivery:

• Sometimes it becomes difficult for suppliers to deliver goods on time due to the lack of sound transport system in many parts of our country.

vii. Lack of Personal Inspection:

• Since the buyer cannot touch and feel the product before purchasing, many consumers avoid online transactions.

Correct option is (d) Public or state agencies

Correct option is (b) Human resource accounting

Correct option is (c) Public or state agencies

Directing is responsibility of manager at all levels. 

Explanation: 

At any level, it is important for the manager to instruct, motivate, guide and lead his/her subordinates towards achieving certain goals and objectives. Thus, directing is the responsibility of managers at all levels.

Deciding in advance as what is to be done, when it is to be done and who is to do it is planning function of management.

 Explanation: 

Planning is a psychological process of thinking and deciding in advance what is to be done, how it is to be done, when it is to be done and by whom it is to be done. It is a mental activity in which the manager decides the goals that are to be achieved and the actions through which those goals are to be achieved.

The advantages of e-business are: 

i. Ease of Formation - The investment required to start up e-business is almost negligible. This is because it does not require much capital or resources for the physical establishment of the business. Thus, it becomes a comparatively easier mode of trading than the traditional mode of business. 

ii. Global Access - E-business provides a worldwide access to the business. Businessmen are able to extend their sale of products to a large number of consumers. Similarly, the consumers also get to choose from a variety of goods. Thus, it can be said that e-business has shrunk the whole world where international boundaries do not matter anymore. 

iii. Consumer-Friendly - E-commerce saves the time and efforts of the consumers. It provides a wide range of payment options to its customers such as debit cards, credit cards, cash on delivery and EMIs. All these options are quite safe and secure. 

The disadvantages of e-business are: 

i. Lack of Personal Touch - Unlike traditional business methods, e-commerce lacks a personal touch, as both the consumer and the seller are not physically present when the deal is made. As a result, direct trading is preferred over ecommerce for products such as clothes, shoes and jewellery. 

ii. Lack of Security - Online trading and transactions are highly prone to internet risks and online threats. The possible threats could be leakage of credit/debit card details to the third parties, anonymity of the trading people, virus attacks and hacking and phishing. 

iii. Technical Drawbacks - Online trading requires basic computer knowledge and internet familiarity. This often creates distress for the people who do not know how to operate computer. Furthermore, this often divides the society (termed as ‘digital divide’) into computer literates and computer illiterates. Besides, sometimes due to technical problems or server downtime, websites stop functioning; this may add to the frustration of the consumers and may even discourage them to revisit the website.

Correct option is (a) man power planning,

Correct option is (b) Human resource accounting

A process to establish harmony among different activities to achieve desired result is co-ordination. 

Explanation: 

Coordination binds all the people of the organisation and their activities to ensure a smooth functioning of the business. It is a force that unites the working and efforts of the people of the organisation towards the fulfilment of the common objectives. Hence, in this way, it establishes harmony among different activities for achieving the desired result.

Unification, integration and synchronization of the efforts of group members so as to achieve common goal is a co-ordinating function. 

Explanation: 

Coordination is a process through which activities of various departments and units are synchronised for the achievement of organisation’s goals. It is the essence of management and a binding force that unites every individual’s efforts for the accomplishment of organisational goals.

One of the functions of management is considered as the base for all functions – Planning 

Explanation: 

Planning acts as a base for all other functions in any organisation; that is, it precedes all other functions like organising, directing, staffing and controlling. This is because plans state the objectives, and all other functions are performed in accordance with the laid objectives. Once the plans are made, the roles of other interrelated functions come into play. Thus, planning becomes the basis for other functions of an organisation.

Planning is basic function. 

Explanation: 

Planning acts as a base for all other functions of an organisation. It precedes all other functions like organising, directing, staffing and controlling. This is because plans state objectives and all other functions are in accordance with the said objectives. Plans state what is to be done, how it is to be done, when it is to be done, etc. Thus, it is regarded as the basic function of management.

Importance : 

The importance of Co-ordinating is explained as follows:

(1) Encourages Team Spirit : Co-ordination is concerned with integrated group efforts. Team work under the direction of the manager encourages the subordinates to work sincerely and give better performance to achieve organisational goals. Co-ordination helps to reduce the conflicts between the employees and departments regarding policies, roles, etc. and increase their team spirit.

(2) Gives Proper Direction : Group or combined efforts of all the employees in an organisation helps to co-ordinate with each other and achieve the desired goals. Thus, combined efforts of all the employees always help an organisation to remove its limitations and achieve organisational objectives. The interdependence of departments gives proper direction to the employees.

(3) Facilitates motivation : In the process of co-ordination the superiors motivate their subordinates by providing them with monetary and other incentives. An effective co-ordination increases efficiency and results in growth and prosperity of the organisation which encourages job security, high income, promotion and incentives.

(4) Optimum utilisation of resources : Proper and effective co-ordination helps to bring together all the resources of the organisation. This in turn helps to make the optimum possible use of available resources to achieve organisational goals. Co-ordination also helps to avoid wastage of resources and control the cost.

(5) Achieve organisational objectives : Proper coordination helps to reduce wastages, delays in completion of targets, departmental disputes, etc. of the organisation to a great extent. This ensures smooth working of the organisation in the process of achievement of objectives.

(1) Organising function is also called as ‘doing function’ i.e. putting the plan into action. Administration and operation both are doing function as organising is the process of putting together various resources and activities of the organisation into a system.

(2) Organising involves identifying the activities and grouping of relative activities of administration and operational department.

(3) Organising function defines, departmentalizes and assigns activities so that they can be most effectively executed for the smooth flow of administration.

(4) Due to proper grouping of the tasks and the employees, there is increase in production and reduction in wastage. The duplication of work can be avoided and effective delegation becomes possible.

(A) Meaning : Directing is the process of instructing, guiding, inspiring, motivating and supervising the employees to achieve predetermined organisational goals. It is a continuous function started at top level and flows through the lower level of an organisation. It is continued through out the tenure of an organisation. A few philosophers called it as ‘Life spark of an Enterprise. Director shows the correct path as well as guides the employees in solving the problems.

(B) Importance : 

The importance of Directing is as follows:

(1) Initiates action : Direction initiates action. It activates employees to put in their best efforts, to achieve the goals. Without effective direction, other managerial functions like planning, organising, staffing, co-ordinating and controlling become ineffective. Managers have to stimulate action by issuing instructions like what to do, how to do, etc. to the subordinates and by supervising them from time to time.

(2) Integrates efforts: At every level of the management there are subordinates under managers. The work assigned to these subordinates is interrelated. The directing function integrates the activities of the subordinates by guidance, supervision and counselling. It results in achievement of organisational goals.

(3) Means of motivation: Objectives of an organisation can be achieved only if the people working in it are properly motivated through monetary and non-monetary incentives. It boosts the morale of employees, contribute their maximum efforts and motivates them to give their best.

(4) Provides stability: Effective direction through supervision, motivation, leadership and communication provides stability and maintains balance in the organisation. This in turn results in the growth of the enterprise at faster rate. For long term survival of the organisation, stability in the organisation are necessary.

(5) Coping up with the changes : Effective direction facilitates changes in the organisation. It enables the enterprise to adopt advance technology, new methods of production, modern techniques of management, etc. It is a direction function which helps the superiors to motivate the subordinates to adapt to the new changes, new challenges, etc. Adapting to the environmental changes is necessary for the growth of the organisation.

(6) Efficient utilisation of resources : Constant instructions can be given to the subordinates to make the maximum use of the available resources and to make every possible effort to minimize the wastages of resources. Thus, effective direction helps in optimum use of available resources such as men, materials, money and methods which helps to reduce cost and increase profit.

(7) Creates team spirit : The supervisors through proper direction can guide, lead and motivate their subordinates to co-ordinate the activities. Thus, team spirit is created which helps the employees to perform their activities more efficiently and on time. This results in faster achievement of organisational goals.

(8) Exploring capabilities of individuals: Every employee in the organisation has certain capabilities and potential. Through proper direction, motivation and encouragement manager can utilise them to their optimum level to achieve organisational goals and increases efficiency of organisation.

(9) Increases efficiency level : Effective direction and guidance results in better performance of the employees. It also enables the managers and other superiors to guide the subordinates as the leader while performing their jobs.

(10) Co-operation : Co-operation between different departments from top level to the bottom level and among the people within the department is must. Co-operation is essential for the success and achievement of organisational goals and for smooth flow of all organisational activities.

(i) Mr. Ram performs the function of planning and organising. He is an emerging entrepreneur and plans the business structure and organises different resources.

(ii) Mr Shyam is performing the function of staffing as his main duty is to recruit, select, train and develop the employees and to decide their remuneration accordingly.

(iii) Mr. Subham is performing the function of controlling. He compares actual performances of employees with standard performance given. He discovers causes of deviations and suggests remedies to overcome deviations.

Importance : 

The importance of Directing is as follows:

(1) Initiates action : Direction initiates action. It activates employees to put in their best efforts, to achieve the goals. Without effective direction, other managerial functions like planning, organising, staffing, co-ordinating and controlling become ineffective. Managers have to stimulate action by issuing instructions like what to do, how to do, etc. to the subordinates and by supervising them from time to time.

(2) Integrates efforts: At every level of the management there are subordinates under managers. The work assigned to these subordinates is interrelated. The directing function integrates the activities of the subordinates by guidance, supervision and counselling. It results in achievement of organisational goals.

(3) Means of motivation: Objectives of an organisation can be achieved only if the people working in it are properly motivated through monetary and non-monetary incentives. It boosts the morale of employees, contribute their maximum efforts and motivates them to give their best.

(4) Provides stability: Effective direction through supervision, motivation, leadership and communication provides stability and maintains balance in the organisation. This in turn results in the growth of the enterprise at faster rate. For long term survival of the organisation, stability in the organisation are necessary.

(5) Coping up with the changes : Effective direction facilitates changes in the organisation. It enables the enterprise to adopt advance technology, new methods of production, modern techniques of management, etc. It is a direction function which helps the superiors to motivate the subordinates to adapt to the new changes, new challenges, etc. Adapting to the environmental changes is necessary for the growth of the organisation.

(A) Meaning : Co-ordination as a function of management refers to the task of developing harmony between various sections of departments and between various departments of the organisation. Thus, coordination is a hidden force which binds all other functions of the management integrating the group activities to accomplish the organisational goal efficiency. As the work of each one is linked in an organisation is necessary in co-ordination.

(B) Importance : 

The importance of Coordinating is explained as follows: 

(1) Encourages Team Spirit : Co-ordination is concerned with integrated group efforts. Team work under the direction of the manager encourages the subordinates to work sincerely and give better performance to achieve organisational goals. Co-ordination helps to reduce the conflicts between the employees and departments regarding policies, roles, etc. and increase their team spirit.

(2) Gives Proper Direction : Group or combined efforts of all the employees in an organisation helps to co-ordinate with each other and achieve the desired goals. Thus, combined efforts of all the employees always help an organisation to remove its limitations and achieve organisational objectives. The interdependence of departments gives proper direction to the employees.

(3) Facilitates motivation : In the process of co-ordination the superiors motivate their subordinates by providing them with monetary and other incentives. An effective co-ordination increases efficiency and results in growth and prosperity of the organisation which encourages job security, high income, promotion and incentives.

(4) Optimum utilisation of resources : Proper and effective co-ordination helps to bring together all the resources of the organisation. This in turn helps to make the optimum possible use of available resources to achieve organisational goals. Co-ordination also helps to avoid wastage of resources and control the cost.

(5) Achieve organisational objectives : Proper coordination helps to reduce wastages, delays in completion of targets, departmental disputes, etc. of the organisation to a great extent. This ensures smooth working of the organisation in the process of achievement of objectives.

(6) Improve relations : Co-ordination brings develops good relations among the employees working at different levels of management. For instance, marketing department depends upon production department, production department : depends upon purchase department and so on. Proper co-ordination always helps employees to improve and build strong relations among the employees working in different departments.

(7) Leads to Higher Efficiency : Co-ordination facilitates the optimum use of physical and human resources. This leads to higher returns at lesser cost, thereby higher efficiency. Coordination ultimately leads to the optimum use of the resources, higher efficiency reduction in cost and reduction in wastages.

(8) Improves goodwill : Higher sales and higher profitability can be achieved due to synchronized efforts. It earns a name and goodwill in the corporate world. This leads to better value of shares in the stock exchange (market).

(9) Unity of direction : Co-ordinating function helps to bring together activities of different departments to achieve common goals and objectives of the organisation. Therefore, co¬ordination is needed to give proper direction to all the departments of the organisation.

(10) Specialisation : In every business organisation all departments are headed by qualified and specialised professionals in their respective field. The specialised knowledge of these departmental heads helps in various managerial decisions. Proper and efficient coordination among these professionals helps to achieve organisational goals (targets) as planned by the top management.

Controlling is a function of comparing the actual performance with the predetermined standard performance to measure deviation if any, identifying causes of deviation and suggest corrective measures.

Division of work is involved in at organising function. 

Explanation: 

Organising function helps in identifying activities and dividing them according to the defined plans. The division of the actions is done as per the objectives. This clear division of work is done so as to avoid any duplicity.

Importance : 

The importance of organising is explained as follows:

(1) Facilitates administration as well as operation : Organising is the process of identifying, grouping and assigning the activities of administration and proceeding according to its operational activity. Due to proper grouping of the task and employees, there is a reduction in duplication of work results in effective delegation

(2) Brings specialisation : Organising starts from dividing the total work into smaller units and assigning them to different individuals according to their qualification, capabilities and experience. It leads to increase in overall productivity.

(3) Defines job properly : In the organising function the employees are assigned different jobs according to their qualification, skill and experience and the managers clearly define the details of each job. It clearly spells out what exactly has to be done in every job by each employee.

(4) Clarifies authority and responsibility : The organising function clearly defines authority, power, position of every manager and responsibility, accountability of every employee. This enables proper execution of work and at the same time eliminates confusion, duplication, misunderstanding. It also helps to bring efficiency in working of managers.

(5) Establishes Co-ordination : Organising function helps in establishing co-ordination among different activities of different department. Organising defines clear cut relationship among various positions and ensures mutual co-operation amongst them. Organising helps in co-ordination between different levels of managers of different departments for smooth functioning of an organisation.