Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Functions of Statistics: 

1. Statistics presents facts in a definite form. 

2. It simplifies mass of figures. 

3. It facilitates comparison.

4. It helps in formulating and testing. 

5. It helps in prediction. 

6. It helps in the formulation of suitable policies.

(I) Statistics are an aggregate of facts: For example, numbers in a calendar pertaining to a year will not be called statistics, but to be included in statistics it should contain a series of figures with relationships for a prolonged period.

(II) Statistics are numerically enumerated, estimated and expressed. 

(III) Statistical collection should be systematic with a predetermined purpose: The purpose of collection of statistics should be determined beforehand in order to get accurate information.

(IV) Should be capable of being used as a technique for drawing comparison: It should be capable of drawing comparison between two different sets of data by tools such as averages, ratios, rates, coefficients etc.

1. Official Statistics are statistics published by government agencies or other public bodies such as international organizations. 

2. They provide quantitative or qualitative information on all major areas of citizens’ lives. 

3. Official Statistics make information on economic and social development accessible to the public, allowing the impact of government policies to be assessed, thus improving accountability.

4. The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) came into existence as an Independent Ministry in 1999 after the merging of the Department of Statistics and the Department of Programme Implementation. 

5. The Ministry has two wings, Statistics and Programme Implementation.

National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO):

1. The National Sample Survey Organisation, now known as National Sample Survey Office, is an organization under the Ministry of Statistic of the Government of India. 

2. It is the largest organisation in India, conducting regular socio-economic surveys. 

3. It was established in 1950. NSSO has four divisions:

1. Survey Design and Research Division (SDRD) 

2. Field Operations Division (FOD) 

3. Data Processing Division (DPD)

4. Co-ordination and Publication Division (CPD)

The Programme Implementation Wing has three Divisions, namely,

1. Twenty Point Programme 

2. Infrastructure Monitoring and Project Monitoring 

3. Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme.

Besides these three wings, there is National Statistical Commission created through a Resolution of Government of India (MOSPI) and one autonomous Institute, viz., Indian Statistical Institute declared as an institute of National importance by an Act of Parliament.

Advantages of Scatter Diagram method: 

1. It is very simple and non- mathematical method 

2. It is not influenced by the size of extreme item. 

3. It is the first step in resting the relationship between two variables.

(a) Primary data

(a) Omitted Variable

(c) Stochastic error term

Objectives of Econometrics: The general objective of Econometrics is to give empirical content to economic theory. 

The specific objectives are as follows:

1. It helps to explain the behaviour of a forthcoming period that is forecasting economic phenomena. 

2. It helps to prove the old and established relationships among the variables or between the variables

3. It helps to establish new theories and new relationships. 

4. It helps to test the hypotheses and estimation of the parameter.

(a) Singular form

(b) Contributions of vital statistics

(c) Correlation coefficient

If the points on the scatter diagram indicate that as one variable increases the other variable tends to decrease the value of r will be Negative.

(b) Dependent variable

If Y = 2 – 0.2X, then the value of Y intercept is equal to 2.

The term regression was used by Galton.

Use of Regression Analysis:

1. Regression means going back and it is a mathematical measure showing the average relationship between two variables. 

2. Both the variables may be random variables.

3. It indicates the cause and effect relationship between the variables and establishes functional relationship. 

4. Besides verification it is used for the prediction of one value, in relation to the other given value.

5. Regression coefficient is an absolute figure. If we know the value of the independent variable, we can find the value of the dependent variable. 

6. In regression there is no such spurious regression.

7. It has wider application, as it studies linear and nonlinear relationship between the variables. 

8. It is widely used for further mathematical treatment.

Correct Answer is: (d) R.A. Fisher

A process by which we estimate the value of dependent variable on the basis of one or more independent variables is called Regression.

If both variables X and Y increase or decrease simultaneously, then the coefficient of correlation will be Positive.

(a) Predict one variable from another variable

(c) Economics, Mathematics and Statistics

(c) A (ii) B (iv) C (i) D (iii)

(b) A (ii) B (iii) C (iv) D(i)

(b) GP. Neison – Contributions to vital statistics

(d) Linear correlation

(b) Sample Statistics Division [SSD]

(d) ‘A’ is false but ‘R’ is true

(c) It helps firms

(a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is the correct explanation to ‘A’

Robbins has given scarcity definition of economics.

Inferential Statistics:

1. The branch of statistics concerned with using sample data to make an inference about a population of data is called Inferential Statistics. 

2. It draws conclusion for the population based on the sample result. 

3. It uses hypotheses, testing and predicting on the basis of the outcome. 

4. It tries to understand the population beyond the sample.

Basic economic problems, i.e. shortage and selection problems, and some central problems can be illustrated with the help of production potential curve.

(i) Problems of Shortage : It is rooted in all those combinations of those objects which are beyond the likelihood of productivity, such as the combination given by point D in the figures given in combination. Production possibilities obtain points outside the range of combinations that cannot be obtained because adequate resources are not available to produce. This is the only point in or within the probability curve of productipn, which are attainable, i.e. combination, which can be produced with available resources.

(ii) Problem of Choice : This indicates the need to choose from the available points on the production potential curve, such as the combination between combination A and B.

(iii) What is to be Created : The problem of production of two goods from any point on the production possibility is the problem of what to produce. Different points on the curve represent different combinations of two objects. Thus, if the society chooses combination A, it shows that it has decided to produce more guns and less butter. On the other hand, if it chooses combination B, it shows that more butter will be produced. At what point should either product be produced, depends on the taste and preferences of the people in the economy.

(iv) Problems of Full and Efficient Use of Resources : If all resources are used fully and efficiently, then the production possibility curve will be operative at some points. But if the economy is producing any combination within the probability curve of its production, such as point C, it would mean that some of its resources remain unutilised and only some of its resources are used in production. Through efficient and full use of resources, the economy can move beyond C and go to any point on the production prospect curve. For example, by transferring B, forgoing one or more units of butter can produce more guns.

Natural gas is obtained from mineral oil. It is cheaper form of energy. Moreover, it does not cause pollution. It is compressed as CNG i.e., Compressed Natural Gas and used as domestic fuel and to run vehicles like cars. It is found in Khambhat basin, Kaveri basin and Jaisalmer (Rajasthan). Ankleshwar of Gujarat is considered to be the largest natural gas reserve.

It has great importance because it combines the strength of metals such as iron with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability.

(i) India is a tropical country, therefore it receives sunlight in abundance throughout the year.

(ii) Solar plant can be easily established in rural and remote areas.

(iii) It will minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate quantity of manure.

The reason was that a goblin rat had! frightened the priests away and had taken possession of the place.

The boy did not go home because he felt sure that his father would punish him for being disobedient to the priest.

The youngest boy is introduced as a clever, but quite weak and a small boy who is not fit for hard work.

I was the youngest child of a poor Japanese family. Because of my ill health, I was sent to a priest home to be trained as a priest. I liked to draw the pictures of j cats. Although I obeyed all the rituals and i I rule of the priest home I could not stop I drawing cats. My teacher ordered me not to draw cats anymore. But I could not stop drawing.

At last, my teacher advised me to become a painter, not a priest. I planned to quit the place. Before leaving the teacher advised me to take shelter in small places and asked me to avoid big places.

I started my journey to the next village. I found a temple. It was covered with dust and cobwebs. I did not know that it was j the place of a monstrous rat. I entered in and saw walls which were empty. I started painting cats. When I felt sleepy I slept in a small room. After sometime hearing some sound I woke up. When it was morning, I came out and saw a big rat killed. Because of the pictures of the cats the big rat was killed. After that incident, I became a famous painter in Japan.

The dreadful voice might have been the result of the fighting and screaming between the cats and the goblin rat.

He found a little cabinet, with a sliding door and got into it and shut himself up.

Yes. Because a dreadful fight was going on between the cats and the goblin rat and the boy was safe in the Cabinet.

The goblin rat was killed by the cats which the boy had drawn.

The boy felt afraid of the place and he resolved to look for a small place to sleep.

(i) India is a tropical country, therefore it receives sunlight in abundance throughout the year.

(ii) Solar plant can be easily established in rural and remote areas.

(iii) It will minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate quantity of manure.

India is the largest producer of mica in the world. About 70 to 80% mica production in the world comes from India. Muscovite or ruby mica and bioryte or pink mica is present in igneous or metamorphic rocks in our country. The mica deposits in India are quite safe because of low usage of mica in India. Mica deposits are found in Nellore, Guntur and Kadappa of Andhra Pradesh, in Bhilwara, Ajmer, Jaipur, Udaipur and Tonk of Rajasthan, in Koderma, Giridih, Dhanbad, Bokaro and Palamu of Jharkhand, in Aurangabad, Gaya, Navada, and Begusarai in Bihar, and also in Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore and Madurai) and Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat and Chhindwara). Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of mica followed by Rajasthan and Jharkhand.

Mica can withstand very high temperature and is a bad conductor of heat and electricity.

Nuclear power:

1. Nuclear power is obtained frm energy stored in the nuclei of atoms of naturally occurring radioactive fuels like uranium and thorium.
2. These fuels undergo nuclear fission in nuclear reactors and emit power.
3. USA and Europe are the greatest producers of nuclear power.
4. In India: Rajasthan and Jharkhand have large deposits of uranium.
5. Thorium is found in large quantities in the monozite sands of Kerala.
6. Nuclear power stations in India are located in Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Tarapur (Maharashtra), Ranapratap Sagar near Kota (Rajasthan), Narora (Uttar Pradesh) and Kaiga (Karnataka).

Yes. Because whenever the boy was alone, he drew the pictures of cats.

The sun warms the different parts of earth differently. This creates low pressure at some places and high at others. Wind is formed due to this pressure difference. India makes use of wind to run the wind mills and produce energy. India has installed several wind mills at the sea coasts and in open spaces. Today, India has become fifth country in the world to produce energy through wind. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Kerala produce wind energy.

In Gujarat, wind energy is produced through wind farms at Lambha village near Jamnagar and at the sea coast near Mahdvi in Kachchh. Electricity is generated at the windmills located at Devbhumi Dwarka, Jamnagar, Rajkot and Porbandar.