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The magnitude by which water potential is lowered due to dissociation of a solute is called solute potential.

(i) XO, female

(ii)  XXY, male with female characters

Water potential: It is the difference in the free energy and chemical potential per unit molal volume of water in a solution over its pure state at the same temperature and pressure. Chemical potential of pure water at normal temperature and pressure is zero. It is denoted by Ψ_w. 

Solute potential: All solutions have lower water potential than their pure form. Thus the water potential is inversely proportional to solute concentration, because free energy of water decreases. 

Pressure potential: Pressure potential or turgor pressure is the pressure exerted by protoplast on cell wall. Pressure potential is + and denoted by Ψ_p.= Ψ_θ.= Ψ_c.

The genetic disorder is known as Down’s syndrome. It is caused due to trisomy of 21^st chromosome.

Alleles of a particular gene differ from each other on the basis of certain changes (i.e., mutations) in the genetic material (segment of DNA or RNA). Different alleles of a gene increases the variability or variation among the organisms.

50 per cent of sperms carry the X chromosome while the other 50 percent carry the Y. After fusion of the male and female gametes the zygote would carry either XX or YY depending on whether the sperm carrying X or Y fertilised the ovum. Sex of the baby is determined by the father and not by the mother. It is unfortunate that in our society women are blamed for producing female children and have been ostracised and ill-treated because of this false notion.

(b) Stephen Hales

Two short polypeptide chains of insulin are linked together by disulphide bridges.

A molecule of insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains A and B. The chain A has 21 amino acids and chain B has 30 amino acids.

Digester the part of a biogas plant where reactions take place in the absence of oxygen.

1. a. Anaerobic degradation

2. b. Methane

3. b. FALSE

4. c. Hydrogen

5. a. Anaerobic bacteria

Inflated green pod is the dominant trait.

The urine is acidic in nature due to secretion of acidic chemicals into the glomerular filtrate and reabsorption of alkaline substances from it.

At normal temperature and atmospheric pressure, the difference between the diffusion pressure of a solution and the diffusion pressure of pure water is called DPD. In fact, DPD of a cell is the measure of the force by which the cell can draw water, hence it is also called suction pressure

Correct Answer is: (C) Trihydric alcohol 

An alcohol containing three hydroxyl groups, such as glycerol.

Differentiation of constant term gives Zero.

(a) Equilibrium

Correct Answer is : (d) 1994

(b) Does not exist

Suppose D = 50 – 5P. When D is zero then P is 10.

(d) All these

(b) Marginal demand function to Average demand function

(d) Analytical Geometry

(b) Giovanni Ceva

(a) Mathematics and Economics

(d) Econometrics

All factors of 10 are: 1, 2, 5, 10

Therefore, Mean = \(\frac{Sum\, of \, factors}{Total\, factors}\)

\(=\frac{1 + 2 + 5 + 10}{4}\)

\(=\frac{18}{4}\)

= 4.5

(a) Central value – Measure of central tendency

In India, statistics play an important role of planning, both at the central and State government levels.

The literal meaning of the word “Regression” is stepping back towards the Average.

1. There are five averages.

2. Among them mean, median and mode are called simple averages and the other two averages geometric mean and harmonic mean are called special averages.

(c) Cental value

(d) Inferential

1. “A measure of central tendency is a typical value around which other figures congregate.”

2. “An average stands for the whole group of which it forms a part yet represents the whole.” 

3. “One of the most widely used set of summary figures is known as measures of location.”

(a) Standard Deviation

Statistical data and techniques are immensely useful in solving many Economic problems..

(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false

(a) Quantitative

(b) Human activity

There are two kinds of measures of dispersion, namely

1. Absolute measure of dispersion 

2. Relative measure of dispersion

1. The term ‘Regression’ was first coined and used in 1877 by Francis Galton while studying the relationship between the height of fathers and sons. 

2. The average height of children bom of parents of a given height tended to move or “regress” toward the average height in the population as a whole. 

3. Gabon’s law of universal regression was confirmed by his friend Karl Pearson, who collected more than a thousand records of heights of members of family groups. 

4. The literal meaning of the word “regression” is “Stepping back towards the average”.

(a) Both (i) and (ii) are true

The raw materials of Econometrics are Data.

(d) Boddington

1. Different Statisticians and Economists differ in views about the nature of statistics, some call it a science and some say it is an art. 

2. Tipett on the other hand considers Statistics both as a science as well as an art.

Scope of Statistics: Statistics is applied in every sphere of human activity – social as well as physical – like Biology, Commerce, Education, Planning, Business Management, Information Technology, etc.

Statistics and Economics:

1. Statistical data and techniques are immensely useful in solving many economic problems 

2. Such as fluctuation in wages, prices, production, distribution of income and wealth and so on.

Statistics and Firms: Statistics is widely used in many firms to find whether the product is conforming to specifications or not.

Statistics and Commerce:

1. Statistics are life blood of successful commerce. 

2. Market survey plays an important role to exhibit the present conditions and to forecast the likely changes in future.

Statistics and Education:

1. Statistics is necessary for the formulation of policies to start new course, according to the changing environment. 

2. There are many educational institutions owned by public and private engaged in research and development work to test the past knowledge and evolve new knowledge. 

3. These are possible only through statistics.

Statistics and Planning: 

1. Statistics is indispensable in planning. In the modem world, which can be termed as the “world of planning” , almost all the organisations in the government are seeking the help of planning for efficient working, for the formulation of policy decisions and execution of the same.

2. In order to achieve the above goals, various advanced statistical techniques are used for processing, analyzing and interpreting data.

3. In India, statistics play an important role in planning, both at the central and state government levels, but the quality of data highly unscientific.

Statistics and Medicine: 

1. In Medical sciences, statistical tools are widely used. In order to test the efficiency of a new drug or to compare the efficiency of two drugs or two medicines, t – test for the two samples is used. 

2. More and more applications of statistics are at present used in clinical investigation.

Statistics and Modern applications: 

1. Recent developments in the fields of computer and information technology have enabled statistics to integrate their models and thus make statistics a part of decision making procedures of many organisations. 

2. There are many software packages available for solving simulation problems.

Origin Of Econometrics:

1. Economists tried to support their ideas with facts and figures in ancient times. 

2. Irving Fisher is the first person, developed mathematical equation in the quantity theory of money with help of data. 

3. Ragnar Frisch, a Norwegian economist and statistician named the integration of three subjects such that mathematics, statistical methods and economics as Econometrics” in 1926.

(c) (i) is true but (ii) is false

Methods of Studying Correlation: The various methods of ascertaining whether two variables are correlated or not are:

1. Scatter diagram Method 

2. Graphic Method 

3. Karl Pearson’s Co-efficient of correlation and 

4. Method of Least Squares.

(d) Both (a) and (b)