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C. Asian Paints

1. primary

2. secondary

3. Service

4. public

5. private

6. co-operative

7. 1991

8. Joint

9. 1995

10. service

11. world trade

1. True

2. False

3. False

4. False

5. True

6. True

7. True

8. False

The sector providing raw material for food commodities and industrially manufactured goods is known as primary sector.

When his father expressed his helplessness to send him to IIT, Murthy was disappointed. It seemed his dreams had burnt to ashes. His heart sank in sorrow. He didn’t share his feelings with anybody. His heart was bleeding but he didn’t get angry with anybody.

Narayana Murthy’s heart sank in sorrow. Because of the poor financial position, Murthy’s father refused to send him to IIT. Though he had passed with a high rank, there was no chance for him to study at IIT which was his dream. So, he was very sorrowful.

The ultimate aim of a bright student is to continue his/her studies at a world-class educational institute. He/She wants to join it as there are high standards. One will do great things when one studies at a top-class institute. So, a bright student wants to join a top-ranked institute.

(Or) The ultimate aim of a bright student is to study at IIT. It is because, these institutions maintain high standards. One can do big things if one studies at IIT. Hence, a bright student’s ultimate aim is to study at IIT.

‘Introvert’ means someone who is quiet and shy, and does not enjoy being with other people. When Murthy’s father refused to send him to IIT, he became sorrowful. Though he was sorrowful, he never shared his unhappiness or helplessness with anybody. He did not reply. He remained silent. So, we can say that Murthy was an introvert by nature.

B. Agriculture

Certain primary products can be used only after they have been processed into a finished product. Such economic activity is called the activity of the ‘Secondary Sector’.

Answer is C. Banking

My mother works as a teacher in our village high school and my father is a clothes’ merchant.

Answer is A. Education

Murthy really believes in the motto, ‘Powered by intellect and driven by values’. He worked very hard. He didn’t bother about his personal life or comforts. He was a genius right from the beginning. He shared his wealth with others. He never used the help of any caste, community or political connections to go up in life. He proved that it was possible to earn wealth legally and ethically. He built a team of people who were equally good. The above words reveal that he was powered by intellect and driven by values.

There are three main fields of economic activity

1. Primary Sector,

2. Secondary Sector and

3. Service Sector.

1. Primary Sector: 

The sector providing raw material for food commodities and industrially manufactured goods is known as ‘Primary Sector’. Forest, mining, animal husbandry, fisheries, etc. that provide raw material for food and industry are included in primary sector. Grains, fruits and vegetables as well as vegetation are examples of this. Wood, medicinal herbs, gum, resin, lac, etc. are obtained from forests.

Milk, meat, bones and leather are obtained from animals. Fish are obtained from water. Minerals are obtained from underground. This is how forest areas, mining areas, animal husbandry areas, fisheries, etc. provide raw material for food commodities and industrially manufactured goods.

2. Secondary Sector (Manufacturing Sector):

Certain primary products can be used only after they have been processed into a finished product. Such economic activity is called the activity of the ‘Secondary Sector’. The secondary sector (also known as the manufacturing sector) includes small and large scale industries, manufacturing machinery, units manufacturing electrical equipments, consumer goods, chemicals and dyes, clothes, defence equipment, etc. 

For e.g., making cloth from cotton, oil from cotton seeds, jaggery and sugar from sugarcane, bricks from soil, etc.

The secondary sector includes units producing machines, transport and communication facilities, electricity, final products, mineral industries, industries manufacturing arms and ammunition, dyes and chemicals, cloth factories, and units manufacturing handicrafts and all other goods.

3. Service Sector:

The Service Sector is also known as the Tertiary Sector. The Primary and the Secondary sectors cannot function without this sector. Means of transportation and communication, education, health, banking and insurance companies, travel and entertainment, cooking gas, electricity services, etc. are included in the ‘Service Sector’. In modern times, ATMs, call centres, software companies, etc. have also become important services.

Answer is D. In 1995

The W.T.O. (World Trade Organization) which was established in 1995 is working towards promoting/fostering globalization.

(B) Vidyasagar

1. Earth quakes 

2. Floods 

3. Nature calamites etc. 

4. Air pollution 

5. Soil Pollution

Correct option: (a) Georg Hegel

• Georg Hegel was a German philosopher.
• He was of the view that the historical realities should be presented in a logical manner. According to him, Timelme was indicative of progress.
• He believed that presentation of history is bound to change as time passes because new evidence surfaces.
• His philosophy convinced many scholars that historical methods were not of lesser quality, though they differed from the scientific method.
• His lectures and articles are published in a book called ‘Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences’.
• His book ‘Reason in History’ is well known. He devised a method of analysis based on opposites known as Dialectics’.

Wrong pair: Karl Marx – Discourse on the Method.

Spreading pollutants like smoke tar and dust:

(i) More population growing now days 

(ii) Introducing more factor, industry etc.

Effects of Air pollution:

Air pollution is a extensive problem badly affecting Man’s health, plants and Animals.

• The minute particles of Sulphuric Dioxide, Coal, Silica, Barium and other chemicals cause lung cancer, heart diseases like hypertension. 
• Due to rapid technological radiation anemia, Leukemia, Cancer, Physical weakness are caused. 
• Due to air pollution world famous marble Taj Mahal is getting destroyed stage by stage. The rare intricate carvings are getting spoiled day by day. 
• Due to use of different fuels the temperature of the earth is increasing. This is called as Green house effect 
• The photo synthesis activities of plants and trees are showing down due to dirt and dust getting collected on leaves every day. This is sole reason for decreasing levels of oxygen in the air.

Effects of water pollution:

Water pollution leads to so many side effects. Those are:

(i) Contaminated water results in various water borne diseases like cholera, typhoid, Diarrhea, dysentery and other infectious diseases. 

(ii) Contaminated water prevents photosynthesis and retards the growth of Plants and trees. 

(iii) Because of oil leakage into the sea plants, sea animals and birds die. Every’ year nearly 50000 to 250000 birds die due to oil pollution of sea water. 

(iv) Water pollution leads to damage of ozone layer. 

(v) If polluted water is used for agriculture, Poisonous/ dangerous molecules are added to the food by products. Agriculture yield also reduced by 17% to 30% if polluted water is used Effects of noise pollution.

Sound pollution result in various effects. These are as follows:

(i) If the sound is more than 120-150 decibels, it results in respiratory disorders, physical imbalance, vomiting and deafness. 

(ii) Sound pollution results in mental problem, disinterest in the work and leads to many mistakes. It also has effects on Animals and birds behavior 

(iii) It increase heart rate, B.P and other heart related problems 

(iv) Contribution is affected resulting in loss of memory.

Effects on soil Pollution:

Soil is one of the main source of the nature of pollution of the soil will leads to so many negative effects.

(i) Reduction in the crop yield 

(ii) The food obtained by the contaminated soil will spoil the human health 

(iii) Soil contamination leads to the water scarcity in some regions causing the death of animal multitude 

(iv) Contamination of soil will leads to the water pollution.

The environment loses in balance due to man’s activities and this in turn affects the all living things on this plant in harmful way. American anthropologist Margaret Mead has remarked that Pollution in the greatest challenge created by the growing modern and technological civilization of the city.

Pollution from the solid waste: The waste things those thrown out by the human beings that is domestic things and the pollution caused by their processing is the pollution of solid waste, if the thrown out things are put in a particular place in a cone shape in one year, height will equal to that of mount Everest every year in whole the world, 1000 tonnes of solid wastes thrown out.

The responsibility of recycling the solids wastes does by preventing the damage to the environment is on the modern society. The solid wastes must be controlled in the production stage itself the wastes must be divided and processed, and be used for compost manufacturing. The technology must improve for recycling the solid wastes and for preventing the harm.

Sea pollution: Even the sea water is not out of pollution. The industrial wastes chemicals, the oil leakage occurred by the petroleum transporting, ships will imbalance the biological system of the sea. Mow the sea atmosphere is so much polluted so that the aqueous animals cannot be live there. Pouring of pollution causing things to the sea., thereby making the sea water unfit for the life of aqueous animals is called as sea pollution.

Global warming: Mother earth is the essence for the birth and fastening of all living creatures. The earth’s temperature increases when water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, other harmful gases get collected in environment and when these gases do not find, an outlet naturally increase the earth’s temperature.

The whole ecological system is endangered by global warming. Wind movement is affected untimely rains, increase in temperature are the changes that occur.

It is a serious responsibility of the civilized world to control global warming and green house effects. Preventive measures to be under taken to control warming to protect the environment from greenhouse effects should be impose strict laws on the excessive use of fuels. Use of chloro fluoro carbon chemicals should be banned totally.

Destruction of Ozone layer: In 1982 Foreman the scientist reported about the hole in ozone layer. On Antarctic earth surface. Ozone layer is a natural protection. This gas layer protects the earth surface from sun’s ultraviolet rays entering it.

As the ozone layer slowly getting damaged by the global warming threatening living species on the earth. Ultraviolet rays causes skin cancer. If man is continuously exposed to ultra violet rays his resistance power will decrease. This leads to health related problems like herpes, eyesight and cataract.

Acid rain: Factories and vehicles excrete sulphur, Nitrogen oxide. These remain the environment for longtime. By chemical and photo chemical reactions, sulphuric acid and nitric acid are formed and combines with water vapor in the environment.

Acid rain refers to the ways in which acid form the atmosphere is deposited on the earth’s surface. Polluted things like sulphur, oxides and nitrogen oxides, coal, petroleum based coal then burn the smoke contributes to acid rain. Idol marbles will be leached because of acid rain. Leaves in the forests will be dropped down. Acid rain when they falls on the leaves destroys it.

One country’s waste will be result in another countries acid rain. For example waste from factories and vehicles in India reaches environment and sulphur, Carbondioxide will causes acid rain in Pakistan and China.

The application of human ecological perspective points out at the three basic functions of natural environment for the human beings and also for many other animal species.

The Environment provides the resources essential for life. These resources include air, water and materials used to create shelter, transportation and such other needed products. If human beings exhaust these resources in an irresponsible way for example by polluting the water supply or destroying rain forests then serious consequences will be the result The environment houses our species: Environment is our home, our living space, the place where we reside work and play, at times we take this truth for granted, but some others times we forget it and make our own living conditions very unpleasant and horrible.

It is only when our air becomes heavy with smoke, dust etc., if our tap water turns brown, if toxic chemicals seep into our garden only then we remember why it is vital to live in a healthy environment The environment serves as a waste respiratory: more than any other species on earth human beings produce a huge quantity and variety of products bottles, boxes, papers, plastics, sewage, garbage, and so on. Various types of pollution have become more common because human societies are generating more waste than the environment can safely absorb.

The legal and constitutional measures are:

As per 1948 rule it’s a mandatory to get permission from the granting commissions for establishment and extension of the factories. From this policy which directs the factories will have the full information about the chemical that can spill out from the factories.

The Atomic energy rule (1962). Each and every matter relating to the atomic energy will be directly affiliated to the Central government. This rule controls and directs the atomic energy related matters.

The 1972 rule of Wild life protection provided complete protection to the wild life and birds. As per the directed of this rule every state government and centralized states must create a committee for wild life suggestion. This law restricts the hunting of wild animals violates of this law will be punished.

Control and prevention of Water pollution act (1974) has enforced and the water pollution is prohibited through this law and for prevention of water pollution a special rule in 1981 is introduced( prevention on control of air pollution)

Environment protection act (1986) have intended to protect and improve the environment; it implements nationwide programs on environment pollution and encourages the researches on Environment Pollution.

The Motor vehicles act 1988 control the air pollution caused by the vehicle traffic.

The noise pollution act of 1989: This law controls the decibels of the sounds residential places, schools and colleges, hospitals, courts premises are declared as silent zones and prohibits using mikes crackers etc. in these areas.

1991 rule of Public Security: The Government of India has introduced this law in 1991 this law suggested to establish a environment solution fund and provided security to the citizen, it enables to lodge a criminal cases on the law breakers.

State pollution control board is active in state level and with the co-ordination of central pollution control board is engaged in the environment protection. Environment department will implement many works regarding environment protection.

Vedas, Upanishads.

Impact of the twin Revolution are: 

• The French Revolution and 
• The Industrial Revolution.

Impact of Twin Revolution: The French Revolution and The Industrial Revolution. Inspiration from the “Growth of Natural and other Social Sciences.

According to Durkheim: “Sociology is the Science of institutions”

(i) Karl Marx

(ii) Alienation

(iii) Positive stage

(i) Europe

(ii) facts

(iii) Iravati Karve

(iv) Metaphysical

The word Sociology was introduced in the year 1839.

1. Egoistic suicide 

2. Anomic suicide 

3. Altruistic suicide.

Example: It is committed by people who become introvert and have less desires to live in the company of others, suicide rates are higher for those widowed, single and divorced.

Egoistic suicide is when an individual finds no reason to exist in life such people have nothing to do with other members of the society. Such people are socially isolated and they think that they have no place in society.

Example: Marathas in Maharashtra, are the dominant caste, landowners and cultivators that make up about 50% of the population, Reddys and Kammas in Andhra Pradesh. 

1. Dominant caste is a caste large in member and exercises more economical, social and political privileges over other people. 

2. In Maharashtra, Marathas are large in number and play a very important role as far as social, economical and political policies are concerned. 

3. Attributes or determinants of dominant caste are as follows: 

1. Sizeable amount of arable land locally available. 

2. Strength of numbers. 

3. High place in the local hierarchy. 

4. Western education.

’’Social Statics”, “Principles of Ethics” etc.

Example: For example, ancient people actually believed that planets were God. This is a stage in which people have faith on supernatural power and considered God as a supreme authority. During ancient period; people of India had blind faith on many things, were following various evil practices etc. According to them God was the highest, authority and everything took place as per His wishes.

(i) The stage of society where empirical evidence forms the basis for explanation is the positive / scientific stage.

(ii) The book ‘Le Suicide’ was written by Emile Durkheim

1. Dr. G. S. Ghurye 

2. Dr. M. N. Srinivas 

3. Dr. Iravati Karve. 

4. A. R. Desai.

Dr G.S.Ghurye: Dr. Ghurye played a key role in popularizing Sociology in India. Therefore he is called as the “Father of Indian Sociology”. The fame of functioning as the first head of the Department of Sociology goes to Dr. Ghurye. He is also recognized as the leading expert in the field of Sociology. Dr. Ghurye carried a elaborate study of “Cap caste and races in India”. He has elaborately written on origin of caste, regional existence of caste and its characteristics, impact of British rule on caste, caste in politics etc.

His study on rural culture has also gained importance in the field od Sociology. Studied on major deities, ancient civilization, role of sudhus and sanyasis was also included in his analysis. He has also written on Bharatnatyam and its costumes. He also covered studies in Rajput, literature, Shakespeare, Comte, contemporary problems in India. Totally his works present a logical continuity from the past to present to the immediate future. Dr. Ghurye has written “Caste and Race in India”, “Scheduled Tribes”, “Social tension in India”, “Vedic India”.

Dr. Iravathi Karve: Dr.Iravati Karve has been recognised as a renowned and brilliant sociologist. As a student of Dr. G.S.Ghurye, Dr.Iravati Karve was the first “Women Sociologist in India”. Dr. Iravati Karve’s field of studies is very much extensive that Indian society social institutions and kinship are her specialised interest of studies. Understanding Indian society and its institutions on the basis of kinship was her main effort. “Kinship organisation in India”, in his famous book “Hindu Society- an interpretation”, Land and people of Maharashtra, “Family of India” and more than seven books were written by Dr.Iravati Karve.

Example: Sati committed by Indian women in the past or Hara-kiri committed by Japanese. Here an individual commits suicide with the object of doing well for others. This type of suicide is value- oriented. An individual commits suicide due to extreme loyalty to one’s group and readiness to die.

Applied science is the search for ways of using scientific knowledge to solve practical problems. This science which apply the principles of knowledge are used principles to manipulate something something, gained from the basic or pure sciences, are known as applied sciences. All branches of engineering, medicine, architecture, and social work come under this category of applied sciences. An applied science has quite opposite aim and intent than a pure science.

It is not concern with the theory or formulation of laws or development and systemization of principles. The social sciences like all the sciences have dual function. They serve to help the people to solve their problems and at the same time to explore and to understand the world around them. As such, there is an interest in application and an interest in understanding as well.

When social scientific findings are applied to the solutions of social problems, it is called applied sociology. Sociology as an applied discipline which uses knowledge of the pure social scientists to improve social life. Immediately, sociology seeks to understand the fundamental mechanism of social reality but the desire to understand is always motivated by the wish to control. The main aim of applied sociology is to bring social welfare in society through social scientific investigation.

Emile Durkheim was definitely one of the most important contributors to sociological knowledge. His “comparative method” leads to the importance of studying different types of society comparatively. Durkheim believed that we must study social life with the same objectivity as scientists study the natural world. He was the first sociologist who emphasized the reality of society. He introduced “Rules of sociological method” to carry out the scientific study of society.

Durkheim’s opinion is that man’s social behavior has to understand not by personal view but by social background. He says that human event is called “social”. According to him, we perform every action in the interest of society. Our duties and practices are defined through law and custom. We have not created the duties, but have inherited them through our education these types of conduct are called ‘social facts’ in the words of Durkheim.

“A social fact is every way of acting, fixed or not. Capable of exercising on the individual an entemal constraint. Durkheim used the theory of “Anomie” in his book on the Davison of labor in society. To him suicide is a social fact that takes place due to external force. He outlined four types of suicide. They are 

(1) Egoistic suicide 

(2) Anomie suicide 

(3)Altruistic suicide 

(4)Fatalistic suicide.

Durkheim was impressed by the fact that religion is universal in human society and he felt that religion plays vital role in maintaining society as whole religious beliefs emerges from society and helps to hold the society together. Durkheim laid foundation for various specialized fields of study like General Sociology, sociology of religion, sociology of morals, sociology of law, sociology of crime, economic sociology and sociology of aesthetics, etc.

The major works of Emile Durkheim are “The division of Labour in society”, “Suicide”, “The Rules of sociological method”, “The Elementary forms of religious Life”.

Herbert Spencer is one of pioneers of Sociology and it has been described Herbert Spencer’s Sociology as socially Darwinistic. Herbert Spencer has been called as “Second Father Sociology.”

Being a famous evolutionist, Spencer was very much influenced by Charles Darwin’s book “The origin of the species”. He tried to apply the theory of Biological evolution to Sociology. Spencer used the concept of evolution of animals to explain the evolution of society and he compares the society to human organism. His theory of organic analogy was very much popular earlier even though it has been rejected now. Spencer claimed that man’s mind has evolved in the same way from the simple automatic responses of lower animals to the process of reasoning in the thinking of man.

Spencer believed in two kinds of knowledge: knowledge gained by the individual and knowledge gained by the race. He also developed a theory of two types of society. 

They are 

(1) militant society 

(2) Industrial society. 

These are corresponded to the evolutionary progression. Thus according to him society is changing from simple form to complex form. Spencer stressed that the whole society should be considered as a unit of society.

According to him the different parts of society are interrelated and interdependent, not only the parts influence the whole system, but also the whole system influences the parts. While explaining the stages of the development of society his attitude of comparison draws a special attention. Major works of Herbert Spencer are “Social Statics”, “First Principles”, “Principles of ‘ Ethics”, “The Man Versus State”, “The study of sociology”, Principles of sociology”.

Example: A prisoner, commits suicide due to oppressed feelings of the prison system, (or) A terminally ill patient commits suicide. Fatalistic suicide takes place, when the repressive feelings is created due to extreme control of society.

Applied Sociology may be divided into five main branches: 

1. Clinical Sociology 

2. Social engineering 

3. Social work 

4. Applied social research 

5. Action Sociology

The famous sociologists of 20 century are:

Pierre Bourdieu (1930): For Bourdieu the objective of sociology is to unveil the hidden culture of the society. For achieving this objective, sociologist should study cultural practices of the masses rather than classes. As such sociology should take up cultural analysis as their primary concern to uncover the political uses of science, the authority of science Physical or economic science, not to mention the biological or sociology, of the advanced forms of racism. Being a neo-Marxist, he emphasized on the culture of which is against the established culture.

What should be the shape of sociology? Answering this question, Bourdieu in his later works. The Logic of Practice (1990) and Craft of Sociology (1991) observed that the subjective and objective aspects of social life are inescapably bound together, as such there is no fun in the dualism of macro versus micro and structure versus agency, Instead, he calls for a constructivist approach to sociology, transcending both essentialism and all ideas taken for granted in everyday life.

Jurgen Habermas (1929): Jurgen Habermas is perhaps the most influential social thinker today with an explicit allegiance to Marxist thought. He is known as a best spokesman of the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory. Habermas has severely critised positivism. In his opinion, it has limited our understanding of natural and the social world. He focused particularly on three major contributions which have become prominent in the 1960s: 

(1) The phenomenological sociology 

(2) Anthropological extension of Wittgenstein’s notation of language games, and 

(3) Hans-Georg Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics.

He has been a serve critique of capitalist societies in which, according to him, change is ever present tend to destroy the moral order on which they in fact depend. We live in a social order where economic growth tends to take precedence over all else but this situation creates a back of meaning in everyday life.

Jacques Derrida (1930): French philosopher and post-modernist, who himself declined to be called as sociologist, but who has definitely made imprint on the modern sociology is Jacques Derrida. His ideas are developed primarily from linguisrics. Through his popular concept deconstruction, he has pleaded for the deconstruction of sociological texts. In his opinion, these texts demystified the social reality.

They do always unveil the truth of society. By deconstruction, Derrida means that the textual reading is hot always correct, it does not lead us to know the reality of society. Deconstruction brings out what texts exclude by showing what operates as in decidable in the texts itself. It is the task of sociology to deconstruct the narratives of the texts through the explicit and implicit analyses.