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Let us consider the SP of 15 candles = ₹100

∴ The CP of 12 candles = SP of 15 candles = ₹100

CP of 15 candles = (100/12) × 15 = ₹125

Since, SP is less than CP so it’s a loss.

Loss = CP – SP = 125 – 100 = ₹25

Loss % = (loss × 100) / CP

= (25 × 100) / 125

= 20%

∴ The Loss percent is 20%

NEFT → National Electronic Fund Transfer
RTGS – Real Time Gross Settlement

Let us consider the CP of 17 water bottles = ₹100

∴ The CP of 17 water bottles = SP of 16 water bottles = ₹100

SP of 17 water bottles = (100/16) × 17 = ₹106.25

Since, SP is more than CP so it’s a gain.

Gain = SP – CP = 106.25 – 100 = ₹6.25

Gain % = (Gain × 100) / CP

= (6.25 × 100) / 100

= 6.25%

∴ The Gain percent is 6.25%

B) PLO (1964) – Egypt

B) Yuri Gagarin

D) International Court of Justice – Geneva

C) All the communist-nations

Let the CP be x. 

When Profit is earned CP = 625 – x 

When Loss is incurred CP = x – 435 

According to question, 

625 – x = x - 435 

2 x = 625 + 435 2 

x = 1060 

x = Rs.530 

So, Cost Price is Rs.530.

(b) 9% loss

S.P. of the T.V. and washing machine

= 2 × Rs 12500 = Rs 25000

C.P. of the T.V. = Rs 12500 x \(\frac{100}{130}\)

C.P. of the washing machine = Rs 12500 x \(\frac{100}{70}\)

\(\therefore\) Total C.P. = Rs 12500\(\big(\frac{100}{130}+\frac{100}{70}\big)\)

= Rs 12500 x \(\frac{200}{91}\)

\(\therefore\) Reqd. loss % = \(\frac{\frac{2500000}{91}-25000}{\frac{2500000}{91}}\)x 100

= \(\frac{2500000-2275000}{2500000}\) x 100

= \(\frac{225000}{2500000}\) x 100 = 9%

B) NATO -1947

(d) Rs 5000

Let C.P. of the horse = Rs x. Then,

C.P. of the carriage = Rs (8000 – x)

S.P. of the horse = \(\frac{X\times110}{100}\) =Rs \(\frac{11X}{10}\)

S.P. of the carriage = \(\frac{(8000-X)\times90}{100}\) = 7200 - \(\frac{9X}{10}\)

Total C.P. = Rs 8000, Total profit = 2.5%

\(\therefore\) Total S.P = 8000 x \(\frac{102.5}{100}\) = Rs 8200

Given, \(\frac{11X}{10}\) + 7200 - \(\frac{9X}{10}\) = 8200

\(\Rightarrow\) \(\frac{2X}{10}\) = 1000 \(\Rightarrow\) x = Rs 5000.

(d) 11\(\frac{1}{9}\)%

Let the cost price of the cloth be Rs 100 per metre, i.e., Re 1 per cm.

Since the shopkeeper uses 90 cm scale for 100 cm scale,

His gain = Cost of 10 cm = Rs 10

\(\therefore\) Gain % = \(\frac{10}{90}\) x 100 = \(\frac{100}{9}\)% = \(11\frac{1}{9}\)%

Ramanujan’s Partition theory helps the ATMs to dispense cash.

Ramanujan sent a letter to the great Mathematician G.H. Hardy of Cambridge University, in which he set out 120 theorems and formulae which included the Reimann Series. Hardy and his colleague Littlewood realized that they had discovered a rare mathematical genius.

They invited him to Britain.Despite the cold weather and food, Ramanujan continued his research with determination in the company of Hardy and Littlewood. Hardy found an unsystematic mathematician in Ramanujan due to his lack of formal education. Ramanujan’s achievements include the Hardy-RamanujanLittlewood circle method in number theory.

Correct option is C) Sputnik

Ramanujan was born in Erode in Tamilnadu on December 22,1887. From early childhood, it was evident that he was a prodigy. Senior students used to get his assistance in solving math problems. At the age of 13, he began his own research on Trigonometry. The book “Elementary Results in Pure Applied Mathematics” by George Shoobridge Carr triggered the genius in Ramanujan. He used to do problems on loose sheets and enter the results in notebooks which are now famous as “Ramanujan’s Frayed Notebooks”.

Although Ramanujan secured a first class in Mathematics in the matriculation examination and was awarded the Subramanyan Scholarship, he failed twice in his first year arts examination in college as he neglected other subjects such as History, English and Physiology. He searched for job for food and papers to do calculations. The Director of Madras Port Trust gave a clerical job to Ramanujan on a monthly salary of Rupees 25

(b) a weight of 900 gm

Let the error (difference between 1 kg and false weight) be x gm. Then,

\(\frac{X}{(1000-X)}\) x 100 = \(\frac{100}{9}\) \(\Rightarrow\) \(\frac{X}{(1000-X)}\) = \(\frac{1}{9}\)

\(\Rightarrow\) 9x = 1000 – x \(\Rightarrow\) 10x = 1000 \(\Rightarrow\) x = 100

\(\therefore\) Weight used = (1000 – 100) gm = 900 gm.

Ramanujan was elected Fellow of the Royal Society on February 28, 1918. In October, 1918 he became the first Indian to be elected Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. His achievements at Cambridge include the Hardy-RamanujanLittlewood circle method in number theory.

He is also popular with Roger-Ramanujan’s identities in partition of integers. A long list of the highest composite numbers, besides work on the number theory and the algebra of inequalities are also his noted achievements. In algebra his work on continued fractions is considered on par with great mathematicians like Leonard Euler and Jacobi.

The word sociology, originates from two words, ‘socius’ of Latin language and Logos of Greek language. Socius means ‘companion’ and logos means science or study, thus sociology is the science of human society.

1. sociology has a unique place among all social sciences. 

2. It is different from other social sciences due to its unique nature 

3. It is a social science and not a physical science 

4. It is not a directive study 

5. It is a pure science 

6. It is an intangible science 

7. It is an general science not a special science.

1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 

2. G.S. Ghruye 

3. M.N. Srinivas 

4. C. Parvathamma 

5. Irvati Karve 

6. A.R. Desai

(i) When sociological research is done for its own sake it makes sociology a pure as well as a social science.

(ii) Rape, hate, crimes and terrorism are examples of social problems/ pathology.

1. Annihilation of caste 

2. Who are Shudras? 

3. Buddha and his dharma

1. The Europe produced a ‘Scientific Revolution’ in the Renaissance period. There was increased emphasis on science in society as a whole. The technological advancement influenced every sector of life. 

2. The ideas and discoveries contributed by science led to emergence of sociology. This era is known as the enlightenment period.

3. The Enlightenment period saw the beginning of the scientific revolution. Science was considered in the social context and looked at as a tool for satisfying the needs of humanity. 

4. New scientific discoveries helped in the eradication of blind beliefs. This period has made a significant contribution to shaping a scientific attitude in Sociology.

(i) Empiricism holds that knowledge is based on actual experience of the researcher.

(ii) Film studies deal with exploring the narrative, artistic, cultural implications of cinema.

(iii) Sociology is career-oriented.

1. August comte 

2. Karl Marx 

3. Emile Durkkeim .4. Max weber

Example : A study of the social structure of a slum. 

The use of applied science is to solve practical problems. A sociologist when does the study of the social structure of a slum, is working as a pure/theoretical scientist if this is followed by a study of how to prevent delinquency in a slum, of this is applied science, means practical applications of sociological use. Hence, it is proved that sociology is a theoretical science and applied science.

Example : Urbanisation resulted in endless problems such as slums etc. Above mentioned e.g., is based on empirical study of Sociology, to prove above example in sociology the techniques used are to collect data like interview, observations and questionnaire by which data can be secured through empirical experience. Sociology uses scientific method of research and bases theory to verify the given problem / statement.

On the bases of empiricism and logical reasoning Sociology gives the conclusion. It is not based only on ‘arm-chair’ philosophy, or speculation. Rules are framed in sociology with the help of observation and experiences, Sociology holds that empiricism is central feature as a science. Therefore, sociology is empirical in nature.

Example : Sociology studies tribal society. The study of society includes micro and macro aspects. However, sociology not only studies the aspects like family, religion or particular community but studies the society as a whole e.g., tribal community, rural community or urban community. Therefore, it is proved that sociology is a holistic science, meaning, it studies society as a whole.

Hegel, a German philosopher was his favourite teacher.

1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was born in Ambawade village of Maharastra on April 14, 1891. He lost his mother at the age of six and grew up under the care of his aunt Meerabai and started his primary education at Satara. 

2. Ambedkar joined the popplar Elphistone High school of Mumbai and passed matriculation with first in 1907. 

3. He married Ramabai. With the help of scholarship awarded by maharaja of rupees twenty five, Ambedkar earned his B.A & M.A. degrees. He received his P;hd from Columbia university in 1916.

(i) Study of sociology Studies makes us more objective, rational, critical, prejudice-free and positive in our thinking it is scientific approach.

(ii) Urbanisation is responsible for endless problems such as overcrowding, pollution, traffic, etc.

(iii) The Scientific revolution had made a significant contribution to shaping a scientific attitude in sociology.

Example : NRI migration, migration from rural to urban area. 

Diaspora is a Greek word meaning ‘to scatter’. Today, we describe the term as the movement of the population from its original homeland, but maintaining active connections with the homeland. 

In the mentioned example: 

1. NRI refers to Indians residing in other countries like America. In spite of having Green Card, Citizenship of America, these Indians kept active contact or relation with their original homeland.

2. Migration from rural to urban area means migrate for the purpose of employment or any other reasons. When people migrate from rural area to urban area and yet, keep contact with their rural or ancestry that means Diaspora.

The subject matter of sociology is very wide. Hence, new areas emerging in sociology are:

1. Bio-sociology : Studies the role of biology in human social life. 

2. Sociology of art : Helps to understand the social world of art and aesthetics. 

3. Sociology of market research : It deals with the theoretical knowledge of sociology in marketing, segmental division of customers, needs analysis etc.

4. Visual sociology : Based on visual dimensions of social life. 

5. Diaspora studies : Studies migration and its cultural, literacy, social, demographic, anthropological, political, economic impact and international of relations.

1. Sociology is an empirical science : Sociology studies and analyses social facts on the basis of scientific method. Empiricism is it’s central feature as a science.

2. Sociology is a theoretical and applied science : Verification and formulation of new theories is a constant process in sociology. Also, many branches of sociology are based on the application of sociological knowledge to the field. Hence, it is a ‘pure’ as well as an ‘applied’ social science.

3. Sociology is a factual science : The aim of sociology of to find out the reality of society hence sociology studies the constructive part ans destructive elements in society.

4. Sociology is a holistic science : Sociology does not limit itself to the study of any specific or particular aspect of society. It studies society as a whole.

1. According to Cultural Studies, culture is produced through everyday living – the food people eat, the fashion they adopt, the entertainment they prefer or the festivals they celebrate. Thus, Cultural Studies investigate the process of making culture.

2. It was first started in the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Culture Studies in UK.

3. It studies daily activity of human beings. It deals with the life of people, their style of living, way of dressing, eating habits, etc. 

4. Cultural studies seeks to borrow methods and theories from various disciplines for the process of making cultural.

1. The long series of political revolutions started by the French Revolution in 1789 were the immediate factors in the emergence of Sociology. 

2. Most writers during this period, disturbed by the disorder and chaos in society, came together to restore order to society. Their interest in ‘social order was one of the major concerns of ‘classical Sociology,’ especially Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim. 

3. The French Revolution which occurred in 1789 marked a turning point in the history of human struggle for freedom and equality. It put an end to the age of feudalism and introduced a new order to society. 

4. This revolution brought about far reaching changes not only in French society but all over Europe. Other countries like India were also influenced by ideas generated during the revolution.

1. Positive philosophy 

2. Positive polity 

3. Human religion

1. This is a new disciplinary area that has emerged in the field of sociology. In the 20th Century, film studies were a new concept of academic discipline.

2. It studies the different aspect of films, focuses their attention on theoretical, historical and critical approaches of films and deals with exploring the narrative artistic, cultural, economical and political parts of cinema. 

3. This study plays a very important role as far as class, race, ethnicity and gender of society is concerned. 

4. It is introduced in different universities as a disciplinary subject in sociology.

1. Sociology studies society in a scientific manner: Sociology has made it possible to study society in a scientific manner. Scientific knowledge about a complex human society is needed in order to achieve progress in various fields. 

2. Sociology is career-oriented : the application of sociology is increasing in the field of industry, social services, social work, law, competitive examinations, marketing, public relations, journalism, NGOs, labour welfare, social research, counselling, police department, tribal welfare, research and so on. 

3. Sociology develops a scientific approach : It makes us more objective, rational, critical, prejudice-free, and positive in our thinking.

4. Solution to social problems : To solve the several social problems faced by society, balanced knowledge is needed. Such analysis can be made using a sociological outlook.

People may react differently. Reader’s digest conducted a honesty test in the busy roads of major cities of India. They had obviously left a costly mobile on the middle of a pavement. A candid camera was taking a video footage. Many tried to pocket it. One poor man tried to contact a policeman on the beat and hand it over to him. Recently in Saravana Bhavan hotel in Chennai an old lady had left behind a yellow bag. There was 25 lakhs in the bag. The old lady had come to buy jewels for her grand daughter’s wedding. One of the waiters who attended the lady and her family members passed on the bag to the manager, who in turn gave it in person to Inspector, Mambalam Police station. Fortunately a tear filled lady and worried family members also reached the spot. The Inspector sent for the honest waiter and through him gave the money to the old lady

Whether it is big money or small coins, one should not covet others’ wealth. The person who lost must be feeling the pain of loss. We should never think of enjoying life at the cost of the pain of others

1. She was born at syagalli village of present Davangere district 

2. Parvathamma completed his education in single teacher school of her village 

3. A teacher named Kantharaja shetty arranged for her intermediate education of Mysore by getting accommodation facility in a hostel 

4. She later joined BA honours in social philosophy at maharaja college, Mysore 

5. She made genuine attempts to spread the learning of sociology across Karnataka proves her commitment & sense social concerns 

6. Her major contributions are polities & religion.

(i) England

(ii) factory

(iii) complex

(iv) Auguste Comte

(v) Commercial

This statement is True.

1. French Revolution was one of the best examples of struggle for freedom and equality. 

2. Through this revolution feudal system had been overthrown. The new system came into existence which was based on the principles of liberty, fraternity and equality. 

3. French revolution brought tremendous changes in the life of the people not only in France but all over Europe. Hence, French revolution led to changes in society.

1. Visual sociology is concerned with visual dimension of social life.

2. Visual sociology aims to normalize the use of visual imagery as a valid and relevant type of data for sociological research. 

3. Valid scientific insight in society can be acquired by observing, its visual behavior of people and material products of culture. 

Example : A researcher takes help of newspaper, film, movie, photographs for their study or for the study of a particular society.

The subject matter of Sociology is very wide and can be understood with a brief introduction to following new areas in Sociology.

1. Bio-Sociology: Researchers in this area use a variety of sociological methodologies to study the role of biology in human social life. 

2. Sociology of Art: This field seeks to understand the social context of the production and consumption of art. 

3. Sociology of Market Research: This is an applied field which connects marketing and sociological strategies to understand the market in a meaningful way and incorporates theoretical knowledge of Sociology in marketing 

4. Diaspora Studies: It deals with the study of migration and its cultural, literary, social, demographic, anthropological, political, economic impact and international relations.

(i) 1. Diaspora is he movement of the people from their original place to other geographical area. 

2. Though people migrate they maintain their originality in the migrated area. 

3. The people though they have migrated from their original place, follow their rituals, customs and maintain their original existence in areas where they have been migrated. 

Example: Migration of rural people to urban area.

(ii) 1. Bio-Sociology is a subject that has emerged relatively recently in Sociology. 

2. Researchers in the area use a variety of sociological methodologies to study the role of biology in human social life. 

3. Biologically male and female are different. Both have different strength and capacity because of their body structure. But in society culture plays different role in nurturing them. 

4. These discrimination and differences affected the society in a great way. BioSociology helps to understand this concept.

Example : Gender differences and discrimination.

1. His full name was Mysore Narasimachar srinivas and was born to narasimachar & Rukmini on November 16, 1916 at Mysore 

2. He received MA, LLB, and P.hd from Bombay university 

3. He popularized the ‘field based sociological studies’ in India 

4. Based on his memory of the field work done he wrote A remembered village in 1976 

5. Under the guidance of his teacher Radcliffie Brown, he wrote a book titled ‘The Religion and society of Kodavas of south India in 1952.