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1. Max weber “ Sociology is the study of social Behaviour” .

2. Emile Durkheim:- sociology is the science of social institutions .

Cinema is one of the means of mass media. Cinema and society are inter related and inter connected with each other. Society influences the cinema and vice versa. But cinema has both positive and negative influences on the society. As far as India is concerned one can find diversity in each and every aspect of society. In such situations cinema plays important role in integrating the society. It also helps to inculcate certain values like honesty, hard work, sympathy, charity, brotherhood etc.

Society influences the cinema and its subject matter. Film makers give special attention on the interest and demand of the people of the society.

• The disabled are struggling not because they are physically or mentally challenged but also because society is built in a manner that does not cater to their needs. 

• In the Indian context, one of the leading scholars of disability, Anita Ghai, argues that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the Invisible Man of Ralph Ellison which is a famous indictment of racism against African Americans in the USA. 

• Common features of the public perceptions of disability are: 

1. Disability is understood as a biological factor. 

2. Whenever a disabled person is confronted with problems, it is taken for granted that the problems originate from his/her impairment. 

3. The disabled person is seen as a victim. 

4. Disability is supposed to be linked with the disabled individual’s self perception. 

5. The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help. 

• In India, in a culture that looks up to “bodily perfection’, all deviations from the “perfect body’ signify abnormality, defect and distortion. Lables such as “bechara’ accentuate the victim status for the disabled person. 

• The roots of such attitude lie in the cultural conception that views an impaired body as a result of fate. Destiny is seen as the culprit, and disabled people are the victims. The common perception views disability as retribution for the past karma (action) from which there can be no reprieve. The dominant cultural construction in India, therefore looks at disability as essentially a characteristic of the individual. The popular images in mythology portray the disabled in an extremely negative fashion. 

• The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. The disabled are rendered disabled not because of biology but because of society. 

• The social construction of disability has yet another dimension. There is a close relationship between disability and poverty. Malnutrition, mothers weakened by frequent childbirth, inadequate immunization programmes, accidents in overcrowded homes, all contribute to an incidence of disability among the poor people that is higher among people living in easier circumstances. 

• Disability creates and exacerbates poverty by increasing isolation and economic strain, not just for the individual but for the family. 

• Recognition of disability is absent from the wider educational discourse. This is evident from the historical practices within the educational system that continues to marginalize the issue of disability by maintaining two separate streams—one for disabled students and one for everyone else. 

• The concepts of inclusion is still an experimental concept in our educational system which is restricted to few public schools only

The following points explains the scope of sociology in today’s world. 

1. Bio-Sociology – Example : Gender differences and discrimination. Researchers in the area* use a variety of sociological methodologies to study the role of biology in human social life.

2. Sociology of Art – Example : Warli paintings depicts their lifestyle or paintings related with Mohenjo Daro and Harappan Civilization. This area helps to understand the social world of art and aesthetics. This field seeks to understand the social context of the production and consumption of art.

3. Sociology of Market Research – Example : Advertising of bathing soap by convincing the people that they have used river Ganga’s water in that. This is an applied field that connects marketing and sociological strategies to understand the market in a meaningful way.

4. Visual Sociology – Example: A researcher takes help of newspaper, film, movie, photographs for their study or for the study of a particular society. Visual sociology is concerned with visual dimension of social life. With the help of film, movie, pictures one can visualize or imagine a particular problem, on the basis of which valid and relevant data can be collected.

5. Diaspora Studies – Example : Migration of rural people to urban area. Diaspora is one of the movements of the people from their original place to other geographical area. Though people migrate they maintain their originality in the migrated area. The people though they have migrated from their original place, follow their rituals, customs and maintain their original existence in areas where they have been migrated.

1. Max weber

2. It explains only knowledge not experiments.

3. Karl max

4. Politics and Religion

This statement is True.

1. During the Industrial Revolution new tools and techniques were discovered, which could produce goods on a largescale. 

2. This gave rise to the factory system of production. Thus, a change in economy from feudal to capitalist system of production. 

3. Large numbers of people migrated to urban areas in order to work in factories. Large industrial bureaucracies arose to provide services to industries and to the emerging capitalist economic system

1. Sociology studies human society scientifically 

2. Supplements the personality development 

3. Understanding social process 

4. It helps in understanding social problems their solution 

5. Sociology supports the effective implementation of development programmes.

1. Since 1990’s, the government has followed policy of liberalization. Private companies, especially foreign firms encouraged investment in sector which was earlier reserved for the government. 

2. Generally people get jobs through advertisement or through employment exchange in industrial sector. Man and women both work in industrial sector. The persons engaged in industry get salary or wages along with certain benefits like HRA (House Rent Allowance) and Medical facilities. 

3. Job recruitment as a factory worker takes a different pattern. In the past, many workers got their jobs through contractors or jobbers. In the Kanpur textile mills, these jobbers were known as mistris, and were themselves workers. They came from the same regions and communities as the workers, but because they had the owner’s backing they bossed over the workers. 

4. The mistri also put community related pressures on the workers. Nowadays, the importance of the jobber has come down, and both management and unions play a role in recruiting their own people. 

5. Workers also expect that they can pass on their jobs to their children. Many factories employ badli workers who substitute for regular permanent workers who are on leave. Many of these badli workers have actually worked for many years for the same company but are not given the same status and security. This is what is called contract work in the organized sector. 

6. The contractor system is most visible in the hiring of casual labour for work on construction sites, brickyards and so on. The contractor goes to villages and asks if people want work. He will loan them some money. This loan includes the cost of transport of the work side. 

7. The loaned money is treated as an advance wages and the worker works without wages Change and Development inIndustrial Society until the loan is repaid. In the past, agricultural labourers were tied to their landlord by debt. Now, however, by moving to casual industrial work, while they are still in debt, they are not bound by other social obligations to the contractor. In that sense, they are more free in an industrial society. They can break the contract and find another employer. Sometimes, whole families migrate and the children help their parents. 

8. Presently social composition of the work force in industry is concerned, people from all caste and both gender from the age group of fifteen to sixty work. Some regions of the country are having more industry than the other. 

9. Different workers have different working period in different industries according to their qualification, experience, age and risk of the job. The contract labourers get fixed amount as  per the terms and conditions of contract. In organized sector, pay and allowances are better than the unorganized sector. 

10. The government has passed number of rules to regulate working conditions. The Mines Act 1952 specifies the maximum number of hours a person can be made to work in a week, they need to pay overtime for any extra hours worked and safety rules. These rules may be followed in the big companies, but not in smaller mines and quarries. Moreover, subcontracting is widespread. 

11. Workers in underground mines face very dangerous conditions, due to flooding, fire, the collapse of roofs and sides, the emission of gases and ventilation failures. Many workers develop breathing problems and diseases like tuberculosis and silicosis.

This statement is False.

1. Sociology does not limit itself to the study of some specific or particular aspect of society. 

2. For e.g., Sociology studies all the institutions and their changes in today’s context. It also studies their effect on our individual life. Sociology studies society as a whole and not as a part. It studies all aspects of social life. 

3. Sociology, a social science that studies human societies and their interactions. It does this by examining the dynamics of constituent parts of societies such as institutions, communities, populations, and gender etc.

This statement is False.

1. The main aim of sociology is to find out the facts behind the aspects which they have to study. 

2. Sociology deals with both positive and negative elements of society, moral and immoral, organised and disorganised aspects of society. 

3. That is why the aim of sociology is related with the reality of society.

We are living in the 21th Century which is greatly influenced by science and technology. Today the society is complex. In order to develop such community / society, systematic and scientific study of it is necessary. Sociologist made it possible to study society in a scientific way. Sociology gives information about social, religious, economical, racial diversities of society. It helps to develop scientific approach towards society as well as in choosing our career. 

It provides scientific solutions to the problems in the society. The study of sociology helps the people in keeping themselves updated and attentive in different spheres of life. That is why, sociology is very useful in today’s context.

(i) Auguste Comte

(ii) dynamic

(iii) Auguste Comte

(iv) Emile Durkheim

(v) fatalistic

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Karl Marx and Gandhi thought that Mechanization would endanger employment.

The process of Government selling the shares of public sector companies is called Disinvestment

According to a great thinker named Karl Marx the use of machines kills the abilities of the workers.

In 1982 the Bombay Textiles Protest was led by the famous labor leader Dr. Dutta Samanth.

For getting employed in public sector companies, certain qualifications are essential. The qualifications will be mentioned in the advertisement calling for applications for jobs. Information regarding salary structure, house rent, promotion possibilities, etc. can be obtained.

But for jobs in private companies qualifications are flexible. Salary is not fixed. Employment may be on contract basis. Each company may have its own work culture. Through employment exchanges and advertisements, only a small percentage of people can get employment. Many nd their own jobs. Thus we have many self-employed plumbers, electricians, teachers who give private tuition, architects, free-lance photographers and so on.

Most of them depend on personal relations for their work. Their advertisement is their sincerity, commitment, and expertise in their job. With the coming of the mobile phone, they have been able to establish more contacts and thus get more jobs.

Laborers are recruited into factories in another way. In the past workers were given by contractors or agents. In the cloth mills of Kanpur, these agents were known as ‘Mistries’. A mistry was also a worker. Mysteries came from the same location and same community. But they could behave like the boss of the workers because of the support they got from the owners of the factory. To keep the laborers under check, they used their hold in the community and. other pressure tactics.

Agents (Dallals) have lost their significance. Now it is the Managements and the Unions that decide on employment matters. Many factories now employ temporary’ workers. These temporary’ workers may continue working in the same factory for years. But they are not made permanent. In the organized labor sector this is known as contract work.

India Government starred its liberalization policy in the 1990s. According to this, the government encouraged investment by private companies, especially foreign companies in India. The government allowed investment in areas like Telecom, Civil Aviation, and energy which were up to then reserved for the government. The licensing system was simplified or stopped. With this, it was not necessary to have a license to start many of the industries. Import restrictions were removed. With this, foreign goods were easily available in the local shops.

As part of liberalization, multinationals bought many of the Indian companies. For example, the Indian company ‘Parle Drinks’ was bought by the American Company Coca Cola. The annual sale of Parle Drinks was Rs. 250 crores. But Coca Cola spends 400 crores only for advertisement. Through attractive advertisements, the sale of coca-cola increased. Many traditional companies making soft drinks crumbled. As part of liberalization, some Indian companies became multinationals. As part of liberalization, the government is selling its shares in the public sector companies. This process is called disinvestment. This resulted in the loss of jobs of thousands of people working there.

The first public sector company to be sold like that was ‘Modem Foods’ which was formed to give people healthy food at a cheap price. 60% of the workers in this company were forced to retire within 5 years. This tendency to reduce the number of workers is found everywhere in the world. Big companies are reducing the number of their workers and the jobs are outsourced to smaller companies or houses. Multinationals give their jobs to developing countries as they can get the work done for less money.

Since the small companies compete to get orders from bigger companies, the situation in small companies is also bad. Employees are paid small salaries and other conditions are not good enough. In mall companies trade union activities are difficult. Today most big companies give their various jobs to smaller companies on contract basis. This process is called outsourcing. This is seen more in the private sector.

To explain the growth of IT industry in India, the term ‘Knowledge Economy’ is used. But the expertise of a farmer in deciding what crops to grow based on his knowledge of the climate, soil and seeds can’t be compared to the expertise of a software professional. Both are experts in their own way. A famous sociologist Harry Braverman says that the use of machines actually destroys the expertise of workers. For example, in the past, the plans of buildings and other structures were made by expert architects and engineers. But today plans are made by computers.

There are trade unions in many establishments. They try to organize the workers to fight for their rights. Trade unions face problems like regionalism and caste problems. The Marathi workers in the Bombay Cloth Mills may behave in a friendly way with the workers from North India. But they will not drink even water from their hands. They never visit them in their homes or share meals with them.

When working conditions get tough .and unbearable, workers strike work. Without going for work, they will be protesting. Managements’ will try to break the strikes. They declare lockouts. They close the gates of factories and prevent workers from entering them. Sometimes they bring workers from outside to keep the production going. So the decision to strike work is a difficult one. The workers will have a tough time living without getting their wages.

Let’s see the Bombay Textile Mill strike of 1982. It was led by the trade union leader Dutta Samant. This strike lasted 2 years. More than 214 lakh workers were involved in it and it adversely affected their families. They struck work demanding better wages and the right to establish their own trade unions. According to the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, only those unions who abandon the idea of strike will be given recognition. The only wages. Since they have to sit down for long hours, they develop problems like back pain.

was Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh, led by the Congress. They supported the Management, colluding with it to bring workers from outside. Government was not willing to recognize the demands of the striking worlds. Slowly the intensity of the strike got less address. Workers refused to listen to the call of the trade union leaders who wanted the strike to continue. They went back to their work.

More than one lakh workers lost their jobs. Some went back to their villages. Those who were skilled in machine weaving got employment as temporary workers or moved to smaller cities seeking jobs. The owners of the factories did nothing to bring new machines or improve the working conditions. Some of the factory owners even tried to sell the land of the factory to builders to make apartment blocks and thus get huge amounts of money.

Home-based making of things is important in the Indian economic system. Many things like ‘kasavu’, ‘chitrapattambaram, carpets, bidi, incense sticks, etc. come in this category. Most of these types of work are done by women and children. The raw material for their production is made available to houses by contractors or their agents. They also buy the finished goods at a fixed rate. Let’s take the bidi industry as an example. The start of this industry was from villages close to forest areas. Villagers collect bidi leaves and give them to the forest department or private contractor.

The contractors who buy them also sell them to the forest department. A person collects up to 100 bundles of leaves a day. Each bundle has 50 leaves. Owners of bidi factories get these bundles from the forest department through auction. These are then again given to contractors. They give these leaves to the houses where they make bidis. Mainly women are engaged in bidi making. The leaves are cut to size. The cut leaf is filled with tobacco and rolled and is tied with a thread. Contractors buy these and give them to the factory owners. The owners pack them and label them and through tobacco outlets they sell bidis. The greatest prot in this business is for the factory owners. The workers get only nominal

Workers work in very bad, hard and risky circumstances to make various things for us. In many factories, the working conditions are very bad. There are many factories and mines where the health and life of the workers are not safe. They are forced to work hard for long hours with very little pay. The Government has passed many laws for the welfare and protection of the workers.

Let us take the mining sector as an example. Many people work in this sector. In the coal mines alone there are more than 5lakh workers. The 1952 Mines Act fixed the working hours of mine workers. It fixed the number of hours a miner has to work. It also stipulated that if a person is made to work over and above the fixed number of hours, he should be given overtime. It al§0stipulated security measures for workers. The Big companies were required to obey the laws. But in the small mines and quarries, these rules were not followed. The contractors and subcontractors created problems.

Many contractors did not maintain proper records of workers. So whenever there was an accident, they could escape from their responsibilities. They also refused to give deserving compensations to workers. There is a rule that when mining is completed in one place, the dug part should be filled up and the place must be made to look like it was before. But contractors don’t do these things.

The workers in mines work in very risky conditions. Floods, re outbreak, crumbling ceilings, gas leaks, defects in the oxygen supply systems and so on create very risky conditions. Many laborers are afficted with breathing problems, tuberculosis and silicosis. Those who work in open mines are forced to work in terrible heat or rain. Many get injured by the splinters that come flying, during the breaking of rocks by using explosives. The accident rate in India is much higher than in other countries.

In some other industries also, the condition of workers is very miserable. Many workers are migrants. workers. In the fish processing factories of the coastal regions of India workers from Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, etc. work. Many of the workers, both males, and females, are unmarried. They are given common accommodation. Sometimes, about 12 people stay in the same room. They have no connection with the outside world. Many married people are without their families. They go to faraway places seeking jobs. They get no time even to mingle with others. In short, globalization leads workers to a world of isolation and emotional wounds.

A. Bhilai Steel Plant

In the IT sector, there is a kind of bondage to time. The working time for an IT company is usually 10 to 12 hours. If the project is not finished, the worker may have to spend his night in the office to finish it. This is called ‘night out’. Long hours are part of the work culture in the IT industry. The projects IT companies take are time-bound. Naturally, professionals are required to work for long hours to complete the projects in time.

To make long hours of work legitimate, IT management has introduced a system called ‘Flex Time’. According to this, workers can choose their own working hours. But the project must be completed in time. This system does not reduce the burden of work for the employees.

Even when there is no pressure of work, workers leave their offices very late. They do it because of the pressure from their colleagues and also to impress their employers about their sincerity in. the job.

The manner to increase production is to organize labor in a proper way. In the 1890s, an American named ‘ Frederick Winslow Taylor discovered a new process for this. He called it ‘scientific management’. It is also known as ‘Taylorism’ and ‘industrial engineering’. In this system, the work in an enterprise is divided among the employees. With the help of a stopwatch, the. working hours of the employees are decided. They are also given specific jobs for each day. To increase productivity, assembly line was also introduced.

This is a process in which workers and machines are set in such a way that with each step there is some progress in the making of a thing. Each worker is standing near a conveyor belt. His job is to add just one thing to the intended product. The conveyor belt then moves to the next worker. He adds another part to the product. This continues until the finished product is ready. The speed of the conveyor belt and the worker are adjusted. Some changes were tried in this system in the 1980s, but they did not succeed. Taylor’s process continues

1. Social

2. Science or study

3. August comte

4. Karl manx

5. B.R. Ambedkar

Raja Ram Mohan Ray founded the Brahmo Samaj on August 20, 1828.

Firstly, only a few people in India have the experience of working in large organizations. Most of the Indians work in small establishments. Here the conditions of work are decided by the employer. If the employer likes a worker, he may be paid better. Otherwise, he may even lose his job and he won’t get any benefit. But in big establishments things are different. There employment is more transparent. There are provisions for complaints and getting problems solved. Secondly, only very few Indians have the opportunity of getting secure and well-paid jobs. Two-thirds of them are government officials.

That is why there is such a great demand for government jobs here. Government jobs have a social angle. It helps in overcoming the boundaries of caste, creed, and region. There are no communal riots in places like Bhilai because, in the huge public sector steel company there, people from different parts of India work together and live together. This was the opinion of a sociologist. Thirdly, In the unorganized sector, only very few are members of any union. Naturally, such workers don’t have the ability or experience to fight for better wages and job security. Although the government has made laws to inspect the unorganized sector and to make it better, they are not of much use. Things happen as per the wishes of the employer or the contractor. They are not much worried about the welfare of the workers.

Raja Ram Moham Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj on August 20, 1828. The main objective of Brahmo Samaj was to remove the social evils prevalent in Hindu religion, to check the increasing influence of Christianity and to unite people from all religions. Through Brahmo Samaj, Raja Ram Mohan Roy raised his voice against the evils prevalent in Indian society such as Satipratha child marriage, polygamy, etc.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy Satiprath started, many movements against Sati Pratha, and as a result, the then governor-general Lord William Bentick declared Sati Pratha as illegal. Besides, Raja Ram Mohan Roy also supported women’s education, freedom of press and natural rights of life, freedom and property. He also opposed the zamindari system.

(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati

Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati on April 1, 1875.

D. Secondary sector

8 Sociologists have often differentiated between organized and unorganized sectors. They also dene these sectors. 

• All institutions where 10 or more people work are called organized sector. These institutions must be registered with the government It is done to ensure that the employees there get regular salaries and pensions. 
• Institutions, where less than 10 people work and not registered with the government, come under unorganized labour. There is no job security there. More than 10% of Indians work in the unorganized sector.

(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy

India is a developing country. Due to the new economic policy formulated in 1991 the economy of India has gained pace. The proportion of primary and secondary sector activities has increased. Consequently, the service sector has got a boost due to these two sectors. The contribution of the service sector to Indian economy was 17.2% in 1950-51 which has increased to 25.8% in 1999-2000.

The contribution of the service sector to India’s national income was 28 % in 1950 – 51 which has increased to 49.2 % in 2001-02. This is how the importance of service sector has been increasing in the field of employment and national income. Thus, it can be said that the importance of the service sector is increasing day by day in India.

Phone, fax, mobile, e-mail, internet, video conference, etc. are some of the revolutionary tools of information technology which give information faster at low prices. This has led to the swift economic development of our country.

(1-4),

(2-3),

(3-5),

(4-1),

(5-2).

To keep pace with the developing world, to flow with the global tide and to make India a developed nation, the Indian government has brought about certain changes in its Economic Policies.

Co-operative sector :

(1) The dairy run by the National Dairy Development Board (N.D.D.B.), Dudhsagar Dairy, AMUL Dairy, etc. Apart from these many sugar factories are run on government standards.

Other co-operative sector units are :

• Gujarat Co-operative Oilseeds Growers’ Federation Ltd. (‘GROFED’ for short) and
• Gujarat State Co-operative Marketing Society Limited (GUJCOMASOL).

Steps taken by the government to increase agricultural production :

• Irrigation facilities have been developed in the country with the help of irrigation plans.
• Government provides chemical fertilizers like NPK (nitrogen, phosphorous and potash), DAP (Di-ammonium phosphate) and urea to farmers at subsidized rates.
• Government provides monetary loans are provided to needy farmers through agricultural loan plans. Monetary aid is provided in the form of subsidy or advances money as well as subsidies in the prices of best quality seeds, pesticides, pump sets or tractors.
• Guidance about scientific methods of agriculture is provided through print and electronic media.
• Agriculture Universities have been established in almost all the states of the country to ready expert and educated farmers as well as agriculture scientists.
• To ensure that farmers get proper rates for their produce, modern trade centres (Local Marketing Yards) have been set up.
• Storehouses, as well as transport and communication facilities, have been increased at government as well as co-operative level.
• Farmers are given insurance protection with the help of agricultural insurance policies.
• Many times the government itself purchases produce like ground nuts or onions. To ensure that the farmers get correct rates, many state governments themselves purchase crops like grains, cotton and sugarcane on a large scale.

(A) अस्पृश्यता

(C) आर्टिकल-17

सही विकल्प है (B) जातिवाद

चीन में माओं के नेतृत्व तले हुई क्रांति से प्रेरित होकर कुछ नक्सलियों ने विद्रोही प्रवृत्ति अपनाई है। इस उग्रवादी विचारधारा को नक्सलवाद कहा जाता है, क्योंकि इसका उद्भव पश्चिम बंगाल के नक्सलवादी गाँव से हुआ था। 1967 में पश्चिम बंगाल से शुरू होनेवाली इस विद्रोही प्रवृत्ति का बाद में उड़ीसा, आंध्र प्रदेश, केरल, त्रिपुरा, छत्तीसगढ़, झारखंड और मध्य प्रदेश तक विकास हुआ है । इस प्रवृत्ति में पीपल्स वॉर ग्रुप (P.W.G.) और माओवादी साम्यवादी केन्द्र (M.C.C.) दो मुख्य संगठन है ।

आतंकवाद समाज को विघटन की तरफ ले जाता है ।

• आतंकवादी भय, लूटफाट, हिंसा जैसी प्रवृत्तियाँ करके लोगों में संदेह, भय उत्पन्न करते है । छोटे बालकों से वृद्धों पर इस भय.. का प्रभाव पड़ता है ।
• आतंकवाद पीडित प्रदेशों में विद्यार्थियों के शिक्षण पर प्रभाव पड़ता है ।
• आतंकवाद के कारण समाज के लोगों का एक-दूसरे पर विश्वास कम होता है । परस्पर भाईचारे की भावना घटती जाती है ।
• कईबार सांप्रदायिक झगड़े उत्पन्न होते है और उनके परिणामस्वरूप समाज व्यवस्था छिन्न-भिन्न होती है । समाज में अव्यवस्था और अशांति उत्पन्न होती है ।
• आतंकवाद प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में लोग सामाजिक उत्सव उत्साह के साथ नहीं मनाते है जिसके परिणामस्वरूप लोगों के बीच का संबंध कट जाता है ।
• एक-दूसरे गाँव-शहर, राज्य के बीच का अंतर व्यवहार कम हो जाता है।

आतंकवाद के परिणामस्वरूप व्यापार-उद्योगों के लिए प्रोत्साहक वातावरण का निर्माण नहीं होता । जिससे प्रदेशों के व्यापार उद्योगों का विकास रूक जाता है ।

• व्यापार-उद्योग पर गंभीर प्रभाव पड़ने से लोगों का व्यापार धंधे के लिए स्थलांतर करना पड़ता है ।
• कुछ आतंकवादी संगठन पूँजीपतियों, उद्योगपतियों, कर्मचारियों, व्यापारियों को डर दिखाकर धन वसूल करते है ।
• आतंकवादी नशीले पदार्थों की तस्करी और काले धन जैसे असामाजिक कार्य करते है जिससे देश में सामाजिक, आर्थिक समस्याएँ उत्पन्न होती है ।
• आतंकवादी रेलवे, रेडियो स्टेशनों, रास्तों, पुलों, सरकारी संपत्तियों आदि को नुकसान पहुंचाते है, जिससे इनके पुनः स्थापन के
  करोड़ों रुपये खर्च करने पड़ते है ।
• सरकार को सलामती और सुरक्षा के लिए करोड़ों रुपये खर्च करने पड़ते है, जिससे समाजउपयोगी विकास कार्य कम होते है ।
• आतंकवाद के परिणामस्वरूप राज्य और राष्ट्र के परिवहन उद्योग, पर्यटन उद्योग को आर्थिक नुकसान सहना पड़ता है ।

सही विकल्प है (D) आतंकवाद

C. Globalization