Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Caste discrimination, gender inequality and lack of education were some of the big obstacles in our society.

Mahatma Jotirao Phule, Rajashri Shahu Maharaj and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.

Correct option is (b) rules

The cook was drunk and had forgotten what he was supposed to do. Though the occasion was an important one, as the Prime Minister of Great Britain and Lady Eden were visiting Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, the cook had messed up everything by getting drunk. Yet, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit retained her sense of balance and did not let go of her anger. She controlled the situation by remembering Gandhiji’s words, “No one can harm you but yourself.”

As a leader of the Indian delegation to the United Nations, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit had to place before her opponents India’s complaint about the treatment of people of Indian origin in South Africa. Initially, when her opponents made personal attacks, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit hit back in the same manner. But once she remembered Gandhiji’s advice to her, she brought the debate back to where it belonged, refusing to retaliate to personal attacks and argued the case on its merits.

The antiquated law refers to that aspect of the Indian law which treated a widow without sons as a non-entity. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was upset over the antiquated law which treated women so disrespectfully even though women had worked and suffered along with men in the national struggle for freedom as their equals.

a. Mahatma Gandhi.

b. The methods we use to achieve our goals.

c. When the South African delegation made personal attacks and Mrs. Pandit retaliated similarly, she was reminded of this.

a. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. She struck back at the opposing delegation at the United Nations.

b. Harsh words.

c. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit’s opponents made personal attacks that were harmful to the prestige of both Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit and her nation – India.

a. Mahatma Gandhi.

b. Courtesy and decency.

c. When Mrs. Pandit refused to make peace with her relatives.

a. The speaker is bitter that in spite of being a woman of caliber who took part in the freedom struggle of the country, according to Indian law she had existence only in relation to her husband and not independently.

b. She is both angry and bitter. She feels frustrated.

Gender discrimination starts even before birth. When the child is in the womb itself, if the sex is determined to be female, there is the danger of foeticide. After birth, girl children run the risk of infanticide. When they grow up, they are discriminated against in the field of education. When it comes to marriage, employed girls will have to give up their jobs to adjust with the family pattern of their husbands.

Those who continue to work, have to reject offers of promotion if it means going away from their families. With children coming into the picture, employment becomes a bigger problem. In addition, there is the fear of physical assault.

Thus, there is discrimination against girls at every stage. If this has to end, there should be radical change in the way society looks at girls. This is possible only when there are more and more awareness programmes which erase from the consciousness of people the idea that girls are inferior to boys. This is not an easy task because beginning with the mass media to religion, all powerful influences in society show girls playing second fiddle to men. But tasks which are challenging shouldn’t be given up.

We should try and accomplish such tasks with greater resolve. Individuals and governments should join hands to bring about the much needed progressive change in society by giving more and more incentives to girl children in education and employment. There should also be stringent punishment to those who go against women’s parity and empowerment.

Importance of Education

The world is a world of science and technology. A mart meets his requirements if he values education. Education is the Mother of Knowledge.

Everyman in the world has an aim in his life. The aim can be achieved of the values education properly. A country can progress with the mental growth of his people. Mental and physical fitness depend on the value of education. If a man fails to value education, he fails over all and he can do nothing in future.

In this present ear of computer education we find that foreign countries are in better position. They value the required education.

In our country we have many engineers produced by I.l.Ts. They are competent enough to make any change as per the requirement. They are up- to date in the field of science and technology. They are honoured even in foreign countries as they valued education. All the research, inventions of long range weapons, aeroplanes and fighter planes are the products of education. A progressing man is a life-long learner of education. All the developments are the out-come of education. Progressed countries like America, England, Russia etc are the creation of education. If we value education we can understand the problems to come in future. If we successfully understand a problem we can solve it as per our requirement. 

Thus, we all are expected to value education. It is the demand of the time.

The central idea is that the novel makes man “live” and it is superior to other fields of study.

प्रधान विचार यह है कि उपन्यास मनुष्य को जीवित रखता है और यह ज्ञान के अन्य क्षेत्रों से बेहतर है।

A retired British Officer Allan Octavian Hume, along with other 72 political workers, laid the foundation of Indian National Congress at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay on December 28, 1885. Womesh Chunder Bannerjee was the chairman of its first session. The main cause of the foundation of Indian National Congress was to quell the dissatisfaction and resentment against the British Government.

At the time of its foundation, the party’s objective was to obtain greater participation of educated Indians in the government and to create a forum where political dialogues between educated Indians and the British Raj could be arranged. Besides, Congress was committed to support those Indians who were engaged in the task of national interest and who were acting as a link to develop a direct contact and friendship among people of different castes, colour and creed, developing the feeling of parasitism towards nationalism and improving the social and economic condition of Indians.

Free Trade Policy.

a safe, permanent underling’s job in the Law Courts

The three major movements conducted by Mahatma Gandhi are given below :

1. Non – cooperation movement: 

This movement was launched in January, 1921. The main object of this movement was to boycott all political, social and economic institutions of British India, in order to put pressure on the Government. This movement strengthened the unity between the Hindus and Muslims.

2. Civil – Disobedience movement: 

This movement was launched on March 12, 1930, along with “Dandy March”. The main objective of this movement was to violate every rule and regulation of British government through Civil Disobedience. The middle-class, labor-class and farmers also took active part in this movement. The movement started with the demand of right to prepare salt.

3. Quit India movement:

It was an important movement which started on August 9, 1942. Main objective of this movement was a quick end of British rule in India. Gandhi gave the slogan “Do or die”. It was the most aggressive movement. Although the movement could not achieve its goal, yet it awakened the desire of independence among-st Indians.

Now she was able to see flies crawling slowly out of a saucer of milk.

Lord Lytton was the Viceroy in India from 1876 to 1880. He persecuted the Indians with his suppressible policies.

Main suppressible policies adopted by him were: 

1. He reduced the age of recruitment in Indian Civil Services to 19 years. 

2. During a severe drought, he arranged a large welcome function in Delhi for Queen Victoria. 

3. In 1876, he passed the weapons bill for the Indians, according to this, it was necessary for Indians to have a licence for keeping a weapon. This act prevented the Indians from keeping arms without appropriate licence, but this provision was not applied to the Europeans and Anglo-Indians. 

4. He passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878. According to it, Indian newspapers could not publish any news against the government. 

5. For expansion of imperialism, he attacked Afghanistan. 

6. His economic policy was against India.

7. Lord Lytton supported free-trade policy and removed import duty from 29 commodities and reduced the import duty on cotton textiles to half in order to destroy the cottage industry in India.

a lovely, clinging green dress with a ruffle of swans down

She knew – main clause that she was condemned – subordinate noun clause

Charles Burt and Rose Shaw

The poem seems to be the poet’s address to his beloved. In metaphysical terms, the poet presents himself as the beloved and assumes God to be the lover. He wants that they should love each other most sincerely. There should be no differences between them. Their love should keep growing day by day. Shadows being symbolical of the feeling of self, the poet wishes to tread them. He wants to end all the differences between God and himself. By treading over shadows, he wants to be one with God. He wants to retain this state of oneness with God forever.

यह कविता कवि के द्वारा उसकी प्रेमिका को सम्बोधित प्रतीत होती है। रहस्यवाद में, कवि स्वयं को प्रेमिका के रूप में प्रस्तुत करता है और ईश्वर को प्रेमी मान लेता है। वह चाहता है कि वे दोनों (ईश्वर तथा वह स्वयं) एक-दूसरे को सर्वाधिक सच्चा प्रेम करें। उनके बीच कोई दूरियाँ न हों। उनका प्रेम दिन-प्रतिदिन बढ़ता जाये। चूँकि परछाईयाँ स्वत्व की भावना (अहं) की प्रतीक हैं अतः कवि उन्हें कुचल देना चाहता है। वह ईश्वर और स्वयं के बीच की सभी दूरियाँ (भेद) समाप्त कर देना चाहता है। परछाईयों को कुचलकर वह ईश्वर के साथ एकीभूत हो जाना चाहता है। वह ईश्वर के साथ एकीभूत होने की इस स्थिति को सदा बनाये रखना चाहता है।

Mrs. Holman was leaning forward and telling her how her eldest boy had strained his heart running; yet, she could see her, too, quite detached in the looking glass.

How did Mrs. Holman look at it?

punched the cushions

Shadows are the symbol of one’s ego, of one’s consciousness towards one’s separate identity. Their being trodden signifies the end of the ego. It means a person’s oneness with the supreme soul i.e. God. When a person treads his shadow or loses the sense of self, he considers himself to be one with the Maker of universe. At this stage all differences between God and him disappear. This is the state of permanent bliss. All things become clear. The duality of love is removed. The person considers himself to be one with God.

परछाईयाँ व्यक्ति के अहं की, अपने पृथक व्यक्तित्व के प्रति उसकी चेतनता की प्रतीक हैं। उनके कुचले जाने का अभिप्राय है – अहं का अन्त। इसका तात्पर्य है – व्यक्ति का सर्वोच्च आत्मा अर्थात् परमात्मा अथवा ईश्वर के साथ एक हो जाना। जब व्यक्ति अपनी परछाई को कुचल देता है अथवा स्वत्व के भाव को खो देता है (समाप्त कर देता है) तो वह स्वयं को ब्रह्माण्ड के निर्माता के साथ एकीभूत समझने लगता है। इस स्थिति में ईश्वर और उसके बीच की सभी दूरियाँ (मतभेद) समाप्त हो जाती हैं। यह परमानन्द की स्थिति होती है। सभी चीजें स्पष्ट हो जाती हैं। प्रेम का दोहरापन खत्म हो जाता है। व्यक्ति ईश्वर के साथ एकाकार मानता है।

The shadows keep growing shorter before noon. At noon, they do not exist at all and after noon, they start growing longer. Through the image of the shadows, the poet wants to convey the idea that differences in love’s initial stage keep decreasing. Then they totally vanish. After this stage, the differences in love begin to grow and the lovers move apart.

दोपहर से पहले परछाईयाँ छोटी होती जाती हैं, फिर दोपहर के समय वे बिल्कुल समाप्त हो जाती हैं तथा दोपहर बाद वे लम्बी होती जाती हैं। परछाईयों की कल्पना के माध्यम से कवि यह विचार व्यक्त करना चाहता है कि आरम्भिक अवस्था में प्रेम में मतभेद घटते जाते हैं। फिर वे पूरी तरह गायब हो जाते हैं। इस अवस्था के बाद प्रेम में दूरियाँ बढ़ने लगती हैं और प्रेमी दूर होते जाते हैं।

The poem “A Lecture Upon the Shadow” is one of the metaphysical poems composed by John Donne. Its theme is love between two lovers. Throughout the poem, the poet uses the figurative language of metaphors of shadows — shadows of morning, noon. By the use of such language the poet wants to convey the idea that differences in love’s initial stage keep decreasing. Then they totally vanish. After this the differences in love begin to grow and the lovers move apart. In the end, the poet suggests that though the infatuation exhausts itself, true love keeps its lustre alive. Te safari “A Lecture. upon the Shadow” John Donne

द्वारा रचित आध्यात्मिक कविताओं में से एक है। दो प्रेमियों के बीच प्रेम इसका विषय है। पूरी कविता में कवि ने प्रातः, दोपहर और दोपहर के बाद की परछाईयों के रूपकों की अलंकारिक भाषा का प्रयोग किया है। इस प्रकार की भाषा के प्रयोग द्वारा कवि यह विचार व्यक्त करना चाहता है कि आरंभिक अवस्था में प्रेम में मतभेद घटते जाते हैं। फिर वे पूरी तरह समाप्त हो जाते हैं। इसके पश्चात् प्रेम में दूरियां बढ़ने लगती हैं और प्रेमी दूर हो जाते हैं। अन्त में कवि यह संकेत देता है कि यद्यपि प्रेमोन्माद समाप्त हो जाता है, सच्चा प्रेम अपनी चमक को बराबर रखता है।

The poem, “A Lecture upon the Shadow” is an expression of John Donne’s philosophy of love. He believes that initially, lovers have their secrets and distrusts of each other. But those are reduced as their love blossoms and flourishes. As the time passes, the secrets and distrusts begin to shroud the idealistic vision of the lovers. Their honesty and loyalty get weakened. They become disillusioned and disenchanted with each other when their expectations are not fulfilled as per their imagination. The poet believes that love should be constant. True love neither diminishes nor ends. It is immortal.

कविता ‘A Lecture Upon the Shadow’, कवि John Donne के प्यार के दर्शन की अभिव्यक्ति है। उसका विश्वास है कि प्रारम्भ में, प्रेमियों के अपने छिपे हुये कारण और एक दूसरे के प्रति अविश्वास होते हैं। लेकिन ये कम होते जाते हैं जैसे-जैसे उनका प्यार बढ़ता है और फलता-फूलता है। जैसे-जैसे समय गुजरता है ये गुप्त कारण और अविश्वास प्रेमियों की आदर्शवादी कल्पना को ढकने लगते हैं। उनकी ईमानदारी और वफादारी कमजोर हो जाती है। जब उनकी आशायें वैसे पूरी नहीं होती जैसे वे कल्पना करते हैं तब उनका एक दूसरे के प्रति मोह-भंग हो जाता है। कवि का विश्वास है कि प्यार में स्थिरता होनी चाहिये। सच्चा प्यार न तो कम होता है और न समाप्त होता है। यह तो अमर होता है।

Westwardly decline’ means the gradual decline of the sun after noon towards the west. With reference to love, it means that love between the two lovers begins to decrease gradually. It loses its ardour after it has attained its highest point. Then lovers begin to behave falsely and keep secrets.

‘पश्चिमोत्तर अवनति’ का अर्थ दोपहर के बाद सूर्य के पश्चिम में धीरे-धीरे डूबने से है। प्यार के संदर्भ में इसका अर्थ है कि दो प्रेमियों के बीच प्रेम धीरे-धीरे कम होता जाता है। अपना चरम बिन्दु छूने के बाद यह | (प्रेम) अपना उत्साह खो देता है। फिर प्रेमी दिखावटी व्यवहार करने और बातों को गुप्त रखने लगते हैं।

The poet wishes to convey to his beloved that she should love him sincerely. Their love should be true and long lasting. It should not wither away with the passage of time. They should have no differences between them. He wants to tell her that once they reach the height of love, they must retain it. They must not let it vanish.

कवि अपनी प्रेमिका को यह बताना चाहता है कि वह उससे सच्चा प्रेम करे। उनका प्रेम सच्चा व स्थाई हो। यह समय गुजरने के साथ मुरझा न जाये (कमज़ोर न पड़ जाये)। उनके (कवि और उसकी प्रेमिका के) बीच कोई दूरियां या मतभेद न हों। वह उससे कहना चाहता है कि एक बार जब वे अपने प्रेम की पराकाष्ठा पर पहुँच जायें तो उन्हें उसे बनाये रखना चाहिए। उन्हें इसे खोने नहीं देना चाहिए।

True love is beyond time, location and circumstances. True love has no degrees. It does not change with the passage of time. It never comes to an end. In true love, the lover and the beloved are wholly sincere to each other. True love does not tolerate any differences between the lover and the beloved.

सच्चा प्यार समय, स्थान तथा स्थितियों की परिधियों से परे होता है। वास्तविक प्यार की कोई सीमा या परिमाण नहीं है। यह समयानुसार परिवर्तित नहीं होता है। इसका कभी अन्त नहीं होता है। सच्चे प्रेम में प्रेमी व प्रेमिका एक-दूसरे के प्रति पूर्ण निष्ठा रखते हैं। सच्चा प्रेम प्रेमी और प्रेमिका के बीच कोई मतभेद सहन नहीं करता।

Shadows are the symbol of darkness and gloom. Though love is a constant light; it is always prone to be overcome by shadows. If the lovers can’t keep their love in its absolute state, it comes to an end. The light of their love having gone, they fall into the darkness of gloom.

परछाईयाँ अंधकार व दु:ख की प्रतीक हैं। यद्यपि प्रेम एक स्थाई प्रकाश है परन्तु इसके परछाईयों के प्रभाव में आने की सम्भावना सदा बनी रहती है। यदि प्रेमी अपने प्रेम को उसकी शुद्ध व पूर्ण अवस्था में बनाये नहीं रख पाते हैं तो वह समाप्त हो जाता है। उनके प्रेम के प्रकाश के समाप्त हो जाने के बाद वे दु:ख के अन्धकार में गिर जाते हैं।

Everything to be dark (or darkness).

The shadows before noon constantly grow shorter. At the time of noon, they vanish altogether. Then in the afternoon, they constantly grow longer. The shadows before noon represent the lover and the beloved coming closer. At noon, they reach the stage of absolute love. The shadows after noon represent their moving apart.

दोपहर से पूर्व की परछाईयाँ लगातार छोटी होती रहती हैं। दोपहर के समय वे पूरी तरह गायब हो जाती हैं। फिर दोपहर के बाद वे लगातार लम्बी होती जाती हैं। दोपहर से पूर्व की परछाईयाँ प्रेमी व प्रेमिका की बढ़ती घनिष्ठता की प्रतीक हैं। दोपहर के समय वे शुद्ध व पूर्ण प्रेम की अवस्था पर पहुँच जाते हैं। दोपहर के बाद की परछाईयाँ उनके दूर होने की प्रतीक हैं।

Morning shadows refer to the differences and distrusts at the initial stages of the growing love between lovers.

सुबह की परछाईयाँ प्रेमियों के बीच बढ़ते हुये प्रेम के प्रारम्भिक स्तरों पर मतभेदों और अविश्वासों की ओर संकेत करती हैं।

1. Mrs. Holman did not notice Mabel’s dress because she was worried about her family.

2. Mabel was angry because Mrs. Holman treated her like a house agent or messenger boy. 

3. Mrs. Holman leaned forward and told Mabel how her eldest boy had strained his heart running. 

4. Mabel compared the clamour and greed of human beings for sympathy to a row of cormorants, barking and flapping their wings.

1. Etymology – the study of the origin and history of words. 

2. Archaeology – the scientific study of material remains (such as tools, pottery, jewelry, stone walls, and monuments) of past human life and activities.

Shadows mean differences between the lovers. When they appear, they do not let the lovers see their love for each other.

परछाईयों का अर्थ है प्रेमियों के बीच मतभेद। जब ये प्रकट होते हैं तो वे प्रेमियों को एक दूसरे के प्रति प्रेम को देखने ही नहीं देते हैं।

‘Disguise’ means false behaviour, secrets and distrusts which characterise love in its initial stages between two lovers.

वास्तविक रूप छिपाना’ का अर्थ है झूठा व्यवहार, गुप्त कारण और अविश्वास जो दो प्रेमियों के बीच प्रेम के प्रारम्भिक स्तरों में पाये जाते हैं।

(a) attire 

(b) garb 

(c) costume 

(d) garment 

(e) outfit 

(f) apparel

(i) The poet himself 

(ii) Love at its initial stage 

“We do those shadows tread”, this line symbolizes that lovers finally overcome their distrust, merge their identities and become one.

“हम इन परछाइयों पर चलते हैं, इस वाक्य का प्रतीकात्मक अर्थ है कि अन्त में प्रेमी अपने अविश्वास को जीत लेते हैं, अपनी पहचान को एक दूसरे में लीन कर देते हैं और एक हो जाते हैं।

In this poem, shadow refers to the duality in the lovers’ personality, their flows, their secrets, their distrust of each other.

इस कविता में परछाई का अर्थ प्रेमियों के व्यक्तित्व में दोहरेपन से, उनकी कमियों, गुप्त कारणों, एक दूसरों के प्रति अविश्वास से है।

Love’s philosophy is that it keeps growing in its initial stage. Then comes the stage when it reaches its peak. If it is not retained at this height, it comes to an end. The shadows or differences in love bring its end. Hence, the lover and the beloved must keep no shadows or differences between them.

प्रेम का दर्शन यह है कि अपनी प्रारम्भिक अवस्था में प्रेम बढ़ता रहता है। फिर वह स्थिति आती है जब यह अपनी पराकाष्ठा पर पहुँच जाता है। यदि इसे इस ऊँचाई पर न बनाये रखा जाये तो यह समाप्त हो जाता है। प्रेम में परछाईयाँ या मतभेद इसे समाप्त कर देते हैं। इसलिए प्रेमी और प्रेमिका को अपने बीच कोई परछाईयाँ या मतभेद नहीं रखने चाहिए।

Morning shadows keep growing shorter. At noon, they altogether vanish. Then after noon, they start growing longer and longer by evening. These correspond to the three stages of love. Differences between lovers keep decreasing in the beginning. Then they (differences) totally disappear. If love is not retained at this stage, they start growing again.

प्रात:काल की परछाईयाँ छोटी होती जाती हैं। दोपहर में वे बिल्कुल गायब हो जाती हैं। फिर दोपहर के बाद वे शाम तक लम्बी, और लम्बी होती जाती हैं। ये प्रेम की तीन अवस्थाओं की प्रतीक होती हैं। प्रेम के आरम्भ में प्रेमियों के बीच की दूरियाँ कम होती जाती हैं। फिर वे पूरी तरह गायब हो जाती हैं। यदि प्रेम को इस स्थिति में न रोक लिया जाये तो वे (आपस की दूरियां) पुनः बढ़ने लगती हैं।

False sentences: 

2. Rose Shaw was actually looking very fierce and tragic. 

3. Charles Burt wanted to talk to Mabel. 

4. Charles Burt told Mabel that she was looking charming. 

Corrected sentences: 

2. Mabel imagined that Rose Shaw would look very fierce and tragic. 

3. Mabel wanted to talk to Charles Burt. 

4. Mabel wished that Charles Burt had told her that she was looking charming.