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Single cell protein is defined as a crude or a refined edible protein, extracted from pure microbial cultures or from dead or dried cell biomass.

Triticale a hybrid of wheat having dietary fibre and protein.

(1) Carbon dating method is technique used for determining the age of fossils.

(2) After the death of the organisms, their consumption of carbon stops. But right from that moment the decaying process of C-14 occurs continuously.

(3) This results in change in the ratio between C-14 and C-12. C-12 is not radioactive as C-14.

(4) Thus the time passed since the death of a plant or animal is calculated by measuring the radioactivity of C-14 and ratio of C-14 to C-12 present in their body.

(5) The points noted during carbon dating are:

• The period after the organism has been dead.
• The activity of C-14 in the dead organism.
• Ratio between C-14 and C-12.

Callus is defined as a mass of undifferentiated cells, formed by division and redivision of the cells of explant.

Objectives of biofortification are as follows:

1. Improvement in protein content and quality. 

2. Improvement in oil content and quality. 

3. Improvement in vitamin content. 

4. Improvement in micronutrient content and quality. 

5. To overcome the problem of malnutrition.

The dwarfing gene is Sd.I.

Gibberellins are growth hormones produced by higher plants and fungi. 

Applications of gibberellins are as follows: 

1. Gibberellins induce parthenocarpy in fruits like pear and apple.

2. Gibberellins promote growth by stem elongation. 

3. They break the dormancy of seeds. 

4. They induce flowering in long day plants in short day conditions. 

5. They are used to enlarge the size of grapes.

1. In suspension culture, small groups of cells or a single cell are transferred to liquid nutritive medium as explants. 

2. The liquid medium is constantly agitated by using shakers (agitators). 

3. The agitation serves the purpose of aeration, mixing of medium and prevents the aggregation of cells. 

4. Generally the suspension culture shows a high proportion of single isolated cells and small clumps of cells. 

5. Suspension culture grows much faster than callus culture. 

6. Suspension culture is used for cell biomass production which can be utilized for biochemical isolation, regeneration of new plants, etc.

An inherent ability of living plant cell to grow, divide, redivide and give rise to a whole plant is known as totipotency.

Anabaena, Nostoc, Plectonema, Oscillatoria.

Transcription:

1. In the process of transcription, the sequence of nucleotides present on the DNA molecule is copied and carried to the cytoplasm by mRNA.

2. The process of transcription takes place in nucleus.

3. During transcription, RNA is produced from DNA.

4. Only mRNA takes part in transcription.

Translation:

1. In the process of translation, the specific amino acids are picked up according to the codons brought by mRNA.

2. The process of translation takes place in ribosomes located in cytoplasm.

3. During translation, proteins are produced with the help of RNA.

4. mRNA, tRNA and rRNA take part in translation.

1. Micropropagation involves in rapid multiplication of genetically similar plants (clones). 

2. A large number of plantlets are obtained within a short period and in a small space. 

3. Plants are obtained throughout the year, under controlled conditions, independent of seasons. 

4. As micropropagation results in the formation of clones, desirable characters (genotype and sex) of superior variety can be maintained for many generations. 

5. The rare plant and endangered species are multiplied and conserved using this technique. 

6. With the help of somatic hybrids (cybrids), new variety can be obtained in short time span. 

7. Micropropagation is involved in commercial production of ornamental plants like v orchids, Chrysanthemum, Eucalyptus, etc. and fruit plants like banana, grapes, Citrus, etc.

The part of plant used in tissue culture is known as explant.

Thane creek, Manori creek, Rajapuri creek, Kalbadevi Estuary in Ratnagiri, Damanganga estuary and Narmada estuary

The plant tissue culture medium consists of water, all essential minerals, sources for carbohydrates, proteins and fats, growth hormones like auxins and cytokinins, vitamins. Agar is added to solidify nutrient medium for callus culture.

1. Glassware is sterilized by using detergents and hot air oven. 

2. Nutrient medium is autoclaved under constant pressure of 15 lb/sq inch, continuously for 20 minutes to sterilize it. 

3. Explant is treated with 20% ethyl alcohol and 0.1% HgCl₂. 

4. Sterilization of inoculation chamber (Laminar air flow) is done using UV ray tube for 1 hour before actual inoculation of explant on the sterilized nutrient medium.

Applications of tissue culture are as follows:

1. Production of healthy plants from diseased plants using apical meristems as explants. 

2. Production of stress resistant plants. 

3. Production of haploid plantlets by pollen culture. 

4. Production of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, enzymes, hormones, etc. 

5. Multiplication of rare and endangered plants. 

6. Production of somaclonal variants. 

7. Use of micropropagation techniques to produce large number of genetically identical plants.

8. Protoplast culture 

9. Tissue culture has applications in forestry, agriculture, horticulture, genetic engineering and physiology

Tissue culture is growing isolated cells, tissues, organs ‘in vitro’ on a solid or liquid nutrient medium, under aseptic and controlled conditions of light, humidity and temperature, for achieving various objectives.

Callus culture and suspension culture are the type of tissue culture based on the type of in vitro growth.

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)

Jaya, Padma and Ratna

Shrimati, Basarai, G-9

Correct answer is (a) Himgiri

CO-419, 421, 453

Hybrid varieties of millets developed in India are high yielding and resistant to water stress.

Regina-II is mutant variety of cabbage.

NP 836 (rust resistant)

Saccharum ojficinarum variety of sugar cane has high sugar content and better yield. It is cultivated in South India.

Mutant variety of rice is Jagannath .

Correct answer is (d) Taiwan

(1) – e, 

(2) – f, 

(3) – a, 

(4) – b,

(5) – c.

Policy measures undertaken for the eradication of poverty are as follows:

Control of population: There are various population policies and family welfare programmes introduced to control the growth of the population. 

Agriculture: Providing minimum support prices for selected crops and providing cheaper credit facilities to farmers are the measures taken to ensure stable agricultural income to farmers. 

Rural works: New employment is created for labours of the rural areas by way of construction of roads, irrigation projects, etc. 

Rural industrialization: To increase the income of people living in rural areas,employment is created by promoting small-scale and cottage industries.

Minimum wages: In 1948, the Minimum Wages Act was passed to provide fair wages to labourers and workers of industrial and agricultural areas. 

Public distribution system: Under the public distribution system food grains are made available to poor people at highly subsidized rates through ration shops.

Nationalization of banks: Nationalization of banks was undertaken to provide loans to poor people at lower interest rates. 

Progressive tax measures: Progressive income tax system has been introduced to reduce inequalities in the distribution of income. 

Education: Primary education is made free as well as education for girls is provided at no cost to increase the enrollment ratio.

Affordable housing: Affordable housing facilities are provided to the rural and urban poor through the Slum Rehabilitation programme. 

Health Facilities: Government hospitals, primary health centers have been established to provide medical facilities to poor people. 

Skill development and selfemployment: Skill-based training is provided for skill development which inspires people towards selfemployment.

(1) – d, 

(2) – f, 

(3) – a, 

(4) – e, 

(5) – b.

Social exclusion

No, I do not agree with the statement. 

The causes of poverty besides regional imbalance are as follows: 

Population explosion: Due to the increase in population, poverty is growing rapidly. 

Slow economic growth: There is slow industrial and agricultural growth due to which the economy is growing slowly.

Unemployment and Underemployment: Unemployment is the major factor of increased poverty.

Economic inequalities: There are inequalities in the distribution of income, assets, consumption expenditure, which in fact have increased poverty.

Besides these, there are many other causes like: 

• Inaccessibility to infrastructural facility 
• Inflation in the country 
• The vicious circle of poverty 
• Other factors – like gender discrimination, corruption, natural disasters, etc.

(1) – e, 

(2) – d, 

(3) – b, 

(4) – a, 

(5) – f

Economic effects of poverty: 

• Low national income: As a substantial number of people are poor, their income, saving, and investment are inadequate. This results in low capital formation. 
• Adverse effect on production: Since the capital for modernization is not available, the farmers continue with the outdated methods. Similarly, the industry does not have funds for modernization.
• Misallocation of resources: To help the poor, the government spends a huge amount on welfare activities. This restricts the allocation of resources for productive activities. 
• Low standard of living: Due to low per capita income and low per capita consumption, people are forced to live in slums. This is reflected in the low standard of living. 
• Malnutrition and starvation: Poor people can not afford a balanced diet due to low income. They do not get the minimum calories from their diet.

Multidimensional poverty

Yes, I agree with the statement. 

• Differences in income earned by people in relative poverty. 
• If one person earns less than the other, he is said to be poorer than the other. 
• So, this difference in the earnings of people will be found in all the countries of the world.
• This is found because of differences in talents, education, abilities, skills, etc. of different people, and this cannot be removed from any country. 
• So, relative poverty is a universal phenomenon.

Relative poverty

(i) (A) is true, but (R) is False.

(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Direct taxes – 

Eg: Income tax, wealth tax and corporation tax.

Indirect taxes – 

Eg: Stamp duty, Entertainment tax and Excise duty, Goods and services tax.

1. Tax 

2. taxation 

3. direct 

4. Corporate tax 

5. 1^st July 2017 

6. Black Money

In India, there are three levels of Governments. They are Union Government, State Government and Local Government. They carryout functions for the benefit of people and society. 

The role of Government can be studied under the following heads.

(i) Defence: To create and maintain defence forces in the country as an essential security function to protect our country from enemies. (Army, Navy and Air Force)

(ii) Foreign policy: India is committed to world peace. We maintain friendly economic relationship to all the countries of the world.

(iii) Conduct of periodic elections: India is a democratic country. We elect our representatives to parliament and State Assemblies.

(iv) Law and order: To settle disputes, the Union Government consists of strong judicial system with court at the National, State and Lower levels. The State Governments takes responsibility to maintain law and order with responsibility from police department.

(v) Public administration and provision of public goods: The public administration is done by the Government with the help of departments for revenue, health, education, rural development etc. Also, it provides public goods like rural roads, drainage, drinking water etc.

(vi) Redistribution of Income and Abolision of poverty: The Government spends money in such a way that the poorer are given basic necessities of life like food, clothing, shelter, education, health care, etc. Thereby the redistribution of income should eradicate poverty in the country.

(vii) Regulate the Economy: The Central Government with the help of the Reserve Bank of India, controls supply of money in the economy and the Interest rate, inflation and foreign exchange. The various agencies like securities Exchange Board of India and competition commission if India are also a tool for the Government to control the economy.

An excise tax is any duty on manufactured goods levied at the movements of manufacture, rather than at sale. Excise is typically imposed in addition to an indirect tax such as a sales tax.

Goods and Service Tax is defined as the tax levied when a consumer buys a good or service. That aims to replace all indirect taxes levied on goods and services by the Central and state governments. GST would eliminative the cascading effect of taxes on the production and distribution of goods and services. It is also a “one-point tax” unlike value-added tax (VAT), which was a multipoint tax.

1. The rate of water tax is fixed at the 1.5% of the assessed annual value.

2. The administration is related to water tax in the city of Chennai is vested with (CMWS and SB) Chennai Metro Water Supply and Sewage Board.

3. Water tax is levied on private individuals and businesses on tap water. 

4. Payment for water tax can be done online receipts will be generated within 24 hours of payment. 

5. The time line of payment will be specified in the demand notice.

6. Failing to make the payment even after demanding legal proceedings added with fine and other charges are made.

Electricity Tax:

1. Electricity tax is an excise duty that is charged on the supplies of electricity made on or after 1st October 2008. 

2. The tax is charged on the final supply of electricity to the consumer.

3. The liability of payments arises at the time the electricity is supplied. 

4. The tax at a rate of 5% of the consumption charges.

House Tax / Property Tax:

1. A property tax or a house tax is a tax on the value of a property like house, office building etc.

2. This tax is levied by the governing authority of the area in.which the property is located.