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1. (i) 60º

2. (ii) A = r₁ + r₂

3. (i) r = sin(i) x n

4. (iii) 0º

5.(i) 60º

C) i, e and d

D) The angle between the incident ray and refracted ray is called angle of deviation.

Correct option is  B) a prism

A) Concave lens with focal length 5 m

D) at infinity

B) at infinity

D) beyond C₁

Correct option is  C) at C₁

B) focal plane

B) between 25 cm and infinity

1. (iv) Anne Gregory

2. (ii) To make her lover love her for herself and not for her external beauty.

3. (iii) Alliteration

4. (iv) She should be loved for being herself and not for her external beauty.

5. (ii) Hopeless

1. (iii) To Anne Gregory

2. (iv) The honey coloured hair of the lady.

3. (i) Honey

4. (ii) Anne's yellow hair

5. (ii) Name of the poem is For Anne Gregory and the poet is W.B Yeats.

1. (ii) Poet Y.B yeats

2. (iv) He heard that God's love is superior to all.

3. (iii) Alliteration

4. (iii) An old religious man

5. (i) Young lovers love their physical appearance but God loves them for being themselves.

Two major cities in control of the Chahamanas were Delhi and Ajmer.

To become a member of a committee of the sabha in the Chola empire the following qualifications were necessary  The member had to be a revenue-paying landowner. He had to possess his own home. He had to be between the age of 30 -70 years. He had to have knowledge of the Vedas. He should have been honest and well versed in administrative matters.

A Drafting committee drafted the constitution of India.

The Parliament consists of two houses.The Upper House is called Rajya Sabha and the Lower House is called Lok Sabha.

Rajya Sabha : This House is also known as the House of Elders. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and is not dissolved like the Lok Sabha. The Term of the members is six years. The number of seats in the Rajya sabha is 250.

Lok Sabha : The members of the Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people, so, it is known as the House of People. The maximum number of seats is 545. 543 members are directly elected by the people. Whereas two angloIndians are nominated by the President. 79 sets are reserved for SCs and 41 seats are reserved for STs. The Lok Sabha members are elected for a term of five years. However, on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, the President may dissolve the Lok Sabha. During emergency, the term may be extended for one year.

The qualifications of the members of Lok Sabha are: 

1. He/She should be the citizen of India. 

2. He/She must not be less than 25 years of age. 

3. He/She should not hold any office of profit under the Government. 

4. He/She should not be unsound mind. 

5. He/She should not have been punished under law. 

6. He/She should possess qualifications as specified by Parliament from time to time.

The executive is created by the legislature and responsible for it. It is known as the parliamentary form of government.

It means that India shall have an elected representative as the head of the state for a limited period of time.

It is one which declares the aims and objectives of constitution.

Part IV of the constitution contains the directive principles of state policy.

The expenditure considered being a charge on the consolidated fund of India is not put to the vote of parliament. It includes salaries of president.

Directive principles of state policy are provisions enshrined in the constitution to provide the ideals of social and economic democracy.

1. Under article 352 National emergency. 2. Under article 356 state emergency. 3. Under article 360 financial emergency.

It is where there is freedom of religion state doesn’t interfere with the individuals religious matters.

The head of the state directly or indirectly elects through election for a fixed tenure is called republic state.

There are 395 articles that exists in the original constitution.

Aristotle studies political science first scientifically.

The word federation is derived from the Latin word ‘foedus’, which means treaty or agreement. The federal form of government comes into existence through treaty or agreement federation is born by creating new state.

All the Indians irrespective of state, province are having only one citizenship is called single citizenship.

There are 465 articles that exist now in our constitution.

Aristotle is known as the father of Political Science.

The American constitution is the shortest constitution in the world.

Bringing about socio-economic changes to ensure a decent life to Indian citizens is called a socialist state.

1. Internal sovereignty. 

2. External sovereignty.

1. Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic.

2. the Parliament.

3. the Vice President.

4. not less than the age of 25

5. the President.

6. 54, 55

7. the President

The President is elected by an electoral college of elected members of both houses of the parliament, all elected members of legislative Assemblies of all States. His term of office is five years, he can be removed from the office by the Parliament through the motion of Impeachment.

The Union Cabinet is the real Executive, and has Ministers in two hierarchies. The first one is cabinet and the second is the minister of state. The maximum strength of the Union Cabinet is 15% of the total strength of the parliament. The Cabinet hak two kinds responsibilities. The minister of every department is responsible for the administration of his department. He has individual responsibility for the success or failure of his department. 

The Union Cabinet has collective responsibility to the Parliament with regard to the decisions and policies taken by it. Therefore the cabinet be in power as long as it enjoys the trust of the Parliament. When it loses the trust, it has to be removed by a No-Confidence Motion.

The composition of the Rajya Sabha is as under :

There are 250 members in the Rajya. Out of 250, 238 members are elected by the members of the State Assemblies and Union territories. The remaining twelve members, who expert from various fields like literature, art, science, and social work are nominated by the President. This House is also known as the House of Elders. This house is a permanent body and is not dissolved like the Lok Sabha. The term of the members is six years. One of its members retire on the expiration of six year term every second year. In their places, new members are elected.

The Vice President is the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Deputy Speaker is chosen from among the members. The House should meet atleast twice in year.

Reference : This stanza has been taken from the poem The Song of the Free composed by Swami Vivekanand, a saint, philosopher and a poet. 

Context : This poem reveals the message of Swami Vivekanand to every human being. He gives some examples to show that there are so many difficulties in the life of everyone. It is our duty to face them boldly and then we shall become great. 

Explanation : In this opening stanza the poet says that the snake shows its head when it is hurt. When the flame is excited, it burns brightly. When the lion is struck by the hunter’s arrow or bullet, its angry roars can be heard in the whole forest. When violent lightening is seen in the sky, it rains heavily. In the same way when the inner soul is stirred up, great ideas come out from within because the character of inner soul is divine.

Reference : This stanza has been taken from the poem The Song of the Free composed by Swami Vivekanand, a saint, philosopher and a poet. 

Context : This poem reveals the message of Swami Vivekanand to every human being. He gives some examples to show that there are so many difficulties in the life of everyone. It is our duty to face them boldly and then we shall become great. 

Explanation : In this concluding stanza the poet says that life of man is full of so many difficulties, troubles, miseries, etc. Fate and nature also seem not to favour him. Friends also betray him. There may be many ups and downs in the life. Yet he should not leave the right path and should not lose heart. He should remember that he has a divine power with him. So he should march on boldly to achieve the real aim of life. Success must come. 

Here the poet clears that the man existed in this world before the creation of the planets and the universe. He is at present time and he will remain in this world forever. He means to say that the man is immortal and he never dies.

कवि स्पष्ट करता है कि आदमी इस संसार में इस बह्माण्ड तथा ग्रहों की उत्पत्ति से भी पहले विद्यमान था और वह वर्तमान समय में भी है तथा वह संसार में हमेशा के लिए रहेगा। अर्थात् आदमी अमर है और वह कभी मरता नहीं है।

On behalf of this poem the poet conveys an important message to the human being that the soul is immortal and it is shapeless. He says that in order to feel the presence of soul the man must have to remove his ignorance and avoid the external structure of the man which is mortal. The poet says until the man remains involved among the materialistic world and feel the existence of his body, he cannot understand the presence of soul in his structure.

The poet clears that the man must see in his heart and create awareness of his soul and identify himself in the form of soul and remove the fear of death from his heart and mind and count himself God because God has granted the man all the powers equal to God; so the man is God and he is at present and existed in this world before the creation of the universe and will remain forever in this world. The man ought to admit his existence in this world and believe immortality of soul in this mortal world.

इस कविता के माध्यम से कवि मानव जाति को एक महत्त्वपूर्ण सन्देश प्रदान करता है कि आत्मा अमर है तथा यह निराकार है। वह कहता है कि आत्मा की उपस्थिति को समझने के लिए मानव को अपनी अज्ञानता दूर करनी होगी तथा उसे अपने बाहरी ढाँचे को नकार देना चाहिए जो कि नश्वर है। कवि कहता है कि जब तक मानव भौतिक संसार में लिप्त रहेगा तथा अपने शरीर की उपस्थिति को महसूस करेगा तब तक वह अपने शरीर में आत्मा को नहीं समझ सकता है।

कवि स्पष्ट करता है कि मनुष्य को अपने दिल में देखना चाहिए तथा अपनी आत्मा की जागरूकता को समझना चाहिए तथा स्वयं को आत्मा के रूप में पहचानना चाहिए तथा मृत्यु के भय को अपने दिल व दिमाग से त्याग देना चाहिए तथा स्वयं को भगवान समझना चाहिए। क्योंकि भगवान ने मानव को स्वयं की शक्तियाँ प्रदान की हैं। अतः आदमी ही भगवान है और वह इस संसार में उपस्थित है तथा ब्रह्माण्ड की रचना से पहले इस संसार में था और हमेशा बरकरार रहेगा। मानव को इस संसार में अपने अस्तित्व को समझना चाहिए तथा इस नश्वरे संसार में आत्मा की अमरता को समझना चाहिए।

Reference : This stanza has been taken from the poem The Song of the Free composed by Swami Vivekanand, a saint, philosopher and a poet. 

Context : This poem reveals the message of Swami Vivekanand to every human being. He gives some examples to show that there are so many difficulties in the life of everyone. It is our duty to face them boldly and then we shall become great. 

Explanation : In this concluding stanza the poet says that life of man is full of so many difficulties, troubles, miseries, etc. Fate and nature also seem not to favour him. Friends also betray him. There may be many ups and downs in the life. Yet he should not leave the right path and should not lose heart. He should remember that he has a divine power with him. So he should march on boldly to achieve the real aim of life. Success must come.

The poet introduces the man in the form of wounded snake.

कवि आदमी को एक घायल साँप के रूप में पेश करता है।

The word “its’ refers to the man’s heart.

‘इट्स’ शब्द यहां आदमी के दिल के लिए प्रयुक्त हुआ है।

According to the poet the goal of the life of man is to seek immortality in this mortal world. He says that seeking salvation is the target of the man. In this way the company of God can provide the man permanent existence in this world so that the man must find out the presence of soul in himself and develop the sense of love for the soul which is inside the man. In this way the man can achieve his goal by loving himself.

कवि के अनुसार मानव जीवन का लक्ष्य इस नश्वर संसार में अमरता प्राप्त करना है। वह कहता है कि मोक्ष प्राप्त करना मानव जीवन का लक्ष्य है। अतः भगवान का साथ मनुष्य को इस संसार में पूर्ण स्थायित्व प्रदान कर सकता। है। अत: मानव को स्वयं के अन्दर आत्मा को तलाश करना चाहिए तथा आत्मा के प्रति प्रेम की भावना होनी चाहिए जो कि आदमी के अन्दर है। इस तरह मानव स्वयं से प्रेम करके अपने जीवन के लक्ष्य को प्राप्त कर सकता है।

(c) “You are Divine”