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Four dynasties ruled over Magadha Empire.

1. The Haryanka dynasty

2. The Shishunaga dynasty

3. The Nanda dynasty

4. The Maurya dynasty

(c) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

1. HARYANKA

2. MAURY

3. UDAYIN

4. SPICKS

5. NALAINDA

6. HAGA

7. ROCK EDICT

8. AMITRAG AT HA

9. DHARMA CHAKRA

10. MANDRIPARISHAD

(c) 1, 2 and 4 only

1. Free education to all.

2. Free food for the disabled, the aged, the sick and the needy.

3. Free medical treatment to all the citizens. 

4. Free shelter for the homeless.

5. Justice for all. Equality of gender, religion, caste.

1. Magadha was located on the lower part of the Gangetic plain. The plain was fertile which ensured the rich agricultural yield. This provided income to the state.

2. The thick forests supplied timber for construction of buildings and elephants for army.

3. Abundance of natural resources especially iron enabled them to equip themselves with weapens made of iron.

 Name the city where she led the Revolt. Jhansi

May 10, 1857 was a Sunday. The British officers at the Meerut cantonment in North India were preparing to attend church, while many other British soldiers were off duty.

1. In the war of Kalinga, many people died.

2. He understood that war only brings destruction of families.

3. The Kalinga war had incredible influence over the personal life and policy of Ashoka. 

4. Hence Kalinga war proved to be a turning point in the life of Ashoka.

5. He found his consolation in Buddhism.

6. He was representing for his deeds. He embraced Buddhism and took the vow of \ inculcation ‘Dhamma’ to all men through out his life.

7. He gave up the policy of Dig Vijay and adopted the policy of Dharma Vijay.

There are divergent view regarding the nature of the outbreak of 1857. British historians have called it a Mutiny – confined to the army which did not command the support of the people at large. 

Same view was held by .contemporary Indians like Munshi Jiwan Lai, Moinuddin, (Both eye witnesses at Delhi) and Durgadas Bandopadhyaya. Others have described it as racial struggle for supremacy between the Black and White. Some describe it as a struggle between oriental and occidental civilisation and culture. A few have described it as Hindu-Muslim conspiracy to overthrow the British rule. Some Indian have called it a “well planned struggle” and as “the first war of Indian Independence”.

1. Though it was wide spread it failed to involve all sections of the population.  

2. The revolt did not involve the masses. Only those people joined revolt who had  been adversely affected by the British. Scindia, Holkar, Raja of Jodhpur did not  join it. Instead they supported the British. Merchants, western educated middle  class did not join it.  

3. The British soldiers were better equipped. Indians had outdated weapons. The  British had experienced and competent Generals. Indian leaders lacked this  expertise.  

4. The revolutionaries did not have enough resources. The British were stronger  financially and militarily.  

5. The revolt was not planned and organised.  

6. The British had the advantage of post and telegraph. This helped them to  communicate and exchange messages, plan strategies and act immediately.

1. British advocated many reforms such as abolition of Sati, female infanticide, child marriage, widow remarriage. This caused discontent all over. These reforms were interpreted by Indians as interference in their religious and social customs. 

2. Introduction of Railways and telegraph was viewed with fear and suspicion. 

3. Introduction of western Education was viewed as an attack on Indian social and religious customs. 

4. Policy of racial discrimination practiced by British led to anger and resentment.

(a) On 11 May 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar was persuaded to accept the leadership of the Revolt. He was proclaimed the emperor of Hindustan. There was jubilation all around. The restoration of the Mughal empire was proclaimed with the booming of guns. The success of the Revolt proved to be shortlived. British reinforcements arrived from Punjab, and Delhi was recovered in September 1857. 

Bahadur Shah Zafar was taken prisoner, tried and exiled to Rangoon. The royal princes (two sons and one grandson of Bahadur Shah Zafar) were shot and and their bodies displayed on the streets.  The once great dynasty of the Mughals finally came to an end. 

(b) Results of the Revolt 1857 

1. The rule of the English East India Company came to an end. 2. India came under the direct rule of the British Parliament and the Queen of England. 

3. Queen Victoria issued a Proclamation promising to look after the welfare of the Indian people. 

4. Treaties with Indian states would be honoured. 

5. A general pardon was granted to all the rebels, except those who had killed British subjects. 

6. The British government would not interfere in the social and religious customs of the people. 

7. Indians would be given opportunities to be associated with the administration. High posts in government services would be given on the basis of merit, not race. 

8. The army was reorganized and strengthened. The number of British soldiers was increased and the artillery placed exclusively under their control.

(c) Nature of the Revolt of 1857 

1. The Revolt was the outcome of the accumulated grievances of different sections of people and not the sepoys alone. 

2. Those who joined the Revolt had different reasons and different motives but they were all united in their hatred of British rule and their determination to overthrow it. 

3. It had wide popular support of various sections of society.

4. The struggle created a strong bonding and a sense of unity between the Hindus and the Muslims. They fought shoulder to shoulder, as single brethren against a common enemy.

5. Of the estimated 1,50,000 people killed in the Revolt, 1,00,000 were civilians.

(a) The sepoys had numerous grievances against the British-masters: 

1. The sepoys had helped the British to establish their empire in India but they were neither appreciated nor rewarded for their efforts. On the contrary, they were treated with great contempt by the British officers. 

2. There was grave discrimination between the Indian sepoy and his British counterpart. A capable and dedicated sepoy could not rise above the post of subedar. 

3. In 1856, an Act was passed which made it compulsory for all new recruits to serve overseas if required. This hurt the sentiments of the Hindus because they belived that overseas travel would lead to a loss of caste. The sepoys interpreted the regulation as another attack on their caste and religion. 

4. After the annexation of Awadh, the Nawab’s army was disbanded. The soldiers lost their means of livelihood and their bitterness against the British increased. 

5. The Indian soldiers greatly outnumbered the British soldiers. In 1856, the number of sepoys in the British army was more than five times that of the British soldiers. This emboldened the sepoys to take up arms against their foreign masters. 

(b) In 1856, an Act was passed which made it compulsory for all new recruits to serve overseas if required. This hurt the sentiments of the Hindus because they believed that overseas travel would lead to a loss of caste. The sepoys interpreted the regulation as another attack on their caste and religion. 

(c) In January 1857, a rumour started at the Dum Dum cantonment (in Calcutta) that the cartridges, which the British had introduced, were greased with cow fat and pig lard. The rumour spread like wildfire among the Hindu and Muslim sepoys. They were convinced that the government was deliberately trying to defile their religion. A wave of indignation and anger swept through all the military stations. On 29 march 1857 Mangal Pandey, a sepoy at Barrackpore refused to use the cartridge and attacked his senior officers. He was hanged to death.

Nicolo Conti – Devaraya II – period.

Fernao Nuniz – Atchuta Deva Raya.

Duarte Barbosa and Domingo Paes – Sri Krishna Devaraya.

Abdul Razzaq – Devaraya – II.

The Vijayanagara kingdom was located on the banks of Tungabhadra river in Karnataka.

C) 1336 -1646 CE

C) Tungabhadra

Correct option is A) 1/6th

A selfish person is one who only thinks about himself or herself, and to some extent Kisa Gotami was being selfish because we are humans and it is natural for us to die. We do not easily accept the death of our loved ones. Same has happened with Kisa Gotami. As it was her only child, she did not want him to die and finally went to Buddha to ask for help.

First time Kisa was full of grief that she could not get a handful of mustard seeds from any house where death had never taken place. But when she went from door to door the second time, she understood that everyone was dealing with the loss of a beloved one. There was not a single house in- -the town, where death had not taken a father, a mother, a sister, a brother, a son or a daughter. Everyone, at some point or the other, have experienced . the death of their loved ones. Gautama Buddha helped her to understand all this, as he told her to bring a handful of mustard seeds from a house where death had never knocked at the door. This way she got aware that death is common to all human beings.

Gautama Buddha was born in a royal family. His childhood name was Siddhartha. At the age of 12, he was sent away for schooling in Hindu sacred scriptures and four years later he got married to a princess.

Gautama Buddha preached his first sermon at the city of Benares, which is regarded as the holiest of the bathing places on the river Ganges.

At the age of 25, while hunting, one day Buddha saw a sick man, then an aged man, then a funeral procession and finally a monk begging for alms. These moved him so much that he went out into the world to seek enlightenment.

Kisa Gotami went from house to house but was unable to find one house where nobody had died. She was tired and hopeless and sat down at the wayside watching the lights of the city as they flickered up and were extinguished again. She realised that similar to the city lights human lives also flicker up for some time and are extinguished again.

According to Kisa Gotami, the greatest grief in life is the death of one’s loved ones and one’s inability to stop them from dying. Therefore, instead of lamenting on it, the wise should not grieve. Weeping will only increase the pain and disturb the peace of mind of a person.

Measurement is a technique of evaluation that uses tests and other procedures and instruments. that results in quantitative data. and characteristically can express its results in numerical form when indicating ability or capacity in some traits involving fitness, motor skill. knowledge value or process.

Procedure: Place the chair next to a wall and mark 8 feet in front of the chair. The subject starts by fully seated, hand resting on knees and feet flat on ground. On command 'Go' timing is started and the subject stands and walks as quickly as possible around the cone. Back to initial position and sit on to chair. A Person sit down Stop time. Perform two trials.

Physiological Effects: When the human body is placed under physical or psychological stress, it increases the production of certain hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. It causes:

•Changes in heart-rate, blood-pressure levels, metabolism and physical activity.

•Slowing down of digestive system.

•Constriction of blood vessels. 

Cognitive Effects: High levels of stress can lead to:

•Mental overload.

•Impairment in the ability to make sound decision.

•Poor concentration.

•Reduced short term memory.

Emotional Effects: Those who suffer from stress are more likely to experience:

•Mood swings.

•Erratic behaviour.

•Maladjustment with family and friends.

•Feeling of anxiety and depression.

•Increased physical and psychological tension.

•Intolerance.

•Impatience.

Behavioural Effects: Stress affects our behaviour in the form of:

•Eating less nutritional food.

•Increasing intake of stimulants such as caffeine or excessive consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and drugs.

•Disrupted sleep pattern.

•Reduced work performance.

Physiological Effects: When the human body is placed under physical or psychological stress, it increases the production of certain hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. I causes:

•Changes in heart-rate, blood-pressure levels, metabolism and physical activity.

•Slowing down of digestive system.

•Constriction of blood vessels.

Cognitive Effects: High levels of stress can lead to:

•Mental overload.

•Impairment in the ability to make sound decisio

•Poor concentration.

•Reduced short term memory.

Emotional Effects: Those who suffer from stress are more likely to experience:

•Mood swings.

•Erratic behaviour.

•Maladjustment with family and friends.

•Feeling of anxiety and depression.

•Increased physical and psychological tension.

•Intolerance.

•Impatience.

Behavioural Effects: Stress affects our behaviour in the form of:

•Eating less nutritional food.

•Increasing intake of stimulants such as caffeine or excessive consumption of cigarettes,alcohol and drugs.

•Disrupted sleep pattern.

•Reduced work performance.

B. Illiteracy

1. Shankar Patil is a lawyer by profession. He is practicing as a Lawyer / an advocate. He render his services to his clients and against that charges fee from them. So, ‘fee’ is the income source of Shankar Patil.

2. Prashant Patil may be or may not be a professional interior decorator. His hobby is decorating the office / houses. He may be an artist and an art does not require any formal education.

3. 1. Formal Education : Profession needs formal education. Today managers are qualified with management diploma or degrees. They take formal training from management schools which help them to work with perfection.

2. Restricted Entry : The entry in any profession is restricted. It needs a formal education. For example- Lawyer, Doctor, Interior designs, Architect, Chartered Accountant, etc. Such compulsion is not there for becoming a manager.

1. Management is applicable to all organization whether religious, social or cultural, educational or governmental or non-governmental. 

2. All kind of organization have accepted management, as it is required everywhere. 

3. Every activity which has to be performed by a group of persons requires effective planning, organizing, co-ordinating, and controlling.

4. Thus, management is an universal process.

1. Management

2. Management as an art

Top level management.

1. True

2. True

Correct option is (b) resources

1. False

2. True

Correct option is  (b) co-ordinate

Top level management

Correct option is (c) three.

Lower level management

Middle level management

Top level management