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(c) There is only one seller in the market.

Perfect competition refers to the position of a market in which there are large number of buyers and sellers of a large homogeneous product. The price of the product is determined by the demand and supply forces of the market. The maximum output that a personal firm can produce, is relatively small for the total demand of the industry’s product so that it can not influence the price by changing the supply of the output. With this, many companies are in a position to influence the price of the product.

The average and marginal curves in such market are the same, which is a straight line parallel to the X axis.

(b) accepts the price

Imperfect competition is a market frame in which there are many vendors of an item, but the products of such vendors are different from other vendors. Products of different producers are close choices.

According to Lim Clong Yah, “Imperfect Competition is a market situation where there are many producers but each offers a slightly differentiated product.”

At this stage of the market, the firm’s average and marginal revenue is declining, and thus their curves slope downwards (have a negative slope), but the slopes are lesser (less sleep) than those in a monopolistic market.

Correct answer is (a) Rs. 5

When MR is zero, TR is maximum.

Total revenue is the sum of marginal revenues at different levels of output. It can also be found by multiplying price (AR) with the quantity of output. From the TR schedule, we can derive the AR and MR as under:

The table shows that:

(i) TR increases at a decreasing rate, because MR is decreasing.

(ii) TR is maximum (= Rs.300) when MR = 0.

(iii) TR starts declining when MR is negative.

(iv) Declining AR implies that MR should be declining faster than AR.

(i) When TR curve is a positively sloped straight line passing through the origin, MR curve will be a horizontal straight line parallel to x-axis.

(ii) When TR curve is a horizontal line, MR curve will touch X-axis, i.e., MR will be zero (0). Because addition to TR (which is MR) will be zero in this case.

1. Substitutes: 

• Coee and tea 
• Shoes and chapels 
• Airplane and train 

2. Complementaries:

• pen and ink 
• bread and jam 
• scooter and petrol

Correct answer is (a) AR = MR

Under perfect competition, AR and MR curve is same and parallel to X-axis.

Economics is social science. In this, only human actions are studied. In economics animal birds, and other living organisms are not studied.

Some of the reputed economists are Adam Amith, J.B. Say, Mill, etc. According to the wealth-based definition of Adam Smith, economics is related to earning and accumulation of wealth. According to this ideology, all such things related to origin, use and distribution of wealth.

At present, due to the constant change in economic activity of human life and the conflicting definitions of economics, different economists have many different opinions about the nature and scope of economics.

At present, due to continuous change in the economic activities of human life, and due to the contradictory definitions of economics, many disagreements are found in the economists regarding the nature and extent of economics. 

Prof Keynes has included three elements in the scope of economics.

1. Subject matter of economics 

2. Nature or characterstics of economics 

3. Relationship between economics and other sciences

The subject matter of economics is divided into five parts : 

1. Consumption 

2. Production 

3. Exchange 

4. Distribution 

5. Public finance.

Nature or Behaviour of Economics : The following issues are included in the study of nature/behaviour of economics.

i. Nature of Economics as a Science : Science is such a systematic and complete study of knowledge which interprets the relationship between cause and effect. Science performs substantial analysis of an incident, studies it systematically and on that basis, it forecasts and makes prediction regarding any fact. Likewise, economics uses a scientific procedure to understand the relation between the causes and consequences of economic activities and for the formation of economics principles and regulations. It also has the capability of interpreting economics events in a correct and appropriate way and also has the power to make predictions. Therefore economics is science due to all these features.

ii. Nature of Economics as normative or positive : In the form of positive science, economics tells about the relationship between causes and consequences. It interprets that-What is this ? Why is it so? How does it happen? It cannot tell anything about the merits or demerits, correctness or defects of economic activities. This is based on discretion or on prudence.

While as a Normative science it analyzes the facts associated with policies, i.e. what ought to be done? What should be done in a particular condition? In the form of normative science, economics throws light on the merits and demerits of economic activities and actions.

iii. Economics as an art : Achieving an objective with skill is art. Art provides us practical knowledge. It not only analyzes the problem, but also provides solutions, and only an economist can take decision on the problems which are purely of economic nature. Major objective of economics is to maximize the welfare of an individual or the society. Policies which are adopted by the government or an economist to achieve a fixed objective will be considered as an art.

If economics is studied in the form of art, then this will facilitate the examination of economic principles and it will also be helpful in finding out whether the principle is correct or not, by which it becomes possible to implement that principle.

iv. Both Science and Art : Economics is a science as well as an art. In the form of science, economics is not only a positive science, but a also is normative science. Economics performs a study of both theoretical as well as practical aspects of a topic. Theoretical aspect is associated with science and practical aspect is associated with art. Theoretical economics is a science and practical economics is an art.

An economist can take a better final decision on the problems which are purely of economic nature.

Correct Answer is: (c) Economist

Correct Answer is: (a) Consumption

Gregor Johann Mendel (1822 to 1884) was first to explain the mechanism of transmission of characters from generation to generation. He is, therefore, called as “father of genetics”.

Yes, we agree. Economic activities are undertaken with an economic motive, i.e., to earn money, but non-economic activities are undertaken without any economic purpose. For example, when our parents go to office or workplace, it is an economic activity, but when a mother cooks food for their children, we do some donations, we get pocket money, we take a bath, and these are non economic activities. But these activities cannot take place unless and until we have money to support them. 

No one can work without getting a sound sleep, while sleeping is a non-economic activity. Similarly, bathing is a non-economic activity, but it is compulsory to be healthy. Without being healthy getting involved in economic activity is not possible. Therefore, economic and noneconomic activities don’t substitute, but complementary to each other.

Correct answer is (c) 2:1

• Normally, phenotype expression is controlled by a pair of alleles. But when 3 or more alleles are responsible for one character, it is called multiple alleles.
• Example: ABO blood system.

(c) Incomplete dominance

1. Homozygous and Heterozygous:

• There are two genes for every character. If the two genes for a particular character are identical, is said to be homozygous (G homos ⇒ same; zygotes ⇒ a pair). For example, tall plants (TT) & dwarf plant (tt) are homozygous.
• If the two genes for a particular character are unlike, it is said to be heterozygous (G. heteros ⇒ other, zygotes ⇒ a pair). For example, Tt is heterozygous tall.

2. Dominant and Recessive trait:

Dominant character:

• Amongst two alleles of a character, the character express in a heterozygous condition is called Dominant character. The incidence is known as Dominance and the gene responsible for it is dominant allele.
• For Example, Tt containing pea plant has T for tallness and t for dwarfness and T is the dominant character.

Recessive character:

• Amongst Alleles of a character in the F₁ generation, which is not expressed is called recessive character. It expresses only in the homozygous condition of character.
• For Example, tt condition express dwarfness of a plant.

3. Genotype and Phenotype:

Genotype:

• Genetic expression of a feature, which obtained from parents.
• For Example Pure round seed producing parent plants has genotype R R.

Phenotype:

• The visible expression of the hereditary character possessed by an organism.
• For example, around or wrinkled shape of seed is its phenotype.

4. Monohybrid Cross and Dihybrid Cross:

Monohybrid cross:

• Across in which inheritance of only one pair of contrasting character is studied.
• Dihybrid cross
• Across in which inheritance of two pairs of contrasting characters is studied simultaneously.

B. He looked up.

A. You truly love me.

A. he was attracted by the beauty of the girl.

His mind went back to the book he had read in the training camp.

Blandford saw Meynell’s name in a book that he was reading. He found her address and wrote a letter to her. She replied to him. This is how their friendship began. She continued to write to him even if his letters did not arrive. So Blandford began to feel that loved each other.

Through the pages of the book ‘Of Human Bondage’, Blandford found notes in a woman’s handwriting.

If Blandford had followed the young woman, he would have lost Meynell forever, because she would have thought that he was only attracted to a pretty face.

Blandford was to recognize Meynell by a red rose.

Mrs Pumphrey had started bringing around two dozen eggs to build Tricki’s strength. Later, even bottles of wine and brandy began to arrive. The narrator and his partners started enjoying the eggs, wine and brandy meant for Tricki. According to the narrator, they were days of deep content for them – starting with the extra egg in the morning, then the midday wine, and finally finishing the day with brandy. This was the reason why the narrator was tempted to keep Tricki on as a permanent guest.

Title: Versuche Uber Pflanzenhybriden.

I live in a hostel for the past three years. The main advantages of hostel life is, everybody in hostel learns to live independently which we don’t do at home and always be dependent on others. Being friendly with everybody, eating, sleeping and going to school with our friends. Experience is life-time awesome. Initially, ofcourse I yielded to homesickness, gradually it was a wonderful picnic every day.

Lucy Clifford: 

Lucy Clifford was born on August 2 in 1846 in London. She was known as W.K Clifford. She was a famous English Novel and journalist. Her spouse was William Kingdom Clifford. Mrs. Keith’s Crime and A Woman Alone were her notable works. She passed away on April 21 in 1929.

Carolyn Sherwin Bailey: 

Carolyn Sherwin Bailey was born on October 25 in 1875 in United States. in 1947 she was awarded the Newbery medal. She was educated at the Teachers College in Columbia University. Boys and Girls of Colonial Days, Broad Stripes and Bright Stars and The Story of a Trial are her notable works. He passed away on December 23 in 1961.

1. a. 'We' in the extract refers to the narrator and his friends.

2. b. They would climb a bench or the parapet and peep into the basket.

3. d. There were some loaves for the elders and some bangles for the children in the basket.

4. d. The baker rebukes the kids to push them aside, to make space to deliver the bread to the servants.

5. d. The loaves would be delivered to the servants.

Mary 

New York 

8/10/17 

Dear Rachel, 

Hope you are in good health. It’s been long since heard from you. Last week my son had complained to me about his boredom. I suggested to him many ways to get rid of his boredom. But he was not satisfied. At last, I thought of a plan. When I was a child I too was bored. My mother asked me to search for the strangest little house to overcome boredom. I asked him to search for a little round red house with no windows and doors, a chimney on the top and a star in the middle. He put on his raincoat, hat scarf, mittens, and his boots and set out to search for the house. He met a mail carrier and a policeman on the way and asked them about the round red house hut they told him that they hadn’t seen such an house.

At last, he went to Mr. Fetzer’s house. He was a farmer. My son asked Mr. Fetzer to help him to find out the little round red house with no windows and doors, a chimney at the top and a star in the middle. Mr. Fetzer understood what the house was. He advised the boy to run up his orchards and take a look around to find what he was looking for. He found the house beneath the apple trees. He reached home and showed me an apple. But still, he had a doubt. He didn’t know where the star was. I cut the apple in the middle to show him the star holding five brown seeds in the middle of the apple. I was happy that he found the house. I hope that he got rid of his boredom. Hope that you will reply me when you receive this letter.

With Love Your Friend, 

Mary

The mother asked the little boy to search for a little round red house with no windows and doors, a chimney on top and a star in the middle.

Jake 

New York 

7/10/17 

Dear Sam,

How are you? Hope you are doing good. How are all at home? I am writing this letter to tell you an important incident that occurred last month. One day I was feeling very bored. I went down to the kitchen to tell my mother about this. She suggested some activities which I could engage but still I was bored. My mother told me that she too was very bored when she was my age. Grandmother had sent her out to search for the strangest little house. So she told me to do the same. She told me to put on my raincoat, hat, scarf, mittens and boots and walk around the block to look for that little house. The house was a little round red house with no windows and no doors, a chimney on the top and a star in the middle. I found it interesting as I hadn’t seen such a house before. I walked down the long block and saw many houses. At last, I saw a red house but it had doors and windows. On the way I met a mail carrier and a police officer, they too hadn’t seen such an house. At last, I had one more house to check.

It was Mr Fetzer’s house. I walked slowly to Mr. Fetzer’s bam and peered inside. He was packing apples into boxes. He looked up and saw me and gave me a cup of apple cider to taste. I told him about the strange little house. He smiled and told me that he remembered my mother when she was just a little girl. She too was looking for the same house. He walked outside and pointed to his orchards and showed me some trees. I ran across the field and up the hill and stood under one of the apple trees and looked all around. The wind blew a red apple right off the tree and it landed at my feet. I picked it up and took a closer look. This was the house I had been looking for but I couldn’t find the star in the middle. I reached home and showed mother the apple. She smiled and cut the apple through its middle. There in the center was a star. How’s my story? Didn’t you find it interesting? Hope you enjoyed it. Convey my regards to all at home.

Lovingly your friend, 

Jake

I walked down the long block, all the way to the comer. There I saw a red house, but the house was square, not round. It had a chimney and lots of lots of wmany other coloured houses but none of them was a found red house with no windows and no doors, a chimney on the top and a star in the middle, As I stood on the sidewalk feeling puzzled, a little white mail truck pulled up and a mail carrier poked out of the window. He thought I was lost. But I told him I was searching for a little round red house with no doors, a chimney on the top and a star in the middle. The mail carrier told me that he hadn’t seen a house like that before. Waving me goodbye he drove off down the roadsindows. I saw.

I tromped around the next comer and down the block. None of them was a little round red house with no windows and no doors. I stopped again to think and looked up to see a police car. It pulled up alongside me and a police officer poked her head out of the window and asked me whether I was lost. I asked the officer about the round red house but she also hadn’t seen such a house before. Waving goodbye she drove off to the road. I had one more house to check and that was Mr. Fetzer’s house at the end of the block. I went to Mr. Fetzer’s bam and saw him picking apples into the boxes. He looked up and saw me . I told him that I was looking for a house and I described the house to him.

He smiled and told me that he remembered you searching for a similar house when you were just a little girl. He walked outside and pointed to his orchards, upon a little hill. He showed me the trees and asked me to run up there and take a look around and I could find what I was looking for. I stood under one of the apple trees and looked all around. Suddenly thgAvind blew a red apple right off the tree. The apple landed at my feet. After picking it up I realised that this was the house I was looking for.

The little boy saw a star holding five brown seeds in the middle of the apple.

1. The little boy complained that he was bored. 

2. The boy’s mother was reading the newspaper in the kitchen. 

3. Suggested 

4. The mother asked the little boy to engage himself by drawing pictures with his new crayons, reading new library books or to play with his toys.

1. d. The baker rebukes the kids to push them aside to make space to deliver the bread.

2. b. The narrator still remembers the typical fragrance of the loaves and how the children would climb a bench or a parapet to peep into the basket.

3. c. Allured by the aroma of the fresh loaves, the children would peep into the basket.

4. a. The loaves of bread for the children were in shape of bangles.

5. d. The loaves would be delivered to the servants.

The reason for such a bleak scenario are the wrong strategies adopted by our Union Ministry of Tourism in the past. It is now being realised that Indian Tourism has been courting the wrong tourists. It was running after the brash, demanding foreigners trickling in from recession-hit countries. Now the shift has been to well-heeled tourists from the new markets of China, Russia and Brazil.

Kerala’s tourism has reaped rewarding results after shifting its focus. ‘God’s Own Country’ was clearly designed for the foreign market. But now Kerala targets 60% international and 40% domestic tourists and has allocated their tourism resources accordingly. So Kerala has managed quite successfully to bypass the slump felt by the states dependent on international visitors.

The author thinks that all our efforts to attract foreign tourists have been unsuccessful. Both Malaysia and China entered the international tourism market decades after India. In 2009, Malaysia was ranked ninth with 23.6 million foreign arrivals. China was 4th with 50.9 million visitors. India did not appear in the first 10 because we managed to attract just 5.1 million tourists.

A) Acute angle

B) Obtuse angle