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• It is intended to provide basic needs to the weaker sections. 
• To find remedy against economic exploitation. 
• Providing education and extending free legal aid to them.

देश की एकता और सुरक्षा के लिए हम सब को सदैव सतर्क रहना चाहिए। अफवाहों से बचना चाहिए और पुलिस व प्रशासन को सहयोग देना चाहिए। राष्ट्रीय संपत्ति की सुरक्षा करनी चाहिए।

बाहरी शत्रुओं के अतिरिक्त देश के कुछ असामाजिक तत्व तथा दूसरे देशों के जासूस, उग्रवादी आदि शत्रु होते हैं।

• The Directive principles of state policy are the directions given to the central and state governments by the constitution. 
• It is necessary to adopt these principles while legislating, formulating and implementing policies. 
• The Directive principles of state policy are important in achieving freedom, equality and brotherhood and establishing the Welfare state.

1. Fundamental rights are justiciable. They are the basic human rights of all citizens. People can go to the court to seek protection and enforcement of their rights . 

2. Directive principles are non – justiciable. The central and state governments could not enforce prohibition of liquor for the last six decades. No one can question this in a court.

a) Right against exploitation

1. There should be a fair and equal distribution of wealth and material resources of the country.

2. There should be equal pay for equal work, for both men and women.

Directive Principles can be broadly classified into three categories:

1. Principles promoting economic equality

2. Gandhian Principles promoting economic and social development.

3. General Principles.

In the Constitution there are certain guidelines which the central, state and local governments are expected to follow while making and implementing policies and programmes for the welfare of the people, these guidelines are known as Directive Principles of State Policy.

Reserved posts and reservation for political seats and fee concessions have been given to Sheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes by the Government of India.

The Right to Education Act of 2009 (Article 21A of the Constitution) makes education a Fundamental Right of every Indian child between the ages of 6 and 14 years. It requires all privately owned schools to reserve 25 per cent of seats for children from poor families.

Fundamental Rights are justiciable, i.e., if people are deprived of their Fundamental Rights, they can go to the Court to seek protection and enforcement of their rights. Directive Principles, on the other hand, are non justiciable, i.e., if.you do not get a job or proper wages you cannot go to a court to seek justice.

The farmers of our Constitution had a dream of a welfare state. A welfare state is a country where citizens are guaranteed a healthy standard of living, equal opportunities, full employment and a fair distribution of wealth. The farmers of the Constitution, however, could not fulfil this dream in 1949. Our country had just been freed from 200 years of foreign rule which had ruined India’s economy. So they laid down certain guidelines in the Constitution for all future governments to follow.

Difference between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy:

Fundamental Rights

1. They are justiciable by law. A person can go to the Supreme Court, High Court or any other court if his right has been violated.

2. Their aim is to established political democracy.

3. Some of our fundamental rights can be suspended during emergency.

Direct Principles of State policy

1. They are not justiciable.lt no legal remedies. One can not take recourse to law their implementation.

2. Their aim is to give economic and social

3. Directive Principles of the state policy cannot be suspended.

Principles for international peace:

The state should conduct its foreign affairs in such a way that friendly and cordial relations are established with all the countries of the world. Special efforts should be made to foster respect for international law. The state shall always favour and encourage international peace and security through diplomatic channels.

(a) Economic equality.

(b) Gandhian Principles.

(c) General Principles.

Directive Principles, on the other hand, are non-justiciable, if you do not get a job or proper wages, you cannot go to a court to seek justice.

These relate to the establishment of a socialist society:

1. The government should strive to reduce inequalities in income so that wealth is not concentrated in the hands of a few people.

2. There should be no discrimination between men and women, as regards their education and employment. Men and women should get equal pay for equal work.

3. The working conditions in mills, factories, offices etc. should be such that the workers do no suffer hardship. Economic and moral exploitation of infants and children should be stopped by the state.

(a) Development of villages:

1. Establish village panchayats.

2. Modernize agriculture and animal husbandry.

(b) Health:

1. Improve the level of nutrition and general health of the people.

2. Prevent consumption of liquor and other harmful drugs.

(a) Wealth and material resources: Fair and equitable distribution of wealth and material resources of the country. The resources of the country should be used for the common good of all.

(b) Weaker sections of society: A living wage for every worker, e., a wage which will enable a person to buy basic necessities.

(c) Foreign policy:

1. Promote international peace and security.

2. Maintain just and honourable relations with other countries.

The Directive principles of state policy are the guidelines listed in the constitution and directs the various government agencies while making policy.

1. Preamble means introduction of our Constitution.

2. It is the core and important part of the Constitution.

3. It highlights the comment of the Constitution.

4. Whenever amendments are made to the Constitution they can be referred at the Preamble. Moreover based on the amendments made in the Constitution at times even the Preamble is amended.

5. For example, in 1976, the words ‘Socialist’, ‘Secular’, ‘Unity’ and ‘Integrity of the Nation’ were added to the Preamble.

6.Thus, Preamble is the key to understand of the amendments of the Constitution.

1. Political equality means that everyone is treated in the same way in the political sphere.

2. This means that every citizen is considered equal under the law, every citizen gets the right to vote, contest election and demand justice.

3. Unless all the citizens are treated equally irrespective of their caste, religion, economic status, education and gender, they cannot be considered as treated socially equal.

4. Moreover, every citizen should get equal opportunity to work and share the resources of the nation. This refers to economic equality.

5. Thus, we can say that political equality can only be attained only when a person is given social and economic equality too.

Constitutional provisions can be amended three ways-

1. Amendments can be made by a simple majority of members present and voting in the parliament.
2. Certain amendments require a special majority, that is g- (two-third) majority of members present and voting.
3. Concerning the Union-State relations, the special majority that is J- and the concurrence not less that 50% of state Legislature is required.

1. A judicial system in which all the courts of a country follow one common court laws and procedures is called unified judicial system. India has a unified judicial system.

2. The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of our judicial system and hence, it is also called the Apex Court.

3. The Supreme Court regulates the High Courts at different states and also all other lower courts.

4. The Indian judiciary is independent of the Executive and Legislature and is also the defender and guardian of the Constitution.

It is a person’s citizenship status, in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one state under the laws of those states. For example USA.

In India there is only single citizenship irrespective of any region or state of the country. Only citizens of Jammu and Kashmir have dual citizenship; one for India and another for the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

1. India has a Parliamentary system of government.

2. In this system, the Parliament is supreme authority representing people.

3. The highest legislature of country which is at the Union level is called the Parliament.

4. The Parliament is bicameral which means it had two houses- the Upper House and
the Lower House.

5. The Upper House is called the Rajya Sabha and the Lower House is known as the Lok Sabha.

6. As per the Constitution, the governance is carried out in the name of the President at the Union and the Governor in the States.

7. However, in really the actual administration at the Union level is carried by the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister and at the State level is carried out by the Council of Ministers and the Chief Minister of the State.

8. The Council of Ministers is responsible and answerable to the legislature formed of representatives of the people.

9. The Rajya Sabha consists of 250 members, out of which 12 are nominated by the President from the field of art, science literature, etc.

10. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent House and it cannot be completely dissolved. Members of the Rajya Sabha are selected for a term of six years out of which one- third members retire every two years.

11. Lok Sabha consists more members than the Rajya Sabha and is more powerful, superior and decisive.

भारतीय संविधान सभा के विषय में कहा जाता है कि भारतीय संविधान सभा प्रतिनिधिमूलक नहीं थी। यह कथन कुछ सीमा तक उचित है क्योंकि इसका चुनाव प्रत्यक्ष रूप से नहीं किया गया था। यह सन् 1946 के चुनाव पर गठित विधानसभाओं द्वारा अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से गठित की गई थी। इस चुनाव में वयस्क मताधिकार भी नहीं दिया गया था। उस समय सीमित मताधिकार प्रचलित था। इसमें अनेक लोगों को मनोमीत किया गया था। इसलिए भारतीय संविधान बनाने की प्रक्रिया प्रतिनिधिमूलक नहीं थी।

सही विकल्प है (ख) 22

सही विकल्प है (क) जम्मू-कश्मीर।

It is a list which include subject of national importance such as defense of the country, such as foreign affairs, banking etc. It is comprises of 100 subject (earlier 97 subjects)

It refers to a government that is responsible to the people. It is a parliamentary form of government, where the executive is responsible to the legislature for its policies and act. For example; the council of Minister in India is responsible to the Legislature for its policies and acts. Ultimately responsible to the people, because council of Ministers is responsible to lok sabha.

The subjects which are not specifically alloted to Union or state are included in Residuary Power. The central government is given the power to legislate on these residuary subjects. The financial distribution of resources is done between Union Government and State Governments are included.

The constitition of India provides for a third list that is called the concurrent list. It contains 52 subjects eartier 47 subject that of common concern of both centre and state Governments. The centre and the state can pass the laws on these subjects. The list includes subjects like criminal and civil procedure, marriage and divorce, education, economic planning, trade union, etc.

It contains subject of state and local importance. It contains 61 items or subjects (earlier 66 subjects) subjects like law and order, state government institutions, agriculture and irrigation, health, land, etc are included.

उदारवाद भारतीय संविधान का प्रमुख वैचारिक व दार्शनिक आधार है जिसका उद्देश्य भारतीय समाज को नकारात्मक रूढ़ियों व अन्धविश्वासों से मुक्त करना है।

B. It is a democratic country

व्यक्तिगत गरिमा का अर्थ मानवीय क्षमताओं, मानवीय विवेक, मानवीय प्रवृत्ति और मानवीय भावनाओं वे इच्छाओं का सम्मान करना है।

भारत को एक सम्पूर्ण प्रभुत्वसम्पन्न राज्य इसलिए कहा गया है क्योंकि भारत अब आन्तरिक एवं बाह्य क्षेत्र में सर्वोच्च सत्ताधारी है। आन्तरिक क्षेत्र में प्रभुत्वसम्पन्नता का आशय यह है कि भारत अब आन्तरिक क्षेत्र में सभी व्यक्तियों एवं समुदायों से उच्चतर है और संसद द्वारा निर्मित कानून भारत की सीमा में रहने वाले सभी व्यक्तियों पर अनिवार्य रूप से लागू किए जाते हैं तथा बाह्य क्षेत्र में सम्प्रभुता का तात्पर्य यह है कि भारत अब अपने अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय सम्बन्धों में पूर्ण स्वतन्त्र है, क्योंकि किसी बाह्य सत्ता का उस पर नियन्त्रण नहीं है। यहाँ ध्यान देने योग्य बात यह है कि वर्ष 1947 के पहले भारत सम्पूर्ण प्रभुत्वसम्पन्न नहीं था क्योंकि उस पर ब्रिटिश सत्ता का नियन्त्रण था। वर्तमान में भारत की स्वतन्त्र विदेश नीति है।

भारतीय संविधान की प्रस्तावना के अनुसार भारत एक सम्पूर्ण प्रभुत्वसम्पन्न, समाजवादी धर्मनिरपेक्ष लोकतन्त्रात्मक गणराज्य है।

संविधान की प्रस्तावना संविधान का प्रारम्भिक भाग है, इसमें संविधान में दिए गए सरकार के स्वरूप, समाज के मूल्यों, दर्शन व लक्ष्यों को दर्शाया गया है।

भारत के संविधान का निर्माण एक निर्वाचित संविधान सभा द्वारा किया गया।

भारतीय संविधान की दो प्रमुख विशेषताएँ हैं –

⦁    लिखित संविधान तथा
⦁    विशाल संविधान।

संसदीय सरकार में संयुक्त उत्तरदायित्व के सिद्धान्त पर कार्य किए जाने के कारण इसे उत्तरदायी सरकार कहा जाता है ।

Correct option is B. 395-9

Features of Indian Constitution are as follows:

1. Written document:

1. Except Britain and Israel, India along with other nations of the world have their Constitution in written form.
2. Considering the social, geographical diversified circumstances and pre-historical notions, the Constituent Assembly has kept the drafted Constitution in written form.

2. Size of the Constitution:

1. The Indian Constitution is divided in 22 sections comprising 395 Articles and 9 Appendices.
2. The Indian Constitution comprises provisions for State Administration and States inter-relations, fundamental rights, principles for political policies, judiciary, election, government institutions, minorities, scheduled caste and deprived groups.
3. Therefore, our Constitution of India is the largest, extensive and detailed written document, compared to other Constitutions.

3. Single Citizenship:

1. In India there is only single citizenship irrespective of any region or State of the country.
2. Only citizens of Jammu and Kashmir have dual citizenship, one for India and another for the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

4. The Centre with Strong Federal Structure:

1. India is a union of States.
2. By the use of word, ‘Union’, a permanent and irreversible relationship between Union and component States is indicated.
3. India is a Union of States and no State has right to secede it.
4. Thus, India is a union of states yet it has some elements of Federal Government.
5. In Indian Federation, there are two sets of Government – the Union Government and the State Governments.

5. Unified Arrangement during crisis:

1. Though India is a Union of States, at the time of emergency and crisis India is almost turned into a unitary system.
2. At such times, the union i.e. The central government takes more power in its hands to deal with national emergencies and crisis.
3. The India Constitution has divided its crisis into three types of emergencies. They are:
   • National Emergency: A country can declare national emergencies at the time of war, external attack, or armed rebellion.
   • Constitutional Emergency: Due to law and order breakdown, the state cannot function according to the constitution, so constitutional emergency is declared.
   • Financial emergency: When prices increase, it leads to erosion of monetary value. Under such situation financial emergency is declared.
4. These emergencies can be declared only by the President of the country.

6. Parliamentary System:

1. India has a parliamentary system of government. In this system, the Parliament is supreme authority representing people.
2. The highest legislature of country which is at the Union level is called the Parliament.
3. The Parliament is bicameral means it has two Houses – the Upper House and Lower House.
4. The Upper House is called the Rajya Sabha and Lower House is called the Lok Sabha.

7. Independent and Impartial Judiciary:

1. As per the Constitution, the Judiciary is an independent body which works impartially.
2. There is the Supreme Court at the top, High Courts at states and under their jurisdiction are the District Courts at district level the Tahika level there are Local and Special Courts.
3. The Judgements of Supreme Court are binding to all the Subordinate Courts of the nations.
4. In case of conflict between the Union and State Governments, matters relating to Constitution and interpretation of laws, the final decision is vested with the Supreme Court.
5. The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of our judicial system and so it is also called the Apex Court.
6. The Indian Judiciary is independent of the Executive, and Legislature and is also the defender and guardian of the Constitution.

8. Amendments in the Constitution:

1. Amendments can be made to the Constitution as per the need and so it is considered dynamic and a live document.
2. This is not the case with all the countries.
3. However, Indian Constitution can be amended as and when required. Amendment can be made in three special methods.
   • It can be made by a simple majority of members present and voting in the Parliament.
   • Certain amendment requires a special majority along with 2/3 majority of members present and voting.
   • Amendment by 2/3rd majority of the Parliament plus Ratification by atleast 50% State Legislatures.
4. If there is any amendment to be made in the inter-relations between states, central or in supreme judiciary, then held of the states from the total states should give consent.
5. Judicial verdict can also bring amendment in the Constitution.
6. However, it does not allow to change the basic provisions of the Constitution.

9. Universal Adult Franchise:

1. According to the Constitution of India, any adult citizen of India, i.e., over the age of 18, holds the right to vote without discriminating on the basis of caste, creed, religion, language, gender education, income or birth place.
2. The citizens possess right to vote in the elections of the Parliament, Legislative Assemblies or local self-government bodies.

10. Secularism:

1. India has been declared as a secular State.
2. No citizen can be given special rights or cannot be deprived with certain rights.
3. Secularism means that the state remains absolutely impartial, neutral and away in matters of religion.
4. Followers of any religion are free to follow and practice their own religion.

11. Judicial review:

1. It review is the chief characteristic of the Constitution.
2. Judicial review matters such as amendments made in the parliament by Parliamentary members, external orders, ordinances and judicial judgements, etc.
3. If the court finds any in discrepancy in the external orders, ordinances or judicial judgments, it can stop it by declaring it unconstitutional and hence void.

12. Fundamental Rights and Duties:

1. Those rights, which are necessary for every human being in order to achieve an all-round development, are known as Fundamental Rights.
2. The Constitution provides various Fundamental Rights to each citizen.
3. It also lists various duties that every citizen of India must fulfill.
4. The most valuable asset of our country lies in the overall development of nation.
5. It includes rights such as Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right of Equality, Right to Education for children between 6 to 14 years of age, etc.

13. Directive Principles for State Policies:

1. The Directive Principles are directions given by the Constitution to the Central and the State Governments in order to adopt proper policies for establishing a better country.
2. The principles say that the state should protect its people, provide them security and welfare.
3. The Constitution has provided certain specific provisions to uplift and includes backward sections and tribes bring them in the mainstream.
4. Discussions are held for providing reservation for backward sections and tribes in the policies.
5. These people are provided seats that are reserved for them in Legislature and Local Self-governing bodies.
6. Reservation quota has also been provided to such people in fields of education and employment.
7. Children of backward sections and tribes are also given scholarships, basic amenities and waiver of fees under Optimistic policies of the Constitution.

B. 26th Jan, 1950

B. In the year 1949

राष्ट्रीय संपत्ति का न्यायपूर्ण वितरण हो, उत्पादन तथा वितरण व्यवस्था पर राज्य का स्वामित्व हो, आय की समानता हो इस प्रकार की समाज व्यवस्था को समाजवाद कहते हैं ।

This Indian Constitution has divided its crisis into three types of emergencies.

They are:

1. National emergencies:

• A country can declare national emergency at the time of war, external attack, or armed rebellion.

2. Failure of Constitution emergency:

• This refers to Constitutional breakdown in cases when laws and order breaks down to some states, it is called emergency arising due to failure of Constitution.

3. Financial emergency:

• When prices increase, it leads to erosion of monetary value. Under such situation financial emergency is declared.
• These emergencies can be declared only by the President of the country.