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Embryo is a growing egg after fertilization until the main parts of the body and the internal organs have started to take shape while foetus is a stage which has the appearance of a fully developed offspring.

The path of sperm up to the urethra in male is as follows : 

Seminiferous tubules → Rete testis → Vasa efferentia → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory ducts Urethra.

Interstitial cells of Leydig which lie in between the seminiferous tubules are involved in maintaining the sexual characteristics of male by secreting the male hormone androgen or testosterone. Adenohypophysis also regulates this secretion from the testis.

1. Mammary glands are accessory organs of female reproductive system. These glands are essential for lactation after parturition. 

2. They are modified sweat glands present in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior thorax. They are in the pectoral region in the location between 2nd to 6th rib. 

3. Each mammary gland consists of fatty connective tissue and many lactiferous ducts.

4. Each breast has glandular tissue which is divided into 15-20 irregularly shaped mammary lobes. Each lobe has an alveolar glands and lactiferous duct. 

5. Milk is secreted by alveolar glands and it is stored in the lumen of alveoli. The alveoli open into mammary tubules and these in turn forms a mammary duct. 

6. All the lactiferous ducts converge towards the nipple. 

7. Nipple is surrounded by a dark brown coloured and circular area of the skin called areola.

Bartholin glands secrete lubricating mucus like fluid which is released in vestibule.

Correct answer is (c) LNG 20

Correct answer is (c) 6th week

1. Parturition is the act of expelling out the mature foetus from the uterus of mother via the vagina. 

2. When the foetus is fully mature, it starts secreting ACTH (Adreno Cortico Trophic Hormone) from its pituitary. 

3. ACTH stimulates adrenal glands of foetus to produce corticosteroids. 

4. These corticosteroids diffuse from foetal blood to mother’s blood across the placenta. Corticosteroids accumulate in mother’s blood that results in decreased amount of progesterone. Corticosteroids also increase secretion of prostaglandins. 

5. Simultaneously estrogen levels rise bringing about initation of contractions of uterine muscular wall. 

6. Reduced progesterone level and increased estrogen level cause secretion of oxytocin from mother’s pituitary. This causes greater stimulation of myometrium of uterus. 

7. Prostaglandins cause increased forceful contraction of uterus which expels the foetus out of the uterus. 

8. Hormone relaxin secreted by the placenta makes the pubic ligaments and sacroiliac joints of the mother loosen. This causes widening of birth canal which facilitates the normal birth of the baby.

(1) All the seminiferous tubules present in the testis show posterior network of tubules called rete testis. Vasa efferentia are the fine tubules which are 12-20 in number, are seen arising from rete testis. From testis to epididymis, the sperm transport is done by vasa efferentia.

(2) Epididymis has three parts, caput, corpus and cauda epididymis. In this long and highly coiled tube sperms undergo physiological maturation.

(3) Then from here sperms enter into vas deferens, which is a tube that arise from epididymis enters the abdominal cavity. On its course, later it joins the duct of seminal vesicle. Both together form the ejaculatory duct.

(4) Ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate gland and then opens into the urethra. Urethra is a common passage for urine and semen and hence it is also called urinogenital duct. 

(5) Urethra passes through penis and opens to the outside by an opening called the urethral meatus or urethral orifice. 

(6) Thus sperms are transported through vas deferens into urethra via ejaculatory duct and then to the outside through urethral orifice.

The glands which contribute fluids to the semen are seminal vesicles, prostate gland.

Correct answer is (c) Seminal vesicles

(1) Semen is the viscous, alkaline and milky fluid having pH 7.2 to 7.7 ejaculated during sexual intercourse by male. 

(2) A single ejaculation of semen i.e. 2.5 to 4 ml semen contains about 400 millions of sperms.

(3) Semen consists of sperms suspended in secretions of the epididymis and the accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s gland). The semen nourishes the sperms by fructose, neutralizes acidity by Ca⁺⁺ , ions and bicarbonates and also activates them for movement due to prostaglandins.

The external genital organs of female are located external to the vagina. They have collective name, ‘vulva’ or pudendum. 

Following are the parts of vulva.

(1) Labia majora : Labia majora are homologous to scrotum of males. They are two large folds which form the boundary of the vulva. They are composed of skin, fibrous tissue and fat. These Eire prominent and longitudinal folds on right and left sides of the vestibule.

(2) Labia minora : Smaller and thinner lip-like folds located just medially are labia minora. Posteriorly the labia minora are fused together to form the fourchette. 

(3) Mons veneris : Mons veneris is fleshy elevation above the labia majora. (4) Clitoris : It is present at the anterior end of the labia minora. It shows the presence of erectile tissues.

(5) Vestibule : Vestibule is a median vertical depression of vulva enclosing vagina and urethral opening. 

(6) Hymen : Hymen is a thin layer of mucous membrane which partially occludes the opening of the vagina.

(7) Vestibular glands: 

1. Vestibular glands or Bartholin’s glands are homologous to the Cowper’s glands of the male. 

2. These are paired glands situated on either side of the vaginal opening, secreting lubricating fluid.

Correct answer is (d) Secondary spermotocytes

Correct answer is (b) progesterone

Correct Answer is: (D) All of these

• Copper t is an intrauterine device which is also known as a intrauterine coil, it contains copper which is used to kill the sperm. is used a as a birth control and is used for emergency contraception within five days of unprotected sex. 

• It is placed in the uterus of the female where it releases copper ions, it can be used by women of all the ages and can last up to several years. 

• It primarily work by killing the sperm, it prevent fertilization of egg by the sperm.

• The copper release by the copper t act as a spermicidal to kill the sperm.

Correct answer is (a) 169

(b) Cancer of the thyroid gland

Dwarfism is due to hyposecretion of growth hormone (GH) in children, skeletal growth and sexual maturity is arrested. They attain a maximum height of 4 feet only. Gigantism is due to hypersecreion of growth hormone (GH) in children. Overgrowth of skeletal structure occurs (up to 8 feet) and the visceral growth is not appropriate with that of limbs.

Acromegaly is due to excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults. Over growth of hand bones, feet bones, jaw bones, malfunctioning of gonads, enlargement of viscera, tongue, lungs, heart, liver, spleen and endocrine gland like thyroid, adrenal etc., are the symptoms of acromegaly.

(a) Aderenalin and noradrenalin

Oestrogen is reposible for development of secondary sexual charactes of female.

(d) Cortisol and aldosterone are steroid hormones .

Insulin is called a hypoglycemic hormone.

(b) It increases the uptake of glucose into the body cells

Glugocon reduces the cellular update and utilization of glucose.

Progesterone

Homeostasis: Maintenance of constant internal environment of the body by the different coordinating system. ‘

Insulin inhibits the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

glycogenolysis

cardiocytes on the atrial wall secretes atrial natriuretic factor to reduce the blood pressure .

The delta cells of islets of langerhans secrete somatostatin.

(b) It promotes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Adrenalin increases liver glycogen breakdown into glucose and increases the release of fatty acids from fat cells. During emergency, it increases heart beat rate and blood pressure.lt stimulates the smooth muscles of cutaneous and visceral arteries to decrease blood flow. It increases blood flow to the skeletal muscles and nervous tissue.

Adrenalin increases the breakdown of liver glycogen into glucose.

Both adrenalin and nor adrenalin are catecholamines.

Renin increases blood pressure when angiotension is formed in blood.

The beta cells of islets of langerhans secrete Insulin.

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water.

Erythropoietin

oxytocin stimulates ejection of milk from the mammary glands.

Calcitrio is the hormone secreted by proximal tubules of nephron which promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption from intestine.

ADH / vasopressin promotes reabsorption of water and electrolytes by distal tubules of nephron.

(d) Maturation of reproductive organs

(a) Luteotropic hormone

(b) Calcitriol

Cholecystokinin