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(d) Hyposecretion of somatotropic hormone

(b) Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone

(c) Acromegaly

Gigantism is caused due to hypersecretion of growth hormone in childre.

Acromegaly is caused due to excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults.

These plants are mainly xerophytes which open their stomata at night when temperatures are low and close stomata during day time when temperatures are high as a mechanism to conserve water.

Endocrine system is the system formed by ductless glands which secrete chemical substances called as hormones.

dwarfism is caused due to hyposecretion of growth hormone in children.

 Due to hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone serum calcium evel decreases.

The hyposecretion of thyriod in adults causes Myxodema.

hyperparathyroidism

The hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone causes Tetany.

It is the protection of crops that are growing or have been harvested. Nutrient management, irrigation and cropping patterns can help improve crop production.

Nutrient management:

Nutrients are supplied to plants by air, water and soil. Nutrients required by the plant are classified into macronutrients and micronutrients. Air supplies carbon and oxygen. Water supplies hydrogen and oxygen. Soil supplies the remaining 13 nutrients to plants. Deficiency of these nutrients affects physiological processes in plants including reproduction, growth and susceptibility to diseases. To increase the yield the soil can be enriched by supplying these nutrients in the form of manure and fertilizers.

Manure

Manure is produced naturally by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste. It contains organic matter, and thus, improves the water-holding capacity in sandy soils, and prevents water logging in clayey soils. Compost is prepared by decomposing farm waste, vegetable waste, domestic waste and sewage waste in pits by the process of composting. Vermicompost is prepared by using earthworms to hasten the decomposition of plant and animal waste by the process of vermi-composting. Green manure is provided to the plants by ploughing plants rich in nitrogen and phosphorous into the soil before sowing seeds.

Fertilizers

Fertilizers supply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. They are used to ensure good vegetative growth, giving rise to healthy plants. Fertilizers are a factor in the higher yields of high cost farming. Organic farming is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemicals as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc. and with a maximum input of organic manures, recycled farm wastes and use of bio agents.

Irrigation

Ensuring that the crops get water at the right stages during their growing season can increase the expected yields of any crop. Irrigation is done by both traditional methods and modern methods. Irrigation systems are adopted to supply water to agricultural lands depending on the kinds of water resources available. Different sources of water are rivers, canals, ponds, lakes, tanks, dams, ground water etc.

Cropping pattern

Different cropping patterns are mixed cropping, inter-cropping and crop rotation. Mixed cropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land. e.g. wheat and gram, or groundnut and sunflower. Inter-cropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field with some rows of one crop alternating with some rows of second crop, like soya bean and maize. Crop rotation is growing two or three different crops in a year on a piece of land. e.g. cereals alternating with legumes.

Crop variety improvement can be achieved by the process of selection. Factors for which variety improvement is done are higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance, change in maturity duration, wider adaptability, desirable agronomic characteristics etc. Hybridisation occurs by a cross between two different varieties, which is known as inter-varietal crossing, or between two different genera, known as inter-generic crossing, or between two different species, known as inter-specific crossing. Crop yield can also be increased by introducing desirable genes into the crop plant. This results in genetically modified crops.

Poultry farming is the practice of raising fowl for egg production and chicken meat. Layers are used for producing eggs and broilers are used for producing meat. Cross –breeding is common in poultry to develop new varieties with the desirable traits. e.g Indian breed Aseel is cross-bred with the foreign breed Leghorn.

Cross-breeding is used to develop offspring with desirable traits. The desirable traits include dwarf broilers that can be used as meat within a short period of time, higher number and better quality of chicks, and tolerance to high temperatures during summer.

For good production of poultry birds, good management practices are important. These include maintenance of temperature and hygienic conditions in housing and poultry feed, as well as prevention and control of diseases and pests.

Different crops require different climatic conditions, temperature and photoperiods for their growth and completion of their life cycle. There are some cops which are grown in rainy season, called the kharif crops which extend from June to October. Kharif crops include paddy, soya bean, maize, cotton, green gram and black gram. Rabi crops are grown in the winter season which extends from November to April. Rabi crops include wheat, gram, peas and linseed. The major groups of activities for improving crop yields can be classified as – crop variety improvement, crop production improvement and crop protection management.

Food is essential for all living organisms to live. We depend on plants and animals for food. The increase in population has created much demand for food. It is important that we should increase food production without degrading our environment and disturbing the balances maintaining it. Hence there is a need for sustainable practices in agriculture and animal husbandry.

Fish production includes the tinned true fish as well as shellfish such as prawns and mollusks. There are two ways of obtaining fish. One is from natural resources, which is called capture fishing. The other way is by fish farming which is called culture fishery.

Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes- milk and draught labour for agricultural work such as tilling, irrigation and carting. Milch animals produce milk where as draught animals are used for farm labour. The two major species of Indian cattle are Bosindicus, or cows, and Bosbubalis, or buffaloes.

Management practices for cattle include cleaning, sheltering and feeding. Cleaning involves periodic washing to get rid of dirt and loose hair. Shelter facilities include well ventilated roof sheds which protect cattle from rain, cold and sun. Animal feed includes roughage feed which is largely fibre, and concentrate feed which are low in fibre and contain relatively high levels of proteins and other nutrients.

Cattle suffer from a number of diseases. The diseases, besides causing death, reduce milk production. Diseases in cattle are caused by both external and internal parasites. External parasites live on the skin and cause skin diseases. Internal parasites affect the stomach and intestinal parts. Vaccinations are given to farm animals against many major viral and bacterial diseases.

Storage losses in crops are due to biotic factors like insects, rodents, fungi, mites and bacteria. Abiotic factors like inappropriate levels of moisture and temperature in the storage area also damage crops. These factors can be controlled by proper treatment and by systematic management of warehouses.

Preventive and control measures are used before grains are stored for future use. They include strict cleaning of the produce before storage, proper drying if the produce first in sunlight and then in shade and fumigation using chemicals that can kill pests.

Weeds are the unwanted plants competing with the crop plants for food, space and light, and finally reduce crop growth. Weeds can be removed by spraying herbicides or by removing them mechanically. e.g. Xanthium

Diseases in plants are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. Pathogens can be controlled by spraying herbicides, fungicides, insecticides etc.

Preventive methods such as proper seed bed preparation, timely sowing of crops, intercropping and crop rotation also help in weed control.

Different types of Crop protection management methods are given as:

• Storage of grains
• Animal Husbandry
• Cattle farming
• Poultry farming
• Fish production
• Marine fisheries
• Inland fisheries
• Bee keeping

Addison’s disease

insulin resistance

Photorespiration : 

(i) It is a threat to plants although it occurs in angiosperms because it has some disadvantages. 

(ii) No energy rich compound is produced in this process. 

(iii) Half of the photosynthetically fixed CO₂ may be lost by photorespiration. 

(iv) Moreover it is a loss to the net productivity of green and C₃ plants. 

(v) To overcome the photorespiratory loses in anglosperms like sugarcane.they have developed an additional cycle called as C₄ pathway or Hatch Slack pathway. 

(vi) C₄ pathway requires 30 ATP molecules (more energy).

Photorespiration : It is light dependent process of oxygenation of ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) and release of carbon dioxide by the photosynthetic organs of a plant. 

The photorespiratory losses are checked by sugarcane by having physiological adaptations The process of photosynthesis occurs in mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells.

Mesophyll cells : 

(i) Initially, CO₂ in taken up by phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) and changed to oxaloacetate (OAA) in the presence of PEP carboxylase (PEPCO).

(ii) Oxaloacetate is reduced to malate/aspartate, the product formed reach into bundle sheath.

Bundle Sheath : 

(i) The oxidation of malate (an aspartate) occurs with release of carbon dioxide and formation of pyruvate (3C). 

(ii) Due to increased CO₂ concentration, the RuBisco function as carboxylase and not as oxygenase. 

(iii) This prevents the photosynthetic losses. 

(iv) RuBP operates now under Calvin cycle and pyruvates transported back to mesophyll cells changed into phosphoenol pyruvate, to keep the cycle going.

(i) C, pathway or Hatch-Slack pathway prevents photorespiration in plants as these plants are adapted to dry tropical regions E.g. of C₄ plants are sugarcane, maize, sorghum, pearl millet etc. in these plants, the vascular bundles are surrounded by large sized bundle sheath cells which are arranged is a wreath-like manner (Kranz - wreath). The anatomy of such leaves are called as Kranz Anatomy. 

(ii) RuBisCo catalyses the carboxylation of RuBP to form an unstable 6C compound which breaks up into two 3C compound i.e. PGA Here the enzyme RuBisCo acts an carboxylase. At high temperature RuBP acts as oxygenase to form 4C compound OAA.3

The answer is (d) Parathyroid

Fish culture is sometimes done in combination with a rice crop so that fish are grown in the water in the paddy field. More intensive fish farming can be done in composite fish culture system. In such a system a combination of five or six fish species is used in a single fishpond. Catlas are surface feeders, Rohus feed in the middle zone of the pond, Mrigals and common carps are bottom feeders and grass carps feed on the weeds of the pond.

To overcome good quality seed problem in fish farming hormonal stimulation technique is introduced. This has ensured the supply of pure fish seed in desired quantities.

The answer is  (b) Thomas Edison

Thomas Addison is known as the father of endocrinology. He was the first to discover endocrine disorder 'Addison's disease'.

Acromegaly is usually caused by a tumour of the anterior pituitary lobe.

The answer is (b) Glucagon 

The answer is (b) Vasopressin

The answer is (a) Adrenal

The answer is Adrenal Cortex

The answer is (d) Ductless glands

The answer is Hypothalamus.

The answer is  Diabetes insipidus

Puffiness of skin on face & hands, Reduced blood pressure, BMR & heartbeats, increased obesity, Rough & dry skin, Loss of Hair etc.

The answer is (b) Goitre

All the members that can interbreed among themselves and can produce fertile off springs are the members of same species. This is the biological concept of species proposed by Mayr.

Rules of nomenclature are as follows: 

(i) Biological names are generally in Latin or derived from Latin irrespective of their origin. 

(ii) The first world in a biological name represent the genus while the second component denotes the specific epithet.

(iii) The words when hand written are separately underlined, or printed in italics. 

(iv) The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet starts with a small letter.

Classification is a method by which organisms on the basis of some easily observable characteristics.

Habitat: 

1. A specific physical space occupied by an organism (species). 

2. Same habitat may be shared by many organisms (species). 

3. Habitat specificity is exhibited by organism.

Niche: 

1. A functional space occupied by an organism in the same eco-system. 

2. A single niche is occupied by a single species.

3. Organisms may change their niche with time and season.

Habitat:

1. A specific physical space occupied by an organism (species).

2. Same habitat may be shared by many organisms (species). 

3. Habitat specificity is exhibited by organism.

Niche:

1. a functional space occupied by an organism in the same eco-system 

2. A single niche is the occupied by a single species 

3. Organisms may change their niche with time and season

Study of principles and procedures of classification is called Taxonomy.

Rules for Nomenclature : 

• Latinised names are used. 

• First word is genus, second word is species name. 

• Printed in italics; if handwritten then underline separately. 

• First word starts with capital letter while species name written in small letter. 

An ecological niche refers to an organism’s place in the biotic environment and its functional role in an ecosystem.

ICBN : International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (for giving scientific name to plants.) 

ICZN : International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (for giving scientific name to animals.) 

1. Autecology is the ecology of an individual species and is also called species ecology.

2. Synecology is the ecology of a population or community with one or more species and also called as community ecology.