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The full name of IVF is in vitro fertilization (fertilization outside the body).

Trichoderma is being developed as a biocontrol.

Example of seasonal breeders : Goat, Sheep and Donkey.

Example of continuous breeders : Humans, apes.

As per the Hindu Marriage Act, minimum age for boy must be 21 years and for a girl 18 years, at the time of marriage

IUCD means Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device.

MTP Act is for reducing the incidences of illegal abortions and maternal mortalities.

It is the process which involves the production of offspring by the formation and fusion of gametes.

It is the technique during which the sperms are collected from the male and artificially introduced into the cervix of female, for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization (inside the body).

IVF means In Vitro Fertilization.

Copper ions released from ‘Copper-T’ suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms.

According to MTP Act, pregnancy may be terminated within first 12 weeks, more than 12 weeks but lesser than 20 weeks

The nervous system is derived from ectoderm.

Adoption is a legal process by which a couple or a single parent gets legal rights, privileges and responsibilities that are associated to a biological child for the upbringing of the adopted child.

1. Theca externa 

2. Theca interna 

3. Membrana granulosa

Germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules.

Sperms of matured is epididymis.

Correct answer is (c) vagina

Correct answer is (c) mitochondria

1. MTP or Medical Termination of Pregnancy is voluntary termination of pregnancy under medical supervision. It is an induced abortion. 

2. Only during first trimester, MTP is safe for mother’s health. 

3. Upon amniocentesis examination, if abnormality is detected, usually MTP is performed. 

4. Government of India has legalized MTP There was MTP Act in 1971, which was later amended in 2017, to prevent its misuse, especially female foeticide should never be done through MTP 

5. As per MTP Act, the procedure can be done only in first 12 weeks and never after 20 weeks of pregnancy.

Corpus luteum is a secondary endocrine source that produces progesterone for maintaining pregnancy.

Correct answer is (c) 2

Fate of germinal layers : The embryo after gastrulation develops the three germ layers, viz., ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Later a process of histogenesis starts which leads to the development of different tissues and organs.

(i) Fate of ectoderm : Following tissues, structures and organs develop from the ectoderm : Epidermis of the skin, epidermal derivatives such as

1. hair and nails 

2. sweat glands 

3. conjunctiva 

4. cornea 

5. lens 

6. retina

7. internal and external ear 

8. enamel of teeth 

9. nasal cavity

10. adrenal medulla 

11. stomodaeum and proctodaeum 

12. neurohypophysis and 

13. entire nervous system.

(ii) Fate of mesoderm : The mesoderm forms the following derivatives: 

1. All types of muscles 

2. connective tissue 

3. dermis of skin 

4. adrenal cortex 

5. kidney 

6. circulatory system 

7. heart 

8. blood vessels

9. blood 

10. lymphatic vessels 

11. middle ear and 

12. dentine of teeth

(iii) Fate of endoderm : The following organs develop from the endoderm:

1. Epithelium of gut from pharynx to colon 

2. glands of stomach and intestine 

3. tongue and tonsils 

4. lungs, trachea, bronchi, larynx, etc. 

5. urinary bladder, vestibule and vagina 

6. liver and pancreas 

7. adenohypophysis 

8. thymus, thyroid and parathyroid 

9. eustachian tube 

10. epithelium of urethra and associated glands

The process of transformation of non-motile and non¬functional spermatid into a functional and motile spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis.

Correct answer is (b) theca interna

Scrotum protects the testis and also acts as thermoregulator.

1. Trophoblast cells do not form any part of the embryo proper. 

2. They form ectoderm of the extraembryonic membrane called chorion. 

3. Chorion helps in supply of oxygen and nutrients to foetus from mother’s body. CO and nitrogenous wastes are collected from foetus and passed in mother’s blood. 

4. Thus, these cells have an important role in formation of placenta.

Correct answer is (b) dartos muscles

Correct answer is (c) cryptorchidism

Correct option is (c) In Vitro Fertilization

Correct answer is (a) Spermatids

1. Physiological devices are in the form of oral contraceptive pills or birth control pills. 5 They are hormonal preparations and check ovulation by inhibiting the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. 

2. Woman who is using pills does not release ovum at the time of ovulation and therefore conception does not occur. 

3. Birth control pills have side effects such as nausea, breast tenderness, weight gain and ‘break through’ bleeding, i.e. slight bleeding between the menstrual periods. These health hazards are due to synthetic hormones. 

4. These pills also alter the quality of cervical J mucus to prevent the entry of sperms. 

5. The birth control pills contain progesterone and estrogen. Mala-D to be taken daily and Saheli to be taken weekly are two common birth control pills in India. These pills are nonsteroidal

Two mechanical contraceptive methods are as follows: 

A. Condom or Nirodh:

1. It is a protective barrier in the form of thin rubber sheath which is used by male partner during the sexual coitus. It covers the penis and does not allow semen to flow during copulation. 

2. Thus the entry of ejaculated semen into the female reproductive tract is obstructed. This can prevent conception. It is a simple and effective method and has no side effects. 

3. “Nirodh” is a condom, most widely used in India as a contraceptive by males. 

4. Condom also protects both the partners against sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS and others.

B. Diaphragm, cervical caps and vaults:

1. Diaphragm and cervical caps are to be used by females as mechanical contraceptive measures. 

2. They are made up of rubber. They are fitted on the cervix in vagina so that they prevent the entry of sperms into the uterus. 

3. They are kept at least six hours after sexual intercourse in order to inhibit sperms from entering female genital tract.

1. Dartos muscles 

2. Cremaster muscles

Correct option is (d) A

Correct answer is (b) Golgi bodies

1. Corpora cavernosa

2. Corpus spongiosum

Correct answer is (b) Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT)

1. IUDs are plastic or metal objects which act as contraceptive devices. They are placed into the uterus by a doctor or trained nurse. 

2. E.g. Lippe’s loop, copper releasing IUDs (Cu-T, Cu-7, multiload 375) and hormone releasing IUDs (LNG-20, Progestaert). 

3. Plastic double ‘S’ loop is called Lippe’s loop which stimulates accumulation of macrophages in the uterine cavity by attracting them. As phagocytosis increases the sperms are destroyed. Thus it acts as a contraceptive.

4. Copper releasing IUDs suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms. 

5. The hormone releasing IUDs make the : uterus unsuitable for implantation and ; cervix hostile to the sperms. 

6. Their presence in the uterus acts as a minor irritant and thus makes the ovum to move quickly out of the body. 

7. However, IUD can cause infection and occasional haemorrhage. It can cause discomfort for woman and may get spontaneously expelled out.

Prostate gland secretes prostatic fluid which forms 30% of semen, Citric acid and acid phosphatase present in this fluid protects the sperms from acidic environment of vagina.

1. Vagina acts as a copulatory passage. 

2. It acts as a birth canal during parturition in normal delivery 

3. It provides the passage for menstrual flow.

Interstitial cells / Leydig’s cells secrete testosterone or androgen which is a male sex hormone.

1. Copper-T, Cu 7 

2. Multiload 375

Correct answer is (b) prevent fertilization

Correct answer is (d) No sperm occurs in epididymis

1. LNG-20 

2. Progestaert

Parturition involves the following three steps: 

1. Dilation stage:

• Dilation stage means dilating the birth canal or passage though which baby is pushed out. In the beginning uterine contractions start from top and baby is moved to cervix. Due to compression of blood vessels and movements of flexible joints in pelvic girdle, mother experiences labour pains. 
• Oxytocin is secreted later in more amount causing severe uterine contractions. This pushes baby in a head down position and closer to cervix. 
• Cervix and vagina both are dilated. 
• This stage lasts for about 12 hours. 
• At the end, amniotic sac ruptures and amniotic fluid is passed out

2. Expulsion stage:

• During second stage of about 20 to 60 minutes, the uterine and abdominal contractions become stronger. 
• Foetus moves out with head down position through cervix and vagina. 
• The umbilical cord which connects the baby to placenta is tied and cut off close to the baby’s navel.

3. After birth or placental stage : In the last stage of 10 to 45 minutes, once the baby is out then the placenta is also separated from uterine wall and is expelled out as “after birth”. This is accompanied by severe contractions of the uterus.