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Guru Nanak wanted the inhospitable and selfish people to stay in one place so that their evil might harm only at that place.

Guru Nanak and Mardana were forced to spend the night in the open because the people of the village were rude and inhospitable. They did not allow them to stay anywhere in the village.

The people of the other village welcomed them, treated their visitors kindly, found them a place to stay for the night, and gave them food to eat.

Once Guru Nanak and his disciple Mardana came to a village for night-stay. The villagers were rude and inhospitable to them. They did not allow them to stay anywhere in the village. The next night they came to another village. The villagers, there, were nice. They gave them food to eat and a place to stay at night. Guru Nanak prayed for the rude and inhospitable villagers that they might always stay in their village itself. For the people of the other village, Guru Nanak wished that they might be scattered throughout the country. Thus Guru Nanak wished that good people should be scattered because their goodness is needed everywhere. Thus he taught Mardana the lesson of greatness of heart.

Once Guru Nanak and his disciple Mardana came to a village for night-stay. The villagers were rude and inhospitable to them. They did not allow them to stay anywhere in the village. The next night they came to another village. The villagers, there, were nice. They gave them food to eat and a place to stay at night. Guru Nanak prayed for the rude and inhospitable villagers that they might always stay in their village itself. For the people of the other village, Guru Nanak wished that they might be scattered throughout the country. Thus Guru Nanak wished that good people should be scattered because their goodness is needed everywhere. Thus he taught Mardana the lesson of greatness of heart.

The people of the first village treated Guru Nanak and Mardana rudely. So Nanak said about them that they should always stay in that village.

Mardana was a disciple of Guru Nanak. He was puzzled because he could not understand why the Guru had wished for the bad people to remain in the village and good people to spread in the whole country.

Mardana was puzzled because Guru Nanak prayed for the people of the first village to stay at one place. These people had forced them to stay in the open. Guru Nanak prayed for the gentle people of the second village to be scattered. Mardana thought just opposite to it. So Guru Nanak taught him that the rude people have some evils which will affect others. So they should stay at one place only. But the people of the second village have such qualities which are needed everywhere. So they should be scattered to benefit others by their qualities:

Mardana asked Guru Nanak why he wished good for the people who treated them badly and ill for those who treated them so well.

It’s late to go for a walk now besides it has started raining. 

1. Milk, egg and pulses contain rich proteins.

2. Proteins are required for the formation of muscles and other body organs. 

3. To get healthy body doctor suggested to take the food with proteins.

I had failed to catch the train on that fateful day. If I had come five minutes earlier, I had told myself that I would never be late again. 

False. 

Malti can’t speak much English.

When the teacher entered, Malti was about to probably justify why she wore long skirt or oiled her hair.

“I know my English is weak. Yours is good. Please, will you help me to improve it?” These lines tell us that Malti was very humble.

Note: Students do the exercise based on their own individual behaviour.

Rima and her gang decided to jeer when Malti sang but they did not succeed as there was such absolute silence that they did’not dare to do so. They were sure to get caught if they did.

No, Rima and her parents do not share the same’attitude. The parents confront Rima with reality. We know that because Rima’s parents defend and praise Malti when Rima criticizes her.

i. Mr. Sen

ii. much

i. My biggest strength is my willingness to learn and improve myself. I am very polite and humble. I am also a good listener due to which I make friends very easily.

ii. I am lazy when it comes to doing homework. I have a phobia of speaking in front of a large group. This has developed into stage fright. I also can’t stop eating once I start. This makes me fall sick very often.

iii. I would like to get rid of my laziness. I want to start cultivating the habit of reading to improve my language. I would like to participate confidently in competitions. And lastly I want to control my diet for a healthy living.

(Rima had thought that Malti must be a miserable singer and would lose in the singing competition but Malti won the first prize. Rima felt no joy even though she came first in her category as she was proved wrong and may be she even felt jealous of Malti.

1. befriended (v) – became friends 

2. snob (n) – criticizing people coming from lower social class or are less education 

3. forte (n) – something one is good at 

4. belied (v) – failed to give a true impression or to tell lie 

5. smart (adj) – intelligent, clever 

6. confident (adj) – feeling or showing confidence in oneself or one’s abilities or qualities or being sure about ones abilities. 

7. insufferable (adj) – intolerable

(iii) Spiracles

iii. spiracles

Yes, it is extremely necessary to develop a good accent because it aids in communication. A proper accent is important to understand and be understood. I can refer a dictionary that provides pronunciation key. I can also listen to news channels such as BBC that helps us to speak English the way the natives do. Besides, no matter what the language, avoiding the influence of mother tongue can help improve pronunciation.

Rima was a school-going girl who had her own clique of stylish girls. She was quick to judge people by their outward appearance. She was a bit of a snob who didn’t hesitate to comment on Malti’s oily hair. She had an envious nature as she wasn’t happy about Malti winning the first prize although she herself had also won the first prize in her own category. She thought herself to be far more superior as she was city-bred and could speak good English. She was too proud to accept her mistake when her friends pointed it out to her.

If I would have been in Malti’s place, I would have done exactly what Malti did. I would have let my work and performance speak for myself. I would have also tried to befriend Rima by helping her or praising her for her strengths.

Rima’s friends told her that she was rude to Malti. This shocked Rima as her own friends had turned against her. So, she walked off in a huff.

(i) Group 17, Period

(ii) 17.

(iii) It is non-metallic because it has 7 valence electrons.

It can gain 1 electron easily forming a negative ion.

(iv) Chlorine. 

(v) Bromine or Iodine or Fluorine are chemically similar to chlorine

(1) There are 18 vertical columns in the modern periodic table and are called groups. These groups are 1 and 2, 13 to 18 and 3 to 12.

(2) The number of valence electrons in all these elements from the group 1, i.e., the family of alkali metals, is the same. Similarly, the elements from any other group, the number of their valence electrons to be the same. For example, the elements beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) belong to the group 2, i.e. the family of alkaline earth metals. There are two electrons in their outermost shell the number of valence electrons are 2.

Similarly, there are seven electrons in the outermost shell of the elements such as fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl) from the group 17, i.e. the family of halogens the number of valence electron is 1. As a result, all elements belonging to the same group have the same valence electrons and show similar chemical properties.

(3) while going from top to bottom within any group, one electronic shell is added at a time. Atomic radius and atomic size increases and hence shows gradation of properties of the elements down the group. From this, the electronic configuration of the outermost shell is characteristic of a particular group.

To study the properties of elements and to keep the elements with similar properties together.

The last three elements of the second period in increasing order of atomic number are oxygen, fluorine, and neon.

(a) Element belongs to 17 group and 3 period. 

(b) Atomic number of this element is 17 because atomic number is equal to total electrons present in it. 

(c) It is non-metallic because it has 7 electrons in its valence shell so it can gain only one electron to complete its octet. 

(d) This element is Chlorine. 

(e) Bromine is chemically similar to this element because bromine and chlorine are the elements of same group.

Nitrogen (7): 2, 5
Phosphorus (15): 2, 8, 5
Nitrogen is more electronegative because Metallic character decreases across a period and increased down a group.

The limitations of Newlands Law of Octaves are : 

(i) The law was applicable to elements up to calcium (Ca) only. 

(ii) It contained only 56 elements. Further, it was assumed by Newlands that only 56 elements existed in nature and no more elements would be discovered in the future. 

(iii) In order to fit elements into the table, Newlands adjusted two elements in the same column as fluorine, chlorine and bromine which have very different properties than these elements. Iron, which resembles cobalt and nickel in properties, has been placed differently away from these elements.

(i) C and D

(ii) B

(iii) C

(iv) A

(a) Element E will form only covalent bond because it has 4 valence electrons. 

(b) Element B is a non-metal with valency 2 because element B has 6 valence electrons so it can take only two electrons to complete its octet. 

(c) Element D is a metal with valency 2 because it has 2 valence electrons. 

(d) We know that atomic size increases from up to down in a group due to increment in number of shells. So F has largest atomic size.

(e) Noble gases is the name of family to which H, C and F belong.

a) A is a Non metal.
b) C is less reactive comparing to A.
c) C is smaller in size comparing to A.
d) Cation is formed by A.

(a) A belongs to 7th group, has 7 valence electron, it can gain 1 electron to become stable. So it is a non-metal as it forms negative ion. 

(b) ‘C’ has 3 shells ‘A’ has 2 shells so C is bigger than A. 

(c) ‘B’ has one valence electron, it can loose this electron to become stable. So its valency is 1.

i. True.

ii. True.

iii. True.

iv. True.

v. True.

Electronic configuration of element X, atomic  number 12=2;8;2

 Electronic configuration of element 'Y' atomic number 16=2,8,6

Both have three shells, so they belong to period 3.

They will form an ionic bond as x will form electropositive ion and Y will form an electronegative ion.

(i) Element A is closer to noble gas and is on the right side of the period and in the periodic table, non-metals are on the right side. 

(ii) As we go down in periodic table atomic size increases, so the size of element C is greater than element A. 

(iii) Element B is in the first group and it consists of elements having 1 electron in the outermost shell so it has valency 1.

1. a. Sulphur

2. b. Non metal

3. c. 3

4. a. 32

5. b. 2

The answer is Ge < Ga < Mg < Ca < K

(b) S < P < Si < Al

Mg, Ca, K, Ga

Ga < Mg < Ca < K .

In a group as the atomic number increases, electropositivity increases while electronegativity decreases, nonmetallic character decreases.

In a period, as the atomic number increases from left to right, electronegativity increases, non-metallic character increases. This is due to a decrease in the atomic size.

1. Nitrogen 

2. Oxygen 

3. Fluorine.

₉F has the highest non metallic character.