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Second five – year plan emphasized on rapid industrialization.

In the first five – year plan, national income increased by 18% and per capita income increased by 11%.

The 12th five – year plan is focused more on facts, more inclusive and stable development strategy.

Agriculture and irrigation were the topmost priority in the first five year plan.

It was thirty.

Correct option is A) Burma

1. Whenever the surface of one body slides over another, each body exerts a certain amount of force on other body. 

2. These forces are tangential to the surfaces. The force on each body is opposite to the direction of motion between two bodies. 

3. It prevents or opposes the relative motion between two bodies. 

4. It is common experience that an object placed on any surface does not move easily when a small force is applied to it. 

5. This is because of certain force of opposition acting between the surface of the object and the surface on which it is placed. 

6. To initiate any motion between pair of surfaces, we need a certain minimum force. Also, after the motion begins, it is constantly opposed by some natural force. 

7. This mechanical force between two solid surfaces in contact with each other is called as frictional force.

i. Hardness:

1. Hardness is the property of a material which enables it to resist plastic deformation.

2. Hard materials have little ductility and they are brittle to some extent.

3. The term hardness also refers to stiffness or resistance to bending, scratching, abrasion or cutting.

4. It is the property of a material which gives it the ability to resist permanent deformation when a load is applied to it.

5. The greater the hardness, greater is the resistance to deformation.

6. Hardness of material is different from its strength and toughness.

7. The most well known example for hard material is diamond, while metal with very low hardness is aluminium.

ii. Strength:

1. If a force is applied to a body, it produces deformation in it.

2. Higher is the force required for deformation, the stronger is the material, i.e., the material has more strength.

3. Steel has high strength whereas plasticine clay is not strong because it gets easily deformed even by a small force.

iii. Toughness:

1. Toughness is the ability of a material to resist fracturing when a force is applied to it.

2. Plasticine clay is relatively tough as it can be stretched and deformed due to applied force without breaking.

A charged particle moving in an uniform magnetic field.

(a) Straight line: vertical, downward

(b) Parabolic path with vertex at C.

(c) Parabolic path with vertex higher than C.

1. CGS unit of heat: erg and it is related to SI unit as, 1 J = 10⁷ erg

2. Thermodynamic unit of heat: calorie (cal) and it is related as 1 cal = 4.184 J

Work done = change in KE 

Both bodies had same KE and hence same amount of work is needed to be done. Since force aplied is same, they would come to rest within the same distance.

(B) \(\frac{F^2 L}{2AY}\)

U = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × F × l

= \(\frac{1}{2}\) × F × \(\frac{FL}{AY}=\frac{F^2 L}{2AY}\)

Given, velocity of first car, v₁ = 15 km/h

And velocity of second car, v₂ = 30 km/h

Since masses are same, kinetic energy is directly proportional to the square of the velocity (Kav₂)

Hence, ratio of their kinetic energies is:

k₁/k₂ = v₁²/v₂² = 15²/(30)² = 15 x 15/30 x 30 = 1/4 = 1 : 4

Mass of bullet = 50g = 0.05kg

Velocity = 500m/s

Distance penetrated by the bullet = 10cm = 0.1m

(a) Kinetic energy of the bullet = 1/2 x mass x (velocity)² 

= 1/2 ×0.05 ×(500)² 

= 12 ×0.05 ×500 ×500=6250 J

(b) Work done by the bullet against the material of the target= resistive force x distance

6250 = resistive force × 0.1m

Resistive force = 62500 N

Mass of canon ball = 500g = 0.5 kg

Speed, v = 15m/s

(a) Kinetic energy of ball = 1/2 × mass x (velocity)² 

= 1/2 ×0.5 ×(15)² 

= 1/2 ×0.5 ×225=56.25J

(b) Momentum of the ball = mass × velocity

= 0.5 × 15 = 7.5 kgm/s

Work is done against the force.

As work done = change in kinetic energy, hence, (i) for constant speed, kinetic energy does not change and work done is zero.

(ii) for increasing speed, K.E. is increasing, and work is done by the external force.

(iii) for decreasing speed, K.E. is decreasing and work is done by the particle itself.

When a body moves in a circular path, no work is done since the force on the body is directed towards the centre of circular path (the body is acted upon by the centripetal force), while the displacement at all instants is along the tangent to the circular path, i.e., normal to the direction of force

When body moves in a circular path, the centripetal force acts on the body which is directed towards the centre of the circular path at every point and the displacement of the body is always perpendicular to the centripetal force.

i.e., θ = 90º

Work done = Fs cosθ = Fs cos 90º = 0

Hence, no work is done

We have, τ = MB sin θ 

Where τ → torque acting on magnetic needle 

M → Magnetic moment 

B → Magnetic field strength 

Then τ = 4.8 x 10^–2 x 3 x 10^–2 sin 30° 

= 4.8 x 10^–2 x 3 x 10^–2 x \(\frac{1}{2}\)

= 7.2 x 10^–4 Nm

We have, τ = MB sin θ

Where τ → torque acting on magnetic needle

M → Magnetic moment

B → Magnetic field strength

Then τ = 4.8 × 10^–2 × 3 × 10^–2 sin 30°

= 4.8 × 10^–2 × 3 × 10^–2 × \(\cfrac{1}{2}\)

= 7.2 × 10^–4 Nm

The magnetic moment of a magnet (or current loop) is defined as the maximum value of torque acting on a magnet when it is placed in a magnetic field of 1 T.

The magnet is said to be in stable equilibrium when the magnetic dipole moment of magnet is aligned along the direction of magnetic field.

Doctor suggested so because Sravya was lean and suffering from Protein deficiency. Milk, egg and pulses contain proteins.

A weak link makes the whole chain weak because chain may break at that point. So, a chain is as strong as its weakest link.

We have been compared to a chain because a nation is built by its citizens as a chain is made by its links.

1. The author means that our country is a chain and each one of us is a link in it. If any one of us is weak, the country will be weak

2. If we are weak and poor citizens, our country will suffer.

3. All the candles should burn brightly so that the whole house should be full of light.

4. The above passage has been taken from the lesson ‘Torch Bearers’. The writer of this lesson is W. M. Ryburn.

Guru Nanak experienced that the people of the first village were rude while the people of the second village were good and gentle. He wished that the people of first village should stay in their own village. But the people of the second village should be scattered every where.

We should spread knowledge and goodness everywhere by our good deeds, it means we should do good works wherever we go.

1. Guru Nanak prayed good things for the people who treated them badly and misfortunes for those who treated them well. This was too much to bear for Mardana.

2. Mardana protested because Guru Nanak had prayed for the good people to scatter all over the country.

3. Guru Nanak should have prayed for the inhospitable people to be scattered over the country and good people to remain comfortably where they are.

4. It was better for the inhospitable and selfish people to stay in one place so that they might do harm only there.

5. Good people are too good to be left in one place because they have some thing which is needed everywhere.

6. According to Guru Nanak, good people should be scattered through out the country as their influence and their character will be of benefit to others.

A good citizen has been called a center of light because his good character influences everybody everywhere.

Each one of us has a flame to carry which we have to pass on to others. If we do not pass the flame of knowledge and skill to others, it will go out.

1. Each one of us has the responsibility of being a good citizen. We must see that our particular link in the chain is not a weak one.

2. The Olympic Games in 1948 were held in London. The flame was carried from Greece.

3. The flame to London was carried from Greece only and not from any other country because the Olympic Games used to be held in Greece in times long age.

4. The duty of each runner carrying the lighted torch was to run a certain distance where a fresh runner was waiting for him.

5. The flame was carried all along its way from Greece to London across Europe by a long relay of runners.

Good people should not stay at one place because other people will not be befitted by their goodness while goodness is needed everywhere. 

Good people should not stay at one place because other people will not be befitted by their goodness while goodness is needed everywhere.

Guru Nanak experienced that the people of the first village were rude while the people of the second village were good and gentle. He wished that the people of first village should stay in their own village. But the people of the second village should be scattered every where. 

1. One runner, when handing over his torch to a fresh runner, let it go out.

2. The person would have felt ashamed of himself.

3. After we complete our education, it is our duty to pass on our knowledge and skill in the service of our country.

When each of us will be a good citizen, ready to pass on the flame of knowledge to others, and trained for service of our country, the country will be more enlightened.

Once Guru Nanak and his disciple Mardana came to a village for night-stay. The villagers were rude and inhospitable to them. They did not allow them to stay anywhere in the village. The next night they came to another village. The villagers, there, were nice. They gave them food to eat and a place to stay at night. Guru Nanak prayed for the rude and inhospitable villagers that they might always stay in their village itself. For the people of the other village, Guru Nanak wished that they might be scattered throughout the country. Thus Guru Nanak wished that good people should be scattered because their goodness is needed everywhere. Thus he taught Mardana the lesson of greatness of heart.

Guru Nanak wished bad people to stay in the village. Thus their evil will not spread to other places. He wished for good people to be scattered all over the country. Thus their goodness will be carried everywhere. In the same way each one of us has been given powers of body, mind and character. After leaving school we are tested. If we use these powers to spread light of knowledge in the whole country, it will be the best service of the country. Only then we shall be called good citizens. The progress of the country depends upon good citizens.

Guru Nanak wanted the inhospitable and selfish people to stay in one place so that their evil might harm only at that place.

Guru Nanak prayed for the people of the second village to be scattered throughout the country because their goodness is needed everywhere.

1. Guru Nanak and Mardana were forced to spend the night in the open because the village people did not allow them to stay in the village at night.

2. Guru Nanak prayed for them, “The people of this village may always stay in this village”.

3. The people of the next village welcomed them, treated them kindly, found them a place to stay for night and gave food to eat.

The people of the other village welcomed them, treated their visitors kindly, found them a place to stay for the night, and gave them food to eat.

When the author says, A chain is as strong as its weakest link’, he means to say that a weak link makes the whole chain weak. The weakest link will break when the chain is pulled. Our country is a big chain where every citizen is a link. A weak link makes the chain weak. Sometimes we think that it doesn’t matter what one person does in such a large country. If one candle goes out, there will be darkness at that place. It is only when all the candles burn brightly, the whole house will be full of light. So our duty is to be a good citizen.

1. We have the powers of knowledge and skill to use in the service of our country.

2. We carry a flame to pass on to others when we leave school.

3. We shall serve our country by passing on our knowledge and skill to others.

4. If we do not use our knowledge and skill, the flame will go out.

5. To keep alight the torch, we should train ourselves for citizenship and service of our country.

Once Guru Nanak and his disciple Mardana came to a village for night-stay. The villagers were rude and inhospitable to them. They did not allow them to stay anywhere in the village. The next night they came to another village. The villagers, there, were nice. They gave them food to eat and a place to stay at night. Guru Nanak prayed for the rude and inhospitable villagers that they might always stay in their village itself. For the people of the other village, Guru Nanak wished that they might be scattered throughout the country. Thus Guru Nanak wished that good people should be scattered because their goodness is needed everywhere. Thus he taught Mardana the lesson of greatness of heart.

Mardana was puzzled because Guru Nanak prayed for the people of the first village to stay at one place. These people had forced them to stay in the open. Guru Nanak prayed for the gentle people of the second village to be scattered. Mardana thought just opposite to it. So Guru Nanak taught him that the rude people have some evils which will affect others. So they should stay at one place only. But the people of the second village have such qualities which are needed everywhere. So they should be scattered to benefit others by their qualities:

Nanak wished for the people of the other village that they might spread over the whole country and should not remain at one place.