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• J.S. Mill 
• Herbert Spencer

(a) Herbert Spencer

Freeman said this.

(d) All of the above

This is Plato statement.

Related to Anarchy.

Compulsory functions of a state: 

The compulsory functions of the state refer to those functions, which are quite mandatory for the government. That is, to say that the very existence of a state may be threatened if these functions are not performed. 

Following are the compulsory functions of a state:

1. Protection of the country from foreign attacks. 

2. To maintain internal peace and order. 

3. Formation of crime and punishment – related rules, and proper management and system for delivery of justice. 

4. Formation of laws, because a state can truly express its sovereignty through laws only. 

5. Collection of revenue.

• Bentham 
•  J.S. Mill

Religious reformation movement.

(a)  Ramrajya

(a) Mahatma Gandhi

The emergence of liberalism was a result of renaissance, intellectual revolution, England’s glorious revolution, America’s struggle for liberty and French revolution.

(d) All of the above

Bluntschli said this.

(d) All of the above

• Plato 
• Aristotle

• Stateless society 
• Decentralised village self – rule 
• Non – violent democracy.

To ensure completeness of human life.

(a) Martin Luther

(c) Mahatma Gandhi

Non – violent democracy.

Adam Smith is the author of ‘Wealth of Nations’.

The ultimate ideal of Marx is the establishment of communist society.

(d) All of the above

As per Hobhouse, the number of freedoms of an individual is 9.

State – related concept of Gandhism: 

Mahatma Gandhi was a great freedom fighter and political thinker of India. His state – related thoughts are known as Gandhism. According to Gandhiji, a state does not accomplish any moral purpose, and in fact, it is a symbol of organised violence. It murders the soul of an individual by oppressive powers. Hence, a state is not only an evil, but it is unnecessary also.

According to Gandhiji, a state restricts free awareness of an individual by obstructive control. State’s power of sovereignty is another name of violence and Gandhiji opposed all sorts of violence. According to him, to name or define as laws the state orders based on organised violence ‘is in fact’ to belittle the eternal importance of truth and non-violence. Though Gandhiji was anti – state, he accepted that to end the state immediately is not possible. Apart from this, Gandhiji envisaged the reformist ideal of decentralised village self governance and non – violent democracy.

(b) Liberalism

“State is a means”. Thinkers who believe in this concept regard a state as a means for fulfilling the interests of an individual. According to their belief, all institutions are for welfare and prosperity of an individual, not an individual for these institutions. The sole aim of a state is to do good for its people. Individualist, anarchist and pluralist .thinkers regard a state as a means.

Individualistic thinkers do accept the existence of a state, but they do not consider a state as an accomplishment. J.S. Mill and Herbert Spencer regard the state as a necessary evil. They want a state’s work to be limited to police works only. Anarchists believe that one’s interest is of state governance. For them, a state is an unnecessary, unwanted and unnatural institution. Pluralist thinkers regard state as a community, just like other communities.

Adam Smith is considered as the Father of Economics.

In respect to ideal political system, the ideal system model of Gandhiji is stateless society or Ramrajya (Utopia). Gandhiji made it clear that the envisaged Ramrajya is not synonymous to ‘Hindu state’. Instead, it is a hint towards a sacred system wherein any foreign control on the soul (conscience) of an individual will be eliminated. Gandhiji named this system ‘enlightened anarchy.

It is the convention of Gandhiji that when an individual adopts ideal of non-violence in his life in a holistic way and dedicates self for the cause of supreme truth, (then) his awakened soul and appropriate rationale will control his entire range of behaviour with moral, impact so that there would be no need of any external control on his being.

In this situation, an individual becomes a ruler of his self. Gandhiji also believed that it is almost impossible to obtain this type of political ideal because after adopting the human body, an individual is not able to fully imbibe the ideal of non – violence in his life.

(d) Stateless and classless society

The Glorious Revolution of England took place in 1688.

Karl Marx said this.

(c) Class difference

(c) Capitalists

(d) All of the above

While clarifying the concept of decentralised village self – rule, Gandhiji says that the centralisation of political power is synonymous to violence. He states that a decentralised political system can be regarded in accordance with the ideal of non – violence. Gandhiji emphasized for a village to be made a political unit. This arrangement does not mean that the (such) village will not have any relation with other villages.

These autonomous, self – governed and self – reliant villages will seek help from other villages for their necessities which are beyond the management of a village, and of course, they will do it with cooperation, and similarly, these will also remain ready to help other villages if they are in need. That is to say, that the unmanageable things will be resolved with mutual help and cooperation.

In the form of national state, the country will be a union of free republics. Every village will be orgainised as per the wishes of its residents. Village will hold election for representatives of district administration. In this election, every village will have one vote. District representative will elect provincial administration and provincial representation will elect the president who will be the main executive of the nation.

Gandhiji felt that the implementation of planning of decentralised village self – governance is a cumbersome process, hence, he, in the form of provisional political ideal, envisaged a non – violent democracy.

Liberalism is a political philosophy which advocates optimum freedom in all walks of an individual’s life: thought, expression, exchange of thoughts, business, faith and cooperation.

According to Sartori, “In simple words, liberalism means individual freedom, judicial safety and principle and behaviour of constitutional state”.

(b)  Karl Marx

• Voltaire and 
• Rousseau.

(a) Labour class

(d) Individual

According to Kautilya, the following are the seven elements of a state: 

1. Swami (The Ruler) 

2. Amatya (The Minister) 

3. Janapada (The population) 

4. Durg (The fortified capital) 

5. Kosh (The Treasury) 

6. Dand (The Army) 

7. Mitra (Ally and Friends)

(b)  Karl Marx

• Exploiting class. 
• Exploited class.

Gandhiji laid emphasis on the autonomy of village political system and making it a self – reliant unit.

Gandhiji propagated the concept of decentralised village self governance.

According to Marx, “The purpose of the state is to protect and develop the interests of the class who has right on governance”.

To free an individual from all types of autocracy is the main objective of liberalism.