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Pears, guava, peach, mango, kinnow, orange, lemon, grapes etc.

For an orchards soil should be well drained, deep, loamy and fertile. There should be not hard pan within two metres of its depth.

Amritsar, Tarantaran, Kapurthala, Bamala, Patiala, Jalandhar, Sangrur, Ludhiana, Moga, Fatehgarh Sahib etc. .

Mango, cirtrus fruits, lemon, kinnow, lime, litchi, peach, plums, chicoo, amla etc.

Fruit plants should not be grown in water logged, marshy, saline or acidic soils.

1. (i) pollen grains

2. (ii) Pollen tube

3. (ii) male gamete

4. (i) female gamete

5. (iv) ovule

An organism will be benefitted if it reproduces through spores because:
(i) It is a simpler and faster mode of reproduction.
(ii) Spores being small and light, get easily dispersed through wind, water and animals. Thus, its dispersal becomes easier.
(iii) Spores bear thick resistant covering to enable them to survive even in unfavourable conditions.

(a) (i) testis - anther (ii) sperm - pollen grains
(iii) egg - (iv) ovary ovum - ovary
(b) Flowers are responsible for sexual reproduction as they contain the reproductive organs of the plant.

1. (i) Callus

2. (iv) Tissue culture

3. (i) Agar

4. (i) Plant hormones

5. (i) Dahlia

1. (i) cutting

2. (iii) layering

3. (ii) grafting

4. (ii) grafting

5. (i) cutting

1. (i) Cuttings method

2. (ii) Sugar cane

3. (ii) Asexual

4. (ii) clones

5. (i) cutting

1. (i) proteins

2. (ii) Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

3. (ii) similar

4. (i) TRUE

5. (i) TRUE

1. (i) acquired immune deficiency syndrome

2. (iii) it's a sexually transmitted disease (STD)

3. (i) HIV

4. (i) Human Immuno deficiency Virus

5. (iv) all of the above

(d) Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

1. Coronary artery disease is a condition caused due to problems like atherosclerosis.

2. In this disease, coronary arteries are narrowed due to deposition of fatty substances. 

3. Due to this the blood flow to the heart is reduced. 

4. In coronary heart disease, the heart muscle is damaged because of an inadequate amount of blood due to obstruction of its blood supply. 

5. The symptoms of CAD depend upon the degree of obstruction. 

6. Symptoms are mild chest pain or angina pectoris. 

7. In severe cases it results in heart attack known as myocardial infarction.

a. 1. management 

2. rearrange

b. 1. He could manage to collect enough money to pay his school fees. 

2. She arranged the flowers in a vase.

1. leaned, motionless, opposite, scrapped. 

2. father, feathers, felt, flapped

In the above dihybrid cross there are 4 phenotypes such as yellow round, yellow wrinkled, green round, green wrinkled. There are 9 different genotypes as follows: 

1 : RRYY / 2 : RRYy / 1 : RRyy / 2 : RrYY / 4 : RrYy / 2 : Rryy / 1 : rrYY /2 : rrYy / 1 : rryy

When the diaphragm moves down, the air is sucked inside the lung. Thus air is inhaled when diaphragm moves up the air inside the lung is pushed out. Thus the air is exhaled. The up and down movement of the diaphragm causes us to exhale and inhale air.

(b) lymphocytes

a – ii b – i c – iv d – iii

Peyer’s patches are oval-shaped areas of thickened tissue that are embedded in the mucus- secreting lining of the small intestine of humans and other vertebrate animals. Peyer’s patches contain a variety of immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells.

Bone marrow and thymus gland.

Phagocytic barriers involves macrophages (monocytes, neutrophils) which phagocytose and . digest whole micro organisms.

Identify one primary and one secondary lymphoid organ. Explain its role. Liver, thymus, stomach, thyroid, tonsils Primary lymphoid organ – thymus Secondary lymphoid organ – tonsils Immunocompetency of T cells is achieved in Thymus Whereas tonsils help to fight viral and bacterial infections.

(c) Plasma cells

IgE (epsilon) antibody is responsible for allergic reaction. Histamine and serotonin are the chemicals released during allergic reaction.

In Papaya, male and female flowers are present in separate plants. They are said to be Dioceous

(a) Antibody Mediated Immunity was elicited by T cells.

The male fruit fly has XY sex chromosomes and produces two types of gametes, hence it is called heterogametic while female fowl has ZW sex chromosomes thereby producing two types of gametes, thus it is called heterogametic. 

Female fruit fly has two X chromosomes, i.e., XX and produces similar gametes, hence it is called homogametic. Also, male fowl has two Z chromosomes and produces similar gametes, thus it is called homogametic.

Male bird – ZZ, Female bird – ZW

Botanical Gardens plays the following important roles.

1. Gardens with aesthetic value which attract a large number of visitors. For example, the Great Banyan Tree (Ficus benghalensis) in the Indian Botanical Garden at Kolkata 

2. Gardens have a wide range of species and supply taxonomic material for botanical research. 

3. Garden is used for self-instruction or demonstration purposes.

The plants which contain two cotyledons with cup shaped thalamus:

• Class: Dicotyledonae 
• Subclass: Polypetalae
• Series: Calyciflorae

The 8th, 9th and 10th pairs of ribs are called Flase /vertebro-chondral ribs.

(i) Glucagon and Insulin 

(ii) Parathyroid hormone (PTH). 

(iii) LH and PSH (Luteinzing hormone and Follicle stimulating horome. 

(iv) Progesterone 

(v) Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) 

(vi) Testosterone and estradiol

Helobial endosperm: Primary Endosperm Nucleus moves towards base of embryo sac and divides into two nuclei. Cell wall formation takes place leading to the formation of a large micropylar and small chalazal chamber. The nucleus of the micropylar chamber undergoes several free nuclear division whereas that of chalazal chamber may or may not divide. 

Examples : Hydrilla and Vallisneria.

The two lateral lobes of thyroid gland are connectd by a median tissue mass called isthmus.

Correct Answer is: (b) ii only

Eugene P. Odum

Advantages of seed dispersal:

1. Seeds escape from mortality near the parent plants due to predation by animals or getting diseases and also avoiding competition.

2. Dispersal also gives a chance to occupy favourable sites for growth. 

3. It is an important process in the movement of plant genes particularly this is the only method available for selffertilized flowers and maternally transmitted genes in outcrossing plants.

4. Seed dispersal by animals help in conservation of many species even in human altered ecosystems. 

5. Understanding of fruits and seed dispersal acts as a key for proper functioning and establishment of many ecosystems from deserts to evergreen forests and also for the maintenance of biodiversity conservation and restoration of ecosystems.

Unidirectional wind stimulates the development of flag forms in trees.

Birds and mammals, including human beings play an efficient and important role in the dispersal of fruit and seeds. 

They have the following devices.

1. Hooked fruit: The surface of the fruit or seeds have hooks (Xanthium), barbs (Andropogon), spines (Aristida) by means of which they adhere to the body of animals or clothes of human beings and get dispersed.

2. Sticky fruits and seeds:

• Some fruits have sticky glandular hairs by which they adhere to the fur of grazing animals. 

Example: Boerhaavia and Cleome.

• Some fruits have viscid layer which adhere to the beak of the bird which eat them and when they rub them on to the branch of the tree, they disperse and germinate.

Example: Cordia and Alangium.

3. Fleshy fruits: Some fleshy fruits with conspicuous colours are dispersed by human beings to distant places after consumption.

(a) Argemone

The answer is (b) Leaf Lamina

The answer is (c) Wheat

A short stem that produces fleshy scale leaves or modified leaf bases).

Nasturtium (Jal kumbhee).