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1. Union Budget is presented in the Parliament.

2. Changes in the tax structure, provisions for allocating expenditure on defense, education, research, and development.

3. The date for presenting the budget is shifted to the 1st of February because it enables the generation of funds well in advance prior to the commencement of the financial year.

4. A budget is the annual financial statement that shows estimated receipts and expenditures of the government for a year.

C) First coalition govt – Morarji Desai

In 1 gm 

The quantity of silver = 0.25 gm 

The quantity of copper = 0.05 gm 

∴ The quantity of gold = 1 gm – (0.25 . 0.05) 

= 1 – 0.3 = 0.7gm 

∴ Percentage of gold = \(\frac {0.7}1\)× 100 = 70% 

∴ Percentage of silver = \(\frac {0.25}1\)× 100 = 25% 

∴ Percentage of copper = \(\frac {0.5}1\)× 100 = 5%

Correct Answer is Think Tank

A) Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy

Growth-rate of national income:

• National income as an indicator of development says that a country is said to have attained economic development if there is a continuous increase in the real national income of the country for a long period of time.
• According to this indicator if the rate of rise in national income is high the development rate is said to be high and if the rate in rise of national income is slow, the rate of development is low.
  Moreover, if the national income does not rise it means that the country’s development is stagnant whereas if national income decreases, it indicates that there is underdevelopment or negative development.
• For calculating this indicator ‘real income’ and not ‘money(nominal) income’ is taken into consideration. As a result, national income is calculated not at current prices but at constant prices.
  Tabular representation of national income as an indicator of development:
• Some countries have a faster growth-rate of national income compared to other countries. Hence, we can also say that even the economic development in such countries will be faster.
• Table given below shows that countries like Norway, America, Sri Lanka and Pakistan have slower annual growth rate of national income compared to India.
• Although today India is considered to be one of the fastest developing countries of the world but, it should be noted that countries like Norway and America have already grown drastically in the past. Hence, their growth now appears smaller at 2 to 3% per annum compared to that of India which is 7.3%.

The European trading companies maintained armies in India for the following reasons :

1. for attaining a monopoly over trade in India. 

2. to protect their trading centers and forts from the local rulers and the other European companies. 

3. to drive the other European companies away from India to attain a monopoly over trade in India. 

4. to increase their profits by using their military advantage. 

5. to force the local craftsmen to sell their goods at low prices. 

6. to squeeze revenue from the peasants beyond reasonable limits. 

7. for fighting against the local rulers when they resisted the trading companies to squeeze revenue. 

8. to dethrone the kings and to remove any obstacles in the way of their trade. The armies of the companies played the roles: 

a) guards to protect their ports, forts, and their trading centers. 

b) a force to threaten the craftsmen to sell their goods at lower prices. 

c) an army to fight against their trade rivals and the local rulers.

Hoping that the English would be driven away and the Mughal rule and the earlier political order would be restored, armies of rebels, Sipahis, and rulers from different corners of the country marched-towards Delhi. Though the Mughals were originally foreigners they did not treat the Indians as slaves or second-rated people as the British did. Moreover, they tried to attain harmony between the Hindus and the Muslims. So Mughal emperors continued to be symbolically important. When a rebellion against the British rule broke out in 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Mughal emperor at that time was seen as the natural leader, when we oppose something you need an alterna¬tive in its place. So when the rebels opposed the British, the immediate alternative that came to their mind was the earlier successful political order i.e., Mughal rule.

C) Sant Langowal

1. The armies of European armies were different from the armies of Indian rulers in the 1700’s and 1800’s. 

2. The soldiers of European armies were better trained and received higher and more regular salaries. 

3. They also had better cannons and guns. 

4. The European armies held parades and drills every day. 

5. With such regular exercise, Indian soldiers enrolled in these armies also became quite skilled in battle. So the European armies were able to defeat the Indian armies in 1700s and 1800s.

Almost people of all the sections of society revolted against the English, in 1857

1. Many royal families, whose kingdoms had been taken away by the English, joined the revolt. Among them were the former Nawab of Avadh and the Maratha Peshwa Nana Sahib, Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi and Tantia Tope, and the rulers of different cor¬ners of the country. 

2. Farmers and landowners revolted against the English because the English imposed very high taxes on them and collected the taxes very strictly.

3. Because of the new rules and laws of the English, the tribal people lost their right over jungles and land. So they revolted against the English. 

4. Many Hindus and Muslims feared that the English would destroy their religions and convert them to Christianity. So they also joined the revolt. 

5. The Indian Sipahis in the British army, who were not treated with respect, and who were not paid their salaries on time started the revolt. 

On top of that, the Hindu and the Muslim Sipahis felt that their religious faith was being Violated, when they were asked to use the cartridges which were being coated with cow and pig fat. But the money lenders, who had become very powerful in the villages with the help of English laws, did not join the revolt. Some Zamindars who received the promises of gifts from the British did not join the revolt. But the local rulers such as the Nawab of Hyderabad did not join the revolt. The Marathas, Sikhs, and Gurkhas were friendly with the British. They all helped the Brit¬ish to suppress the revolt.

A wave of people began attacking the bungalows of the English. Offices of the English were set on fire. Many English people were killed. The flames of revolt spread from Kasba to Kasba and village to village in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The peasants and Zamindars took up arms together and had the English and their officers on the run. They stopped paying taxes to the British government. They tore up railway lines, burnt down police stations, courts, post and telegraph offices, and uprooted the telegraph wires. The rebels looted the houses and burnt the documents of many money lenders. Thus the rebels fought bravely.

In the declaration of 1858, Queen Victoria tried to address the complaints of the native kings who were dethroned and anointed successors. Addressing them the Queen declared that Indian kings should rule their own kingdoms without anxiety because the English would not try to dethrone them. Zamindars, who were treated brutally for the collection of revenue, were given many concessions and were assured that their property would be protected. The Queen addressed the pundits and Maulvis who feared that the British government was interfering in matters relating to Indian religions the Queen assured that the British government would not interfere in their religious matters and the old traditions would be allowed to continue. The queen addressed the Indian people, who were treated as inferiors and were not taken into their service, were promised that they would be taken into British government service.

By May 11, 1857, the Sipahis of Meerut reached Delhi. They entered the Lai Quila and declared the imprisoned Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar their Badshah. They persuaded him to reject the sovereignty of the British. The rebels wanted to drive out the English and brought back Mughal rule. The rebels made it a clarion call. Armies of the rebel Sipahis and rulers from different corners of the country marched towards Delhi. They hoped that the English would be driven away and Mughal rule and the earlier political order would be restored.

1. Vasudev Balwant Fadke

2. Vasudev Balwant Fadke

3. Vasudev Balwant Fadke

4. Bhagur

5. MitraMela, Abhinav Bharat.

6. Vinayak Damodar Sawarkar

7. Vinayak Damodar Sawarkar

8. Habibpur

9. Shahjahanpur

10. Ashfaq Ullah Khan

Shyamji Krushna got the help from leaders like Vinayak Sawarkar, Lala Hardayal, Madanlal Dhingra, Sardar Singh Rana and Madam Cama to carry out revolutionary activities.

The correct option is (c) Total linear momentum.

Explanation:

If in a collision kinetic energy after collision is not equal to kinetic energy before collision, the collision is said to inelastic.

• Lichen – cyanobacteria
• Mycorrhiza – fungi
• Fig tree – Wasp
• Sexual deceit – Ophrys

Perlette, Beauty seedless, Flame seedless, Punjab purple, Shaweta.

Sardar, Allahabad Sufeda, Arka Amulya, Punjab pink.

Punjab beauty, Pathamakh (hard pear), Punjab nectar, Punjab gold, Baggugosha, Le Conte.

Satluj purple, Kala Amritsari.

Early Grande, Shan-e-Punjab, Partap.

Mid of January.

Fruits contain proteins, minerals, vitamins etc.

These plants completely lose their foliage during the winter or dry season. Example-Pears, grapes, peach, plums.

Healthy, vigorous, insect free, disease free and of known pedigree, good variety plants should be taken from some reliable nursery, if possible, should be taken from PAU Ludhiana, from the department of Horticulture and from government approved nurseries.

Fruit plants need a proper structure and appearance which should be given at younger age. This is done by careful training. Proper appearance and structure is necessary so that plants can get proper sunlight and proper ventilation. This helps in getting better yield and high quality fruits and this also increases the age of tree.

Deciduous fruit plants like grapes, pears, peach, plums etc. which are planted in Punjab are prunned for the first four to five years. When plants come to bearing, plants are trimmed so as to get better yield and high quality fruits. Prusing is necessary to remove non productive parts, diseased, dried, crisscrossed and broken branches. This helps in regulating the fruit crop of better quality and productivity in also improved.

Some of the fruit plants like litchi, mango, pears start giving fruits after long time (late bearing). Some plants which are temporary are planted in the orchard, which bear fruits in short interval of time. These act as filler plant. When main fruit plants come to bearing then these filler plants are removed.

Younger plants should be irrigated at weekly intervals from March to June upto 3-4 years. Then from November to February at intervals of 2-3 weeks and from July to November depending upon rainfall and soil type, irrigation should be applied.

This is a system of planting orchards in which row spacing and plant spacing are kept same. Plants are at right angle tb each other and nearby four plants of two rows form a square.

These plants have leaves throughout the year and are always green examples-Loquat, guava, mango, litchi, kinnow and other mandarins, sweet orange, lime, sapota etc.

Pears, grapes, peach, plums etc.

Mango, litchi, citrus, chicoo (spota) etc.

• Fruit plants which are free from insects and diseases should be selected from the nursery.
• Plants should be healthy, vigorous and of medium height budded or grafted on suitable rootstock.
• Lift the evergreen plants in such a way that they carry roots with them and are covered with well sized earthen balls.
• Take care that grafting.is done on the original plant. Union should be smooth and should not be high.
• Before transplanting remove the Tying material.
• Purchase 10% more plants from the requirement, these can be used to fill the gap created due to death of some plants.

Correct option is (d) All

Correct option is (d) All

Correct option is (a) Pears

(b) September-October

Correct option is (d) All

1. Some standards or certain maturity indices should be followed and maintained while harvesting fruits e.g. some of the fruits can be harvested before proper maturity e.g. mango, banana, plums etc. But grapes, litchi etc. can not be ripened after harvesting. Standards should be set and maintained according to the fruit.

2. Never pull the fruit from the branch. This may cause the branch to break or the fruit skin near the stem end can be ruptured.

3. Grade fruits harvested into 3-4 sizes. Pack these in the card- board boxes, poly nets, crates after grading.

4. Do not pack the fruits which are unripe, more ripe, small, irregular shaped, damaged and injured.

February to March, September to October.

September-October.

September-October.

Correct option is (d) All

It may rupture the skin of the fruit and branch may break also.

Plants should be of medium height.

Correct answer is 15-20 %.

Broadcast method.

Bhatinda, Manasa, Shri Mukatsar Sahib, Faridkot, Ferozepur, Fazilka etc.