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1. Free lateral stipules: These are two, small, green free stipules present on both lateral sides of the leaf base e.g.. Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Gossypium, etc.
2. Adnate stipules: These are two lateral stipules attached to/the petiole upto some distance but the anterior part remain free e.g., Rose, ground nut, Lupin etc.

The answer is (a) Pulvinus

1. The Modern periodic table is arranged in groups and periods based on the electronic configuration of the atoms of elements.

2. Physical and Chemical Properties of elements are related to their electronic con-figurations particularly the outershell configurations. 

3. The atoms of the elements in a group posses similar electronic configurations. 

4. The elements in a group should have similar chemical properties and there should be regular gradation in their physical properties from top to bottom. 

5. Across the table from left to right in any period, elements gets an increase in the atomic number by 1 unit between any two successive elements. 

6. Therefore the electronic configuration of valence shell of any two elements in a given period is not same. 

7. Due to this reason elements along a period posses different chemical properties with regular gradation in their physical properties from left to right.

• The modem periodic table is based on the atomic numbers of the elements. When elements are arranged in an increasing order of atomic number (Z), periodicity is observed in their electronic configurations which reflects in the characteristic structure of the modem periodic table.
• The location of elements in the modem periodic table is correlated to quantum numbers of the last filled orbital.
• Along a period, the atomic number increases by one and one electron is added to the outermost shell which forms neutral atom of the next element.
• The period number is same as the principal quantum number ‘n’ of the valence shell of the elements.
• A period begins with filling of a particular shell and ends when the valence shell attains complete octet configuration (or duplet, in case of the first period).
• The next period begins with addition of electron to the next shell of higher energy compared to the previous period. e. g. First shell of the elements gets filled along the first period while second shell starts filling in the second period and addition of electrons continues till second shell (valence shell) attains stable electronic configuration.

Vardhaman is said to be ‘Mahavir’ because he had the resilience, the courage to conquer all passions.

Judaism emphasizes justice, truth, peace, love, compassion, humility, charity, ethical speech and self-respect.

Correct option is: (b) Buddhism

Correct option is: (c) Sporophylls

Correct option is: (c) root

The left side of the heart contains oxygenated blood.

People have a common belief that the heart is located on the left side of the chest because the narrow end of the roughly triangular heart is pointed to the left side and during its working the contraction of the heart is more powerful on the left side which can be felt.

Perianth (P): 

a. Many times, calyx and corolla remain undifferentiated. Such member is known as tepal. 

b. The whorl of tepals is known as Perianth.

c. It protects other floral whorls. 

d. If all the tepals are free the condition is called as polyphyllous and if they are fused the condition is called as gamophyllous. 

e. Sepaloid perianth shows green tepals, while petaloid perianth shows brightly coloured tepals. 

e.g. Lily, Amaranthus, Celosia, etc. 

f. Petaloid tepal helps in pollination and sepaloid tepals can perform photosynthesis.

(a) 

(b) An artery carries blood away from the heart whereas a vein brings blood towards the heart.

(c) An artery generally contains oxygenated blood whereas a vein generally carries deoxygenated blood.

(d) Tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart whereas a bicuspid valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.

Cladodes: 

a. The branches of limited growth i.e. one intemode long and performing photosynthetic function are called as cladodes. 

b. True leaves are reduced to spine or scales to reduce rate of transpiration, e.g. Asparagus.

(i) Marginal and Axile placentation.

(ii) Marginal and Parietal placentation.

1. Growth of rhizome takes place with lateral buds, such growth is known as sympodial growth, e.g. Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Turmeric (Curcuma domestica), Canna etc. 

2. In plants where rhizomes grow obliquely, terminal bud brings about growth of rhizomes. This is known as monopodial growth, e.g. Nymphea, Nelumbo (Lotus), Pteris (Fern) etc.

Vexillary: 

Corolla is butterfly shaped and consists of five petals. Outermost and largest is known as standard or vexillum, two lateral petals are wings and two smaller fused forming boat shaped structures keel. 

e.g. Pisum sativum

The correct answer is (A) Parietal

Pneumatophores of roots are shown by halophytes growing in Sundarbans in West Bengal.

Tendrils are slender, spirally coiled structures that help the weakstemmed plants to climb on the support. 

Axile placentation: 

Placentation: 

The mode of arrangement of ovules on the placenta within the ovary is called placentation.

Axile:

Ovules are placed on the central axis of a multilocular ovary,

e.g. China rose, Cotton, etc.

Structure of a seed: 

1. Seed is a reproductive unit that developed from fertilized mature ovule. 

2. The seed is made up of seed coat, embryo with or without endosperm and one or two cotyledons. 

3. Outer most covering of a seed is called seed coat. 

4. It shows outer layer called as testa and inner layer called as tegmen. 

5. Hilum is a scar on the seed coat through which seed attach to the fruit. 

6. Embryo of a seed is enclosed within seed coat. 

7. Embryonal axis consists of radicle and plumule.

8. The part of embryonal axis between cotyledon and plumule is epicotyl, while the part between cotyledons and radicle is hypocotyl.

9. The nutritive tissue in a seed called endosperm.

[Note: Dicotyledonous seed is a nonendospermic or exalbuminous, as it lacks endosperm at maturity.] [Note: Students can scan the given Q.R code to study the structure of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous seed.]

The correct answer is (A) testa

The correct answer is (C) Stem

Thom is a hard, pointed, woody and usually straight structure produced by modification of axillary bud. It provides protection against browsing animals. In Bougainvillea, thorns are modified stems.

Fruit : The ripened and matured ovary after fertilization is called 'fruit’. 

(i) In some plants, the ovary and other floral parts may turn into fruit without fertilization. The fruits without fertilization are called ‘Parthenocarpic fruit’ or ‘Seedless fruit’. E.g., Banana. 

(ii) True and False fruits : The fruits which are developed from the fertilized ovary are called true fruits. E.g., Pea, Maize, Wheat, etc. 

(iii) The fruits developed from other non-essential parts of the flower (such as sepals, petals, thalamus etc.) are called 'false fruit’ or ‘Pseudocarpic fruits’ E.g., apple (thalamus is edible).

Stem tendrils → Vitis, Passiflora, Cucurbita 

Leaf tendrils → Smilax, Lathyrus, Gloriosa

1. The given figures represent phyllotaxy. It is the arrangement of leaves on the stem and branches in a specific manner.

2. Figure ‘a’ and ‘b’ represents, alternate phyllotaxy. In this type of phyllotaxy, single leaf arises from each node of a stem.

e.g. Mango

3. Figure ‘c’ represents opposite decussate phyllotaxy. In this type of phyllotaxy, a pair of leaf arise from each node and the consecutive pair at right angle to the previous one.

e.g. Calotropis.

Student must have observed phylloclade, which is a modification of stem. 

Phylloclade: 

a. Modification of stem into leaf like photosynthetic organ is known as phylloclade. 

b. Being stem it possesses nodes and internodes. 

c. It is thick, fleshy and succulent, contains mucilage for retaining water 

e.g. Opuntia, Casuarina (Cylindrical shaped phylloclade) and Muehlenbeckia (ribbon like phylloclade).

‘P’: Trailer 

‘Q’: Runner 

‘R’: Stolon 

‘S’: Offset

The correct answer is (B) ovary

1. Subaerial stems: 

a. These are generally weak or straggling stems growing over the ground and need support for perpetuation. 

b. Sometimes these stems are found to grow beneath the soil surface also. Thus, they show contact with both air and soil. 

c. Subaerial stems are meant for perennation and vegetative propagation. 

d. Scale leaves and axillary buds are present over stem surface. Axillary buds develop into aerial shoots. 

2. Types of subaerial stems: 

a. Trailer: 

1. The shoot spreads over the ground without striking adventitious roots. The branches are either flat i.e. procumbent or partly vertical i.e. decumbent. e. g. Euphorbia, Tridax etc.

b. Runner: 

1. They are special narrow, prostrate or horizontal green branches which develop at the base of erect shoots known as crown. 

2. Runners spread in all directions to produce new crowns with bunch of adventitious roots. 

3. Presence of nodes with scale leaves and axillary buds is observed. 

e.g. Cynodon (Lawn grass) Centella (Hydrocotyl / Brahmi), Oxalis etc. [Any one example] 

c. Stolons:

1. The slender lateral branch arising from the base of main axis is known as stolon. 

2. In some plants it is above ground (wild strawberry). 

3. Primarily stolon shows upward growth in the form of ordinary branch, but when it bends and touches the ground terminal bud grows into new shoot and develops adventitious roots. 

e.g. Wild Strawberry, Jasmine, Mentha, etc.  

d. Sucker: 

1. It is non-green, runner like branch of stem. 

2. It grows horizontally below soil initially and then comes above the soil surface obliquely to produce a new plant. 

3. Sucker can be termed as underground runner. 

e. g. Chrysanthemum, Banana etc.

e. Offset: 

1. These are one intemode long runners in rosette plants at ground or water level. 

2. Offset helps in vegetative propagation. e.g. Water hyacinth or Jal kumbhi (Eichhornia) and Pistia.

1. Fruits which develop from one ovary of one flower are called as simple fruits. 

2. Types of simple fruits on the basis of their pericarp: 

a. Dry fruits: These fruits have thin pericarp. It is further divided into two types: 

1. Dehiscent dry fruits: Pericarp becomes dry, thin and fruit opens at maturity, e.g. Capsule (Lady’s finger) and legume (Pea) 

2. Indehiscent dry fruits: Fruit does not open. e.g. Achene (Mirabilis), Caryopsis (Maize) and Cypsela (Sunflower) 

b. Fleshy fruits: These fruits have thick pericarp. It is further divided into two types based on nature endocarp: 

1. Drupe: In these fruits, endocarp is hard and stony, e.g. Mango 

2. Berry: In these fruits, endocarp is fleshy and fruit is many seeded, e.g. Tomato

The fruit that develops from the single simple or compound ovary of a flower is called simple fruits. 

The simple fruits are of two types: 

(i) Dry and (ii) Succulent. 

(i) Dry fruits are of three types: 

(1) Achenial Fruits 

(2) Capsular 

(3) Schizocarpic. 

(ii) Succulent fruits are of three types: 

(1) Berries 

(2) Drupes 

(3) Pomes.

1. Fruits which develop from one ovary of one flower are called as simple fruits. 

2. Types of simple fruits on the basis of their pericarp: 

a. Dry fruits: These fruits have thin pericarp. 

It is further divided into two types:

1. Dehiscent dry fruits: Pericarp becomes dry, thin and fruit opens at maturity, e.g. Capsule (Lady’s finger) and legume (Pea) 

2. Indehiscent dry fruits: Fruit does not open. e.g. Achene (Mirabilis), Caryopsis (Maize) and Cypsela (Sunflower) 

b. Fleshy fruits: These fruits have thick pericarp. 

It is further divided into two types based on nature endocarp: 

1. Drupe: In these fruits, endocarp is hard and stony, e.g. Mango 

2. Berry: In these fruits, endocarp is fleshy and fruit is many seeded, e.g. Tomato The fruit which develops from a single flower with many ovaries of polycarpellary, apocarpous gynoecium is known as aggregate fruit or etaerio. 

Types of aggregate fruits: 

Etario of achenes (e.g. Strawberry), etario of berries (e.g. Custard apple), etario of follicles (e.g. Calotropis) 

1. The fruits which develop from many ovaries of many flowers of a complete inflorescence are called composite fruits, (e.g. fig) and from catkin inflorescence are called sorosis (e.g. Pineapple). 

2. Fruits which develops from hypanthodium inflorescence are called syconus.

Answer are (c-1), (e-3), (a-4), (b-5), (d-2)

1. The fruits which develop from many ovaries of many flowers of a complete inflorescence are called composite fruits, (e.g. fig) and from catkin inflorescence are called sorosis (e.g. Pineapple). 

2. Fruits which develops from hypanthodium inflorescence are called syconus.

Fruits which are produced from ovary without fertilization are called as parthenocarpic fruits, e.g. Cultivated Banana and Grapes.

The fruit which develops from a single flower with many ovaries of polycarpellary, apocarpous gynoecium is known as aggregate fruit or etaerio.

Types of aggregate fruits: 

Etario of achenes (e.g. Strawberry), etario of berries (e.g. Custard apple), etario of follicles (e.g. Calotropis)

The correct answer is (C) Muehlenbeckia

A wiry outgrowth on a plant arising from in between the leaf and stem can be an axillary stem tendril.

Stem tendrils: 

a. Tendrils are thin, wiry, photosynthetic, leafless coiled structures. 

b. They give additional support to developing plant.

c. Tendrils have adhesive glands for fixation.

1. In Cymose inflorescence, growth of peduncle is finite and it terminates into flower. 

2. In Hibiscus, flower is borne singly at the tip of peduncle. Hence, teacher described Hibiscus as solitary cyme.

The correct answer is (D) hypogynous

Offset: 

1. These are one intemode long runners in rosette plants at ground or water level. 

2. Offset helps in vegetative propagation. e.g. Water hyacinth or Jal kumbhi (Eichhornia) and Pistia.

a. In Papaya, seeds are attached to the sides of a fruit. Thus, parietal placentation is possible in papaya ovary, 

b. In parietal placentation, ovules are placedon the inner wall of unil unilocular ovary of multicarpellary, syncarpus gynoecium.

1. Fruits which develop from one ovary of one flower are called as simple fruits. 

2. Types of simple fruits on the basis of their pericarp: 

a. Dry fruits: These fruits have thin pericarp.

It is further divided into two types:

1. Dehiscent dry fruits: 

Pericarp becomes dry, thin and fruit opens at maturity, e.g. Capsule (Lady’s finger) and legume (Pea) 

2. Indehiscent dry fruits: 

Fruit does not open. e.g. Achene (Mirabilis), Caryopsis (Maize) and Cypsela (Sunflower) 

b. Fleshy fruits: These fruits have thick pericarp. 

It is further divided into two types based on nature endocarp: 

1. Drupe: In these fruits, endocarp is hard and stony, e.g. Mango 

2. Berry: In these fruits, endocarp is fleshy and fruit is many seeded, e.g. Tomato

The leaf tendrils help the plant for climbing.

Cladophylls: 

These are leaf like structures bore in the axil of scale leaf. It has floral bud and scale leaf in the middle i.e. upper half is leaf and lower half is stem. e.g. Ruscus.