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The story of Padmini has been historically described in Malik Muhammad Jayasi’s composition Padmavať, Abul Fazl’s Akbarnama and Farishta’s Gulshan – e – Ibrahimi and Jafrulvali’s Hazi Uddhvir.

Colonel Todd has called the battle of Diver as ‘The Marathon of Mewar’.

(a) Hammir Mahakavya

Correct Answer is : (a) Salwa

The famous painter of Chavand was Nisardi (Nasiruddin).

On the death of Jaswant Singh, Aurangzeb said, “Today the barrier of opposition has broken”.

Reasons for the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan – Even after being a conqueror, Prithviraj Chauhan lacked foresightedness and diplomacy. He did not establish cordial relations with his neighbouring kingdoms, instead he waged wars with them and made them his enemy. For this reason, he did not receive their assistance at the time of war against Muhammad Ghori.

In 1178 CE, when Muhammad Ghori invaded upon Gujarat, Prithviraj committed a mistake by not providing help to Gujarat ruler Bhimdev – II. Another major fault of his was not attacking the Turkish army which was fleeing after being defeated in the first battle of Tarain. If he had have violently attacked the army of his enemy at that time, Muhammad Ghori would never have dared attack upon him again. He started to neglect the administrative obligation after his marriage with Samyogita and had started to live a luxurious life.

In 1655 CE after a mutual conflict, Durgadas killed the state pastrolist who was passing through his field taking Sandniya (female camel).

(c) Ratan Raso

Even after being a conqueror, Prithviraj Chauhan lacked foresightedness and diplomacy. He did not establish cordial relations with his neighbouring kingdoms, instead he waged wars with them and made them his enemy. For this reason, he did not receive their help at the time of war against Muhammad Ghori.

In 1178 CE, when Muhammad Ghori had invaded upon Gujarat ruler Bhimdev – II, at that time, Prithviraj committed a mistake by not providing help to Gujarat. Another major fault of his was not attacking the Turkish army which was fleeing after being defeated in the first battle of Tarain. If he had violently attacked the army of his enemy at that time, then Muhammad Ghori would never have dared attack upon him again. Due to above given reasons, Prithiviraj remained unsuccessful.

Correct Answer is: (a) Tarain

After being appointed as the Governor of Ghazni, Muhammad Ghori invaded Multan in 1175 CE and occupied it. After this, he proved his might by gaining victory in the battle of Gujrat, Sialkot and Lahore. According to Rajasthani sources, during this time Ghori waged several battles with Prithviraj Chauhan and he had to face defeat each time.

The claim of Prithviraj’s victories on Ghori has been made as 21 times in Prithviraraj Raso and for 7 times in Hammir Mahakavya. Two decisive battles took place between them. In 1191 CE, Muhammad Ghori procceeded from Lahore and reached up till Tarain while occuping a place named Tabarhind.

Here a fierce battle took place between the two rulers in which Prithviraj Chauhan’s Delhi feudal lord Govindraj injured Muhammad Ghori with the blow of his harpoon. Injured Ghori fled away along with his army towards Ghazni. Prithviraj occupied Tabarhind and imprisoned Qasi Jiauddin who was released later in exchange of a huge amount of cash.

There were many scholars in the court of Prithviraj Chauhan among whom Vidyapati Gaur, Bagishwar, Janardan, Jayanak Vishvarup, Ashadhar were famous.

Correct Answer is: (d) Chandarbardai

Durgadas was born in 1638 CE in Salwa Village. He was the son of the third wife of Askaran who was in service of Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur. Askaran had been given the Jagir of Salwa in Marwar and with lapse of time after Muhnrot Nancy, he was also appointed the Prime Minister of Marwar.

In 1667 CE Durgadas was granted five villages namely Jhanwar, Samdari, Jagisa Kothdi, Amba-ro-vadą and Amarsar, which had an annual income of 12,000 rupees. With lapse of time, Jaswant Singh also granted Raimal Balo, Jawan Desar and Bhamsen villages of Marwar, alongwith Lunod village of Rohtak Pargana to Durgadas in the form of Jagir.

Achievements of Durgadas Rathore: 

(a) Establishment of Royal Control upon Jodhpur: A situation of conflict usually continued to exist between Maharaja Jaswant Singh and Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Due to this reason, Aurangzeb appointed Jaswant Singh at the station situated in Jamrud (Afghanistan) which was located quite for away from Marwar. In 1678 CE, As Aurangzeb heard about the news of death of Jaswant Singh in Jamrud, he suddenly said – “Today the barrier of opposition has broken”.

Then Aurangzeb declared Jodhpur as the Khalsa and appointed Tahir Khan as Fauzdar, Khidmatgujar Khan as fort keeper, Sher Anwar as ameen and Abdul Rahim as Kotwal for the purpose of management. On 26th May 1679 CE, Aurangzeb granted the state of Jodhpur the kingdom of Jodhpur to king Indra Singh. Rathore tried to get Jodhpur till last.

Protection of Ajit Singh : After the death of Jaswant Singh, the Rathore Chieftains took both his pregnent queens along and proceeded from Jamrud, but as they did not possess the royal order, the officers stopped them at Atak River. The Rathore group resisted these officers and crossed river Atak. On that place, both the queens gave birth to their two sons Ajit Singh and Dalthamban respectively at an interval of half an hour on 19th February 1679 CE.

By royal order, the two sons were taken away from there to Delhi. Noticing the deceitful intentions of the Emperor, Rathore Ranchhor Das, Bhati Raghunath, Rathore Rup Singh, Rathore Durgadas and other chieftains decided that there was no use staying there and dying, because if they remained alive, they would struggle and occupy Jodhpur.

When the Rathore chieftains started moving out of Delhi one after the other, Aurangzeb started levying more atrocities towards the royal family, witnessing their weakening power. He ordered the Kotwal Faulad Khan to remove the Rathore queens and princesses from the mansion and send them to Nurgarh. When the Emperor got the news of the princes fleeing away, he ordered his soldiers to follow them. On the way, Durgadas stopped the royal army from moving ahead, due to which Ajit Singh was able to reach Jodhpur safely.

Rathore – Sisodiya Alliance : The Marwar chieftains reached Jodhpur alongwith Ajit Singh, but as Jodhpur had been occupied by the royal army, they became concerned about the security of Ajit Singh. Due to this, child Ajit Singh was sent to kalindi (Sirohi) on advice of his stepmother Dewraji. Here, he was kept under the guardianship of Pushkarana Brahmin Jaidev, and for the purpose of his security, Mukund Das Khinchi was appointed secretly.

Maharaja Jaswant Singh’s eldest queen Rani Jaswantde was the daughter of Bundi’s Rao Chhatrasal. Her half-sister Kanan Kumari was married to Maharana Raj Singh. Due to this, Durgadas sent a request to Maharana Raj Singh through Kanan Kumari to provide protection to Ajit Singh.

The issue of security of Mewar was also associated with the entire incident. Due to this, Raj Singh accepted the request and granted the lease of Kelve alongwith twelve villages to Ajit Singh. When Aurangzeb came to know about this all, he sent an order to the Maharana demanding Ajit Singh’s custody, but the Maharana did not pay head to this.

Revolt of Prince Akbar: Durgadas got associated with Maharana Tej Singh and tried to oppose Prince Muazzam against the Emperor, but due to the advice given by his mother Nawab Bai, Muazzam did not accept this plan. After this, they tried to take Prince Akbar in their favour. Although, in the same period, Maharana Raj Singh died in October, 1680 CE yet this talk continued with the new Maharana also.

As a consequence, Akbar declared himself the Emperor on Ist January, 1681 CE in Nadol and proceeded towards Ajmer alongwith the Rajput army to oppose Aurangzeb. The army of Aurangzeb had camped at a place called Daurai situated near Ajmer. On 15th January, Aurangzeb resorted to deception and called Akbar’s Chief commander Tehwwar Khan (the fauzdar of Ajmer who had left Aurangzeb and joined Akbar) through his father in law.

Inayat Khan wrote a letter of this implication that if he came, his crime would be forgiven, otherwise his women would be offended in front of all and his children would be sold off at the price of stray dogs in the form of slaves. Due to this threat, when Tehwwar Khan reached him, without informing Akbar and Durgadas who were sleeping at that time, the royal servant killed him. After this Aurangzeb played another card to create strife between Akbar and the Rajputs.

He wrote a fake letter addressed to Akbar of this implication that he had excessively betrayed the Rajputs. Now it was required that he retained them in Harawal, so that the next day, in the morning they could be attacked upon from both the sides. Somehow this letter was sent near the encampment of Durgadas, and as he read all this, his mind became deviated.

Durgadas immediately went to the encampment of Akbar but as it was midnight, there was an order not to disturb Akbar’s sleep at any cost. After this, when he sent his men to call Tehwwar Khan, he found that he had gone away to the Emperor. At such time, his suspicion transformed into belief and even before dawn, the Rajput army looted the wealth of Akbar and went away towards Marwar.

In the morning when Akbar found himself isolated, he ran after the Rajputs. For two days, he continued to run without any support, to save his life. When Durgadas came to know about the deceit of Aurangzeb, he himself accompanied Akbar and carried him safely to the Maratha State.

Effort to Kill Durgadas: Terrified from the possibility of a revolt in Jodhpur, Aurangzeb wrote to Prince Azam in 1701 CE, saying that he should make effort either to send Durgadas in royal service or kill him. Azam tried to capture Durgadas deceitfully, but as Durgadas had prior suspicion of this incident, he fled away. After reaching Marwar, Durgadas started opposing openly in Mughal regions.

Conflict between Maharaja Ajit Singh and Durgadas: The greatest credit of saving child Ajit Singh from the claws of Aurangzeb goes to Durgadas. After getting him out safely from Delhi, he was kept at a secret place as per the plan of Durgadas himself.

After returning from the South in April 1687 CE, Durgadas was disappointed to know that even after his directions, Ajit Singh had been brought out of the secret place and made to stay in public in Paldi Village (Sirohi) on 23rd March 1687 CE even before Durgadas could return to Marwar.

By this time, the Rathore feudal lords who were unhappy with Durgadas had gathered around Ajit Singh. Now the condition of Durgadas changed and he was no more the centralized power that would decide the fate of Ajit Singh. Due to this, he decided to maintain distance while realizing the changed circumstances.

In October 1687 CE, Ajit Singh conducted a meeting with Durgadas in Bhimarlai village and removed all the doubts and confusions. After getting the news of the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 CE, Ajit Singh ousted nayab Faujdar Zafar Quli of Jodhpur and occupied his paternal state. This invasion was so sudden that some Muslims who were present in the fort had to save their lives by running away in the guise of Hindus.

It has been mentioned in ‘Jodhpur Ki Khyať that after the victory upon sambhar (3rd Oct 1780 CE), due to the presence of other compoments there, Durgadas established his separate encampment alongwith his army. The Maharaja urged him to encamp in Misal (the line of the chieftains) but he answered that then he was short lived and people who followed him would emcamp in Misal.

Disturbed by the behaviour of Ajit Singh, Durgadas went in the service of Mewar’s Maharana Amar Singh II and did not return to Jodhpur even after being called. Ajit Singh publicly offened Raghunath Sanchor who had protected the children of Akbar in the guardianship of Durgadas by lashing him and forced him to starve by keeping him imprisoned without food and water (October 1707 CE). In July 1708 CE, he got his Chief Minister Mukund Das champavat and his brothers Raghunath Champavat assassinated.

Conclusive Time : Maharana Amar Singh II granted Durgadas the Jagir of Vijaypur and retained him with him and fixed an amount of rupees. Five Hundred daily for him Later he was appointed the Hakim of Rampura where he died in Ujjain on 22nd Nov. 1718 CE. His final rites were performed on the banks of river shipra where his chhatri exists even today.

Evaluation : During the battle of succession among the sons of Shah Jahan, Durgadas had participated in the battle of Dharmat alongwith Maharaja Jaswant Singh. In Ratan Raso written by the contemporary writer Kumbhkarna Sandu, who was in contact with Durgadas. the bravery of Durgadas during the battle has been described.

Durgadas was a skilled diplomat. He not only provided protection to Ajit Singh but also enthroned him on the throne of Jodhpur. For this he not only made Rathore – Sisodia alliance by the support of Mewar’s Maharana Raj Singh, but he also inspired prince Akbar to revolt against the Emperor. Keeping Akbar’s son Buland Akhtar and daughter Safiyat un Nissa along with him, Durgadas not only carried on his friendship but also gave the proof of his religious philosophy “Sarvapanth Samadar”.

He arranged for the bringing up and education of both these children in exactly the way it is required for a follower of sunni sect. When he got the opportunity, he respectfully sent them back to the Emperor, Due to these heroic qualities, Durgadas won the heart of a stone hearted person such as Aurangzeb and acquired Mansab. Colonel James Fodd has addressed him as “The Ulises of Rathores”.

Initial life and Coronation of Maharana Pratap: Maharana Pratap was born on 9th may 1540 CE, in Kumbhalgarh fort. He was the eldest son of Mewar’s Maharana Udai Singh and Jaiwanta Bai. However Dheer Kanwar was another queen of Udai Singh. After the death of Udai Singh, Jagmal (Son of Dheer Kanwar) declared himself as the Maharana of Mewar, but the feudal lords supported Pratap and enthroned him on Mewar.

In this way on the day of Holi festival, coronation of Maharana Pratap was done on 28th Feb. 1572 CE in Gogunda. At the time of the coronation of Maharana Pratap the condition of Mewar was very bad. Due to remaining engaged in extended battles with the Mughals the political social and economic system of Mewar had deteriorated. Alongwith Chittor, most of the parts of Mewar had been occupied by the Mughals and Akbar wished to occupy the rest of the regions also.

After becoming the ruler, Pratap did not accept the sovereignty of Akbar contrary to other provinces such as Amer, Bikaner and Jaisalmer, rather he chose to give importance to the independence of his motherland and adhering to the prestige of his clan. He chose to fight against the Mughals.

With self confidence alongwith the assistance of the patriotic chieftains and the tribals, he organized a powerful army, and in order to prepare for war while staying quite far away from the Mughals, he shifted his capital from Gogunda to Kumbhalgarh. Akbar started getting the news of Pratap making efforts against his rule in Mewar state.

Finally Akbar took the initiative and right from the year of coronation of Pratap, he sent four ambassadorsone after the other to force Pratap to accept his sovereignty. But Pratap did not accept the sovereignty of Akbar at any cost. Battle of Haldighati : In order to give the plan of attack on Mewar a functional form, Akbar himself reached Ajmer in March 1576 CE.

At the same place, he declared Man Singh as the leader of the army which was to be sent to invade Mewar. On 3rd April 1576 CE, Man Singh proceeded to invade Mewar alongwith the army. This was the first instance in Mughal history that a Hindu was made the leader of such a massive army.

The Muslim courtesans became angry as a Hindu was made the Chief commander of the Mughal army Man Singh established his camp in Molela near Banas River and Pratap established his camp in losing village which was six miles away. Syed Hashim was leading the Harawal (the foremost front part of the army). Muhammad Badkhshi Rafi, Raja Jagannath and Asaf Khan were accompanying him.

There were two parts of Pratap’s army. Hakeem Khan Suri, Ram Shah of Gwalior alongwith his two sons Purohit Gopinath, Shankardar, Charas Jaisa, Purohit Jagannath, Churawat Krishnadas of Salumbar, Bhim Singh of Sardargarh Rawat Sanga of Deogarh, Ramdas the Son of Jaimal Medatia and others were included in the Harawal part of Pratap’s army.

The second part was led by the Maharana himself and Bhamashah and his brother Tarachand were accompanying him. On 18th June 1576 in the morning Pratap decided to confront the army which was coming towards Gogunda in Haldighati and proceeded from losing. In the initial stage of the battle, Rana forwarded his elephant Luna to dismantle the morale of Mughal army and this attack was confronted by Mughal elephant Gajmukh.

Gajmukh was injured and was about to flee, just then the Mahaot of Luna became injured due to the blow of an arrow and Luna started to move back. Due to this, Maharana was forced to forward the renowned elephant Ramprasad in the battlefield. The battle started alongwith a severe attack from the side of Harawal army of Pratap.

The Soldiers of Mewar became successful in distructing the front line and left back part of the Mughal army through their rapid attack and courageous warfare strategy. During the battle, syed Hashim fell down from the horse and Asaf Khan moved back and took refuge in the central part of Mughal army. In chandawal of Mughal army a reserve force of soldiers was arranged under the leadership of Mihattar Khan for any situation of emergency.

Noticing his army running away, Mihattar Khan screamed and came forward, declaring “that the emperor himself was coming alongwith a massive army.” After listening to this the situation changed and the fleeing Mughal army returned back with a new Vigor and Zeal. Rana Pratap was fighting seated on his famous horse ‘Chetak’ and Man Singh was seated on an elephant named ‘Mardana’.

It has been mentioned in the Sanskrit text ‘Amar Kavya’ composed by Ranchor Bhatt that Pratap came with extreme force and put the front legs of chetak on the head of the elephant and attacked Man Singh with his spear. Man Singh saved himself by bowing down in the Hauda, but the Mahaot died. In this attack one of the front legs of Chetak was cut off by the sword which was attached to the trunk of the elephant of Man Singh.

Seeing Pratap to be in distress, Jhala Beeda of Badi Sadri himself attained the state flag and continued the battle and Pratap divërted the battle towards the hills. Chetak died at a place named Balicha near Haldighati where his platform exists even today.

In the battle of Haldighati, Jhala Beeda, Man Singh Songara Jaimal Medhatia’s son Ramdas, Ram Shah and his three sonsShalivahan, Bhavani Singh and Pratap Singh died while fighting bravely from the side of Pratap. The major chieftains who were able to sustain their life in the battle field included Rawat Krishnadas Churawat of Salumbar, Gopaldas of Ghanerao, Bhamashah, Tarachand and Others.

When the battle was at its extreme, Pratap Changed the situation of war. He diverted the battle towards the hills. Man Singh did not follow the army of Mewar, Badauni has given three reasons for the Mughals, not

following the army of Pratap:

1. The scorching heat of the month of June. 

2. Incapability of the Mughal army to fight due to it being excessively tired. 

3. The Mughals feared that Pratap was waiting in the hills and if he made a sudden attack then the lives of most of the Mughals soldiers would fall into danger.

In this way as per his wish Akbar was neither able to catch Pratap alive or kill him nor could he destroy the military power of Mewar. This military compaign of Akbar remained a failure and the result went in favour of Maharana Pratap. Being desperate by the result of the battle, Akbar stopped the ‘dyori’ of Man Singh and Asaf Khan, i.e. he imposed ban on their participation in the court.

The pride of massive resourceful army of Akbar was destroyed by the army of Mewar. At the time when the kings of Rajasthan were competing to establish marital relations with the Mughals and accept their sovereignty. Pratap adopted the path of independence, which was a very commendable act on his part.

(d) All of these

After the death of Rawal Samar Singh (1273-1302 CE), his son Ratan Singh ascended the throne of Mewar in 1302 CE. Ratan Singh got the opportunity to rule only for one year which is famous for the invasion of Alauddin Khilji upon Chittor.

The Reasons for invasion of Alauddin Khilji upon Chittor: 

Following were the major reasons for invasions.

1. Imperialistic Ambition of Alauddin Khilji: Alauddin Khilji was an ambitious and imperialistic ruler. Just like Alexander, he wished to conquer the entire world, whose proof is his title ‘Sikandar Sani’ (Second Alexander). In order to make the conquest of south India and his occupancy on north India permanent, it was essential for him to conquer the Rajput Kingdoms. His invasion upon Chittor was part of the same policy.

2. Increasing Power of Mewar: During the reign of strong rulers such as Jaitra Singh, Tej Singh and Samar Singh, the frontier of Chittor was continuously expanding. Sultans such as Iltutmish, Nasiruddin Mahmud and Balban made efforts to check this ever increasing power, but they remained unsuccessful.

In 1299 CE, Rawal Samar Singh of Mewar not only resisted from providing assitance to the royal army which was proceeding ahead for Gujarat Campaign, but also allowed it to proceed ahead only after collecting fine from the army. Alauddin Khilji could not forget this offensive incident.

3. Geographical and Military Importance of Chittor: The major road which proceeded from Delhi to Malwa, Gujrat and Southern India passed through near Chittor. Due to this reason, it was essential for Alauddin Khilji to occupy Chittor in order to maintain political sovereignty upon Malwa, Gujrat and Southern India. Chittor fort which was built by Mauryan ruler Chitrangad had remained invincible and no Muslim invader had been successful in conquering it till this time. This was also a big challenge for Alauddin Khilji.

4. The Desire to Occupy Padmini: According to some historians, Alauddin Khilji wished to occupy Mewar ruler Ratan Singh’s beautiful wife Padmini. He sent this message to Ratan Singh that if he wanted to save himself from severe destruction, he should send his wife Padmini to the Royal Harem. When Ratan Singh rejected this proposal, Alauddin invaded upon Chittor. According to Malik Muhammad Jayasi’s Padmavat, the major reason of this invasion was to occupy Padmini.

Invasion of Alauddin Khilji: On 28th January 1303 CE, Alauddin Khilji proceeded from Delhi and surrounded Chittor. Ratan Singh gave a violent answer to the royal army, due to which even after two continuous months of enclosure, the royal army could not become successful. In such condition, the Sultan was forced to amend his strategy.

He built tall platforms near the wall of the fort and installed “Manjanakas” (Harpoons) on them. The walls of the fort were stoned heavily, and the invincible walls were not affected a bit. Due to the lengthy enclosure, the food material stored in the fort started to end. Witnessing the signs of destruction all around, the Rajput soldiers opened the gate of the fort and started fighting against the Muslim army.

In this violent struggle, Ratan Singh received martyrdom and on the other hand, first Jauhar of Chittor was performed under the leadership of Padmini In this way, Alauddin Khilji occupied Chittor on 26th August 1303 CE. The next day Sultan ordered his soldiers for mass killing of the resisdents. Amir Khusrau, who was present during this compaign wrote in his composition ‘Khazain – ul – Futuh’ (Tarikhi Ilahi) that in a single day around 30,000 helpless people were put to death.

Alauddin Khilji changed the name of Chittor to ‘Khizrabad’ and handed its administration to his son Khizr Khan and returned to Delhi. Khizr Khan built a bridge on river Gambhiri. He also built a tomb in the foothill of Chittor, on which a Persian inscription which is installed depicts Alauddin Khilji as the blessing of God and the protector of the world.

The Story of Padmini: A King named Gandharva Sen was present in Sinhala Dweep (Sri Lanka). His queen consort champavati gave birth to a very beautiful girl named Padmavati. She had a cute and clever parrot named Hiraman. One day he flew away from his cage and reached a Brahmin. That Brahmin sold the parrots to Chittor ruler Ratan Singh for one lakh rupees.

One day Ratan Singh’s queen put make up and asked the parrot, “Is there any other beautiful woman in the world as I am?” On this, the parrot answered that the pond in which no swan has ever visited in such a pond a heron is assumed to be the swan. Ratan Singh was enchanted when he heard about the appreciation of beauty qualities etc. of Padmini from the parrot and went towards Sinhala along with the parrot in the guise of a yogi.

After facing innumerable difficulties he reached Sinhala Dweep. In front of Padmini, the Parrot appreciated the physique, clan, authority, energy etc. of Ratan Singh and further added that he is the only eligible husband and he has reached here enchanted with your love.

On the day of Basant Panchmi, she went to the temple in which Ratan Singh was staying. As soon as they both saw each other, they fell in love. Finally Gandharva Sen enquired about his clan etc. and got both of them married. After getting married, Ratan Singh returned to his capital chittor along with Padmini.

Raghav Chetan who was ousted by Ratan Singh from Mewar went to Delhi to avenge his insult and appreciated the beauty of Padmini in front of Sultan Alauddin and induced him to invade Chittor. Due to this, Alauddin Khilji proceeded to occupy Chittor. Even after eight years of enclosure when the Sultan remained unsuccessful in occupying Chittor he proposed that even if he could be able to see the reflection of Padmini, he would return back to Delhi.

Rana accepted his proposal but as Alauddin was returning after witnessing the reflection of Padmini, he imprisoned Ratan Singh and demanded Padmini in exchange of his release. After knowing about the entire incident, Padmini made a plan to get Rana released and sent a proposal to Alauddin to visit him alongwith her 1600 female friends. As the proposal was accepted.

Padmini Proeeded alongwith Rajput Soldiers instead of female friends who were seated in the palanquins. After getting included in the royal harem, she expressed her last wish to meet her husband for one last time, which was allowed by the Sultan. When both, husband and wife were meeting, just then the Rajput soldiers rushed upon the Sultan’s army and took away both of them safely to proceed towards Chittor.

When Alauddin came to know about the treason, he followed the Rajputs alongwith his soldiers. Ratan Singh was killed alongwith his army chiefs Gora and Badal and Padmini performed Johar. The story of Padmini, has been historically described by Malik Muhammad Jayasi in his composition ‘Padmavat.

After this the same story has been repeated alongwith some amendments in Akbarnama, Gulshan-e-Ibrahimi, Jafrulvali, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, stereo de Magore and Nancy ri Khyat. Famous poet Suryamall Misan of Bundi and Various modern historians have not accepted the historicity of the story of Padmini.

According to Hammir Mahakavya, one reason for attack upon Ranthambore was that the ruler Hammir had give protection to Alauddin Khilji’s rebel commander Mir Muhammad. Muslim Historian Isami has also confirmed this reason in his description. In 1299 CE, Alauddin Khilji had sent his two commanders Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to invade Gujarat.

After conquering Gujarat, when the army was returning the Nav Muslims revolted near Jalore on the issue of the division of body. Although the rebels were barbarically suppressed yet out of them Muhammad Shah and his brother Kamru were successful in running away from there and reaching Ranthambhore ruler Hammir. Hammir not only provided them protection but also conferred the Jagir of Jagana to Muhammad Shah.

From Alauddin Khilji’s side, a demand was made to handover these rebels. When Hammir rejected this demand, the army of Alauddin Khilji attacked Ranthambhore. Giving protection to the refugees is a religious duty as per our scriptures. This kind of example was also set by king Raghu and Samudragupta. I were in place of Hammir, I would also take the same decision.

(b) Desire to occupy Padmini, the beautiful wife of Ratan Singh

(d) The desire to obtain queen Padmini

The causes of Alauddin Khilji’s invasion on Ranthambore were – 

1. Ranthambore was strategically very important. Alauddin Khilji wished to occupy this invincible fort and dominate the Rajput kings. 

2. Ranthambore was situated quite close to Delhi. Due to this, Aladuddin Khilji could not bear the increasing power of the Chauhans of this region. 

3. Alauddin Khilji wished to avenge the failure of his uncle Jalaluddin Khilji. 

4. Alauddin Khilji was an ambitious and imperialistic ruler. The attack upon Ranthambore was the result of this policy.

Mohammad Bin Tughlaq shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri.

(1) In the atoms of the inert gas elements (zero group elements), all the electronic shells, including the outermost shell, are completely filled.

(2) The electronic configuration is stable, and these elements do not lose or accept electrons. These elements do not take part in chemical reactions. These elements are gases. Hence, they are called noble gases.

(i) The type of chemical reaction: Double displacement reaction.

(ii) The reaction in which the ions in the reactants are exchanged to form a precipitate is called double displacement reaction.

(iii)

1. The above reaction is a double displacement reaction.

2. AgNO₃ and NaCl are the reactants while AgCl and NaNO₃ are the products.

3. The reactants and the product NaNO are in aqueous state. The product AgCl is formed in the form of precipitate.

(a) Halogens

Li,Na,K : All these elements ar e metals having a valency of 1.

Ca,Sr,Ba: All these elements are metals having a valency of 2.

Cl,Br,I : All these elements are halogens.

i. (d) Cu, Ag, Au

ii. (a) 56

iii. (c) 17

iv. (d) 18

v. (b) Newlands

vi. (C) scandium

vii. (C) bromine

viii. (a) Helium

Answer|: (d) Ga, Ge

Third row: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar 

Metals: Na, Mg, Al 

Nonmetals: P, S, Cl, Ar

Alkali metals : (Li, Na, K)

Halogens : (Cl^- Br^- I^-).

Alkaline earth metals : (Ca, Sr, Mg).

Inert gas elements : (2, 8, 8), (2, 8).

Third row elements : (2, 8, 2), (2, 8, 7), (2, 8, 8).

Second group elements : (2, 8, 2), (2, 2).

Seventeen group elements : (2, 7), (2, 8, 7).

[Note: (1) The outermost shell of all noble gases contain 8 electrons (except He). (2) Atoms or all 3rd row elements contain 3 shells. Out of which first shell contains 2 and 2^nd shell contains 8 electrons. (3) The elements of group 17 contains 7 electrons in the outermost shell. (4) The elements or group 2 contains 2 electrons in the outermost shell.]

Mr Lamb motivates Derry to come out of his inferiority complex. He encourages him to meet people and love life. All this makes him think of Mr Lamb as a person of great virtue. This is really a change in his attitude.

श्रीमान् लैम्ब डैरी को उसकी हीन भावना से बाहर आने को प्रेरित करते हैं। वह उसे लोगों से मिलने और जीवन से प्रेम करने को प्रोत्साहित करते हैं। इस सबके कारण उसे श्रीमान् लैम्ब एक गुणवान व्यक्ति लगते हैं। यह वास्तव में उसके दृष्टिकोण में एक परिवर्तन है।

Derry’s face is acid burnt at one side. This makes him feel inferior to others. He avoids company as he feels people hate his ugly face. In my view, his family is very much responsible for this state of his mind. They do not treat him as a normal boy. They are too protective in this matter. They show too much sympathy with him. They make him feel that he will never be able to lead a normal life. This excessive carefulness has filled fearfulness and lack of confidence in his mind and heart. Thus they do not let him develop self-confidence. They make him feel that he totally depends on them. He (Derry) tells Mr Lamb that his parents keep on talking to each other. They say, “What will happen to him when we are gone?” This makes him feel low of himself.

डैरी का चेहरा एक ओर से तेजाब से जला हुआ है। इस कारण वह स्वयं को दूसरों से हीन समझता है। वह लोगों के साथ से बचता है, क्योंकि उसे लगता है कि लोग उसके कुरूप चेहरे से घृणा करते हैं। मेरे विचार से उसके इस प्रकार अनुभव करने के लिए उसका परिवार बहुत अधिक उत्तरदायी है। वे उसके साथ एक सामान्य लड़के की भाँति व्यवहार नहीं करते हैं। वे उसके बारे में आवश्यकता से अधि क सुरक्षात्मक हैं। वे उसके साथ आवश्यकता से अधिक सहानुभूति दिखाते हैं। वे उसे अनुभव कराते हैं कि वह कभी एक सामान्य जीवन नहीं जी पायेगा। उसके प्रति बरती गई अत्यधिक सावधानी ने उसके अन्दर भय उत्पन्न कर दिया है और उसके मन व हृदय में भरोसे का अभाव उत्पन्न हो गया है। इस प्रकार वे उसमें आत्मविश्वास विकसित नहीं होने देते हैं। वे उसे अनुभव कराते हैं कि वह पूरी तरह उन पर निर्भर है। वह (डेरी) श्रीमान् लैम्ब को बताता है कि उसके माता-पिता आपस में बातें करते रहते हैं। वे कहते हैं, “हमारे बाद उसका (डैरी का) क्या होगा?” इससे वह स्वयं को हीन समझता है।

One side of Derry’s face was burnt. It got burnt by acid. Acid fell on it and left Derry with a burnt face. This physical disability left Derry feeling isolated and avoiding the human company.

डैरी का चेहरा एक ओर से जला हुआ था। यह तेजाब से जल गया था। इस पर तेजाब गिर गया था और डैरी का चेहरा जल गया था। इस शारीरिक अक्षमता के कारण डैरी स्वयं को अलग-थलग महसूस करता था और लोगों के साथ से बचा करता था।

Metals : (Ca, Fe, Al), (K, Mg, Na). 

Nonrnetals : (P, C, N). 

Metalloids : (Si, Ge, Sn).

Mr Lamb gives the example of ‘a flower’ and ‘a weed’. He tells that a weed is also a green growing plant as is a flower. So a weed is also as important as a flower. In the same way, he (Derry) is also as important as all others are.

श्रीमान् लैम्ब ‘एक फूल’ और ‘एक खर-पतवार’ का उदाहरण देते हैं। वह कहते हैं कि एक खर-पतवार भी एक फूल की ही भाँति हरा-भरा और विकसित होता हुआ पौधा होता है। एक खरपतवार भी उतना ही महत्त्वपूर्ण होता है जितना कि एक फूल। इसी प्रकार वह (डेरी) भी अन्य सभी की तरह महत्वपूर्ण है।

Respected……., I’m going to speak on the topic ‘The need for a positive outlook for the physically challenged in our society’. As we generally see, physically challenged people are made fun of or kept alienated. This gives birth to inferiority complex in them which is not good either for the person or for the society. One may be physically challenged in a way but we should not deny that the person could be useful to society in some other way. By keeping such people alienated, we deprive our society of their talent. These people should also be bold enough to face the world as it is. They should make the best use of their abilities.

आदरणीय ………, मैं हमारे समाज में दिव्यांगों के लिए सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण की आवश्यकता’ विषय पर बोलने जा रहा हूँ। जैसा कि हम प्राय: देखते हैं, दिव्यांगों का मजाक बनाया जाता है या उन्हें अलग-थलग महसूस कराया जाता है। इससे उनमें हीनभावना का जन्म होता है जो न तो उनके लिए और न ही समाज के लिए अच्छी बात है। किसी व्यक्ति में कोई शारीरिक अक्षमता हो सकती है परन्तु इस बात से इन्कार नहीं किया जा सकता है कि वह व्यक्ति समाज के लिए किसी अन्य प्रकार से उपयोगी हो सकता है। ऐसे लोगों को अलग-थलग रखकर हम अपने समाज को उनकी प्रतिभा से वंचित कर देते हैं। इन लोगों को भी संसार का, जैसा वह है उसी रूप में, बहादुरीपूर्वक सामना करने को तैयार रहना चाहिए। उन्हें अपनी योग्यताओं का सर्वोत्तम प्रयोग करना चाहिए।

Derry is afraid of meeting people. Derry’s face is burnt on one side. So he feels alienated. He always feels people staring at him. He does not like being with other people because he is afraid that people will either make fun of him or sympathise with him.

डैरी को लोगों से मिलने में डर लगता है। डैरी का चेहरा एक ओर से जला हुआ है। इसलिए वह स्वयं को अलग-थलग महसूस करता है। उसे हमेशा ऐसा महसूस होता है कि लोग उसे घूर रहे हैं। उसे दूसरे लोगों का साथ पसंद नहीं है क्योंकि वह डरता है कि लोग या तो उसका मज़ाक बनायेंगे या उसके प्रति सहानुभूति प्रदर्शित करेंगे।

Notes:
• Derry enters Mr Lamb’s garden thinking it to be a lonely place.
• He is surprised to find Mr Lamb there.
• Mr Lamb behaves politely with him.
• Mr Lamb tells Derry not to be ashamed of his burnt face.
• Gives his own example and invokes him to mingle with people.
• Derry goes home with the promise of coming back.
• Comes back to Mr Lamb’s garden and finds him dead.

Abstract:
The lesson is about a teenager, Derry. Derry’s face is burnt on one side. So he suffers from loneliness and avoids company. One day he happens to meet Mr Lamb who has a broken leg. One of his legs is of tin. Mr Lamb talks to him in such a way that he develops a positive outlook in himself.

नोट्:
• श्रीमान् लैम्ब के बाग को एकान्त स्थान सोचकर डैरी वहाँ प्रवेश करता है।
• श्रीमान् लैम्ब को वहाँ पाकर वह आश्चर्यचकित हो जाता है।
• श्रीमान् लैम्ब डैरी को उसके जले हुए चेहरे पर लज्जित न होने के लिए कहते हैं।
• अपना स्वयं का उदाहरण देकर उसे लोगों से घुलने-मिलने को प्रेरित करते हैं।
• डैरी वापस आने का वायदा करके अपने घर चला जाता है।
• श्रीमान् लैम्ब के बाग में वापस आता है और उन्हें मरा हुआ पाता है।

सारांश:
यह पाठ डैरी नामक एक किशोर के विषय में है। डैरी का चेहरा एक ओर से जला हुआ है। इसलिए वह अकेलेपन की भावना से ग्रस्त है और लोगों के साथ से बचता है। एक दिन वह संयोगवश श्रीमान् लैम्ब से मिलता है जिनकी एक टाँग टूटी हुई है। उनकी एक टाँग टिन की है। श्रीमान् लैम्ब उससे इस प्रकार बात करते हैं कि उसमें स्वयं के बारे में एक सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण विकसित हो जाता है।

Derry finds Mr Lamb’s talks motivating. He learns from him to overcome his sense of inferiority. He finds in him a new person who loves life and becomes an example for others. He likes his company and goes back to him.

डैरी को श्रीमान् लैम्ब की बातें प्रेरणादायक लगती हैं। वह उनसे अपनी हीन भावना से उबरना सीखता है। वह उनमें एक ऐसा व्यक्ति पाता है जो जीवन से प्रेम करता है और दूसरों के लिए एक उदाहरण बन जाता है। वह लैम्ब की संगति को पसन्द करता है और उनके पास वापिस जाता है।

The play ‘On the Face of It’ throws light on the agony of the physically impaired persons. Such a person often finds himself isolated as society refuses to accept him in the mainstream. The play gives the message that due respect should be given to such persons. We should treat them as normal persons and help them keep their self-respect. The physically impaired persons should also not foster inferiority complex. They should think of themselves as normal members of society. They should not thrust loneliness upon themselves. They should develop hobbies and be busy with them. They should make friendship with optimistic people, as Mr Lamb’s short association changed Derry’s life. Derry got inspiration to live a normal life from him. He started talking to people.

‘On the Face of It’ नामक नाटक शारीरिक रूप से अक्षम व्यक्तियों की पीड़ा पर प्रकाश डालता है। ऐसा व्यक्ति प्रायः स्वयं को अलग-थलग पाता है क्योंकि समाज उसे मुख्यधारा में स्वीकार करने से मना कर देता है। यह नाटक संदेश देता है कि ऐसे व्यक्तियों को समुचित सम्मान दिया जाना चाहिए। हमें उनके साथ एक सामान्य व्यक्ति की भाँति व्यवहार करना चाहिए और उनके आत्मसम्मान को बनाये रखने में उनकी सहायता करनी चाहिए। शारीरिक रूप से अक्षम व्यक्तियों को भी स्वयं में हीन भावना को पनपने नहीं देना चाहिए। उन्हें स्वयं को बिल्कुल दूसरों के समान समाज का सामान्य सदस्य समझना चाहिए। उन्हें स्वयं पर अकेलेपन को नहीं थोपना चाहिए। उन्हें शौक विकसित करने चाहिए और उनमें व्यस्त रहना चाहिए। उन्हें आशावादी लोगों के साथ मित्रता करनी चाहिए, जैसे कि श्रीमान् लैम्ब की छोटी सी संगत ने डैरी के जीवन को बदल दिया। डैरी ने उनसे सामान्य जीवन जीने की प्रेरणा ली। उसने लोगों से बात करना शुरू कर दिया।

One side of Derry’s face is burnt. So he thinks people avoid him. He thinks that nobody likes his company or loves him. He feels that people do not accept him as a part of society. So he says that people are afraid of him.

डैरी का चेहरा एक ओर से जला हुआ है। इसलिए उसे लगता है कि लोग उससे बचते हैं। उसे लगता है कि किसी को भी उसका साथ पसन्द नहीं है और कोई भी उसे प्रेम नहीं करता है। वह अनुभव करता है कि लोग उसे समाज के अंग के रूप में स्वीकार नहीं करते हैं। इसलिए वह कहता है कि लोग उससे डरते हैं।

Number of moles = \(\frac{Given\,mass}{Molar\,mass}\)

Mr Lamb says this line many times. He refers by this to the gate of his garden. By saying this, he means that people are always welcome to his place. The line symbolises that life is really good for those who have an open heart to enjoy it.

श्रीमान् लैम्ब यह पंक्ति कई बार कहते हैं। वह यह बात अपने बाग के दरवाजे के सन्दर्भ में कहते हैं। उनका कहने का अभिप्राय है कि लोगों का उनके यहाँ सदा स्वागत है। यह पंक्ति प्रतीकात्मक रूप से बताती है कि जीवन उन लोगों के लिए वास्तव में अच्छा है जो खुले दिल से इसका आनन्द उठाते हैं।

Derry had entered the garden thinking it a lonely place. When he finds Mr Lamb inside, he feels caught. He explains to Mr Lamb that he did not intend stealing apples. He says that he liked the place, so he came to sit there.

डैरी ने बाग को खाली सोचकर वहाँ प्रवेश किया था। जब वह अन्दर श्रीमान् लैम्ब को पाता है तो वह स्वयं को पकड़ा हुआ अनुभव करता है। वह (डेरी) श्रीमान् लैम्ब को सफाई देता है कि उसका इरादा सेब चुराने का नहीं था। वह कहता है कि उसे वह स्थान अच्छा लगा था, इसलिए वह वहाँ बैठने आया था।

(ii) NO₂, PbO

(iii) H₃PO₄   acids forms three series of salts

(iii) It is more basic than NH₃.