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1. Name of the head of family:

2. Age:

3. Residential Address :

4. Martial Status: Married ☐ Unmarried ☐

5. No. of members of family (dependent)

6. Occupation: Service ☐ Self employed ☐

7. Average monthly income (in Rs.)

• Up to Rs. 1000 ☐
• Between Rs. 1000 to Rs. 2000 ☐
• Between Rs. 2000 to Rs. 5000 ☐
• Between Rs. 5000 to Rs. 10,000 ☐
• More than Rs. 10,000 ☐

8. Which type of fuel do you use

• Wood coal
• Kerosene
• Oil Gas

9. Do you use gas yes ☐ No ☐

10. Do you use only gas Yes ☐ No ☐

11. If you do not use gas, what is the main reason? 

• Not getting the gas connection. ☐
• Insufficient money to get connection ☐
• Use of gas is unsafe ☐

12. If you use other fuel goods along with the use of gas, what is the main reason?

• Non – availability of sufficient gas. ☐
• Limited use of gas due to high price of gas ☐
• For the point of view of health, use of gas for all activities is not right ☐

13. If you use gas, why?

• Cheap than other types of fuel ☐
• Use of gas is conveninent ☐
• Any other reason ☐

14. How far is gas distribution agency from residence?

• up to 1 km ☐
• Between 1 km and 5 km. ☐
• More than 5 km. ☐

(b) ₆6C¹² 

Standard element used to determine atomic mass is 6 Cl₂

(a) 200 atoms of (x + 200) atoms of (y + 50) molecules of z₂ 

According to the reaction, 

1 atom of x reacts with one atom of y and one molecule of z to give product. In the case (a) 200 atoms of x, 200 atoms of y react with 50 molecules of z₂ (4 part) 

i.e. 50 molecules of z₂ react with 50 atoms of x and 50 atoms of y. 

Hence z is the limiting reagent.

(b) 1 mol of (x + 1) mol of (y + 3) mol of z₂ 

According to the equation, 

1 mole of z₂ only react with one mole of x and one mole of y. If 3 moles of z₂ are there, z₂ is limiting reagent.

(c) 50 atoms of (x + 25) atoms of (y + 50) molecules of z₂

25 atoms of y react with 25 atoms of x and 25 molecules of z₂ . So y is the limiting reagent.

(d) 2.5 mol of (x + 5) mol of (y + 5) mol of z₂

2.5 mol of x react with 2.5 mole of y and 2.5 mole of z₂ . So x is the limiting reagent.

A large excess of one reactant is supplied to ensure the more expensive reactant is completely converted to the desired product. The reactant used up first in a reaction is called the limiting reagent.

Gaseous state of matter at very high temperature containing gaseous ions and free electron is referred to as the Plasma state. 

e.g, Lightning

Answer: (c) Hydrogen

Answer: (c) Sodium

\(\bullet\)  An atom is the ultimate smallest electrically neutral, being made up of fundamental particles such as proton, neutron and electron. 

 \(\bullet\)  An element consists of only one type of atoms. Elements are further divided into metals, non-metals, and metaloids.

Molecule: 

\(\bullet\)  A molecule is the smallest particle made up of one or more than one atom in a definite ratio having stable and independent existence. 

 \(\bullet\)  e.g. Na – Mono atomic molecule O₂ – Diatomic molecule P₄ – Poly atomic molecule

Compound: 

 \(\bullet\)  A molecule which contains two or more atoms of different elements are called a compound molecule. 

 \(\bullet\)  e.g. CO₂ – Carbon dioxide CH₄ – Methane H₂O – Water

Oxidation: 

According to the classical concept, oxidation is a process of addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen. 

Removal of hydrogen 

2H₂S + O₂ → H₂O + 2S 

Addition of oxygen C + O₂ → CO₂ 

According to the electronic concept, loss of electrons is called oxidation reaction.

Ca → Ca²⁺ + 2e^- 

During oxidation, oxidation number increases. 

Dining oxidation, reducing agent gets oxidised.

Reduction: 

Reduction is a process of removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen. Addition of hydrogen 

Ca + H₂ → CaH₂ 

Removal of oxygen 

Zn O + C → Zn + CO 

According to the electronic concept, gain of electrons is called reduction reaction.

Zn²⁺ + 2e^- → Zn 

During reduction, oxidation number decreases. 

During reduction, oxidising agent gets reduced.

The equivalent mass of an element is the number of parts of the mass of an element which combines with or displaces 1.008 parts of hydrogen or 8 parts of oxygen or 35.5 parts of chlorine.

The mole is defined as the amount of a substance which contains 6.023 x 10²³ particles such as atoms, molecules or ions. It is represented by the symbol

Oxidation number refers to the number of charges an atom would have in a molecule or an ionic compound, if electrons were transferred completely. The oxidation numbers reflect the number of electrons “transferred”.

Barium hydroxide = Ba(OH)₂ 

Molecular mass of Ba(OH)₂ = 137 + (16 x 2) + (1 x 2) 

= 171.0 g / mol. 

Acidity = 2 

Equivalent mass of Ba(OH)₂ = 171.0 / 2

= 85.5

Acidity:

The number of hydroxyl ions present in one mole of a base is known as the acidity of the base.

Basicity: 

The number of replaceable hydrogen atoms present in a molecule of the acid is referred to as its basicity.

Ionization enthalpy, among other things, depends upon the electronic configuration (number of electrons) and nuclear charge (number of protons). Since isotopes of an element have the same electronic configuration and same nuclear charge, they have same ionization enthalpy.

Bicarbonate ion = HCO₃

Equivalent mass of an ion = (Formula mass of the ion) / (Negative charge of the ion)

Formula mass of HCO₃ = 1 + 12 + 48 = 61 

Equivalent mass of HCO₃ = 61/1 = 61

Sodium Nitrate = NaNO₃ 

Molecular mass of Sodium Nitrate = 23 + 14 + 48 = 85 

100% pure 85 g of NaNO₃ contains 23 g of Sodium. 

100% pure 95 x 103 g of NaNO₃ will contains 23/85 x 95 x 10³ 

= 25.70 x 10³ g of Sodium.

100% pure NaNO₃ contains 25.70 x 10³ g of Sodium. 

∴ 70% pure NaNO₃ will contains = 1 mg 

= 17990 g (or) 17.99 Kg of Na.

Sodium carbonate = Na₂CO₃ 

Molecular mass of Na₂CO₃ = (23 x 2)+(12 x 1)+(16 x 3) 

= 46 + 12 + 48 = 106 g 

Mass of 1 mole of Na₂CO₃ = (106 x 0.2)/1

= 21.2 g

The element with atomic number Z = 118 is present in 7^th period and 18^th group.

• Electronic configuration of an atom affects the value of ionization potential and electron gain enthalpy. 
• Half filled valence shell electronic configuration and completely filled valence shell electronic configuration are more stable than partially filled electronic configuration. 
• For e.g. Beryllium (Z = 4) 1s² 2s² (completely filled electronic configuration), Nitrogen (Z = 7) 1s² 2s² 2p_x¹ 2p_y¹ 2p_z¹ (half filled electronic configuration) Both beryllium and nitrogen have high ionization energy due to more stable nature. 
• In the case of beryllium (1s² 2s²), nitrogen (1s² 2s² 2p³ ) the addition of extra electron will disturb their stable electronic configuration and they have almost zero electron affinity. 
• Noble gases have stable ns² np⁶ configuration and the addition of further electron is unfavorable and they have zero electron affinity.

Proof for DNA as the Genetic Material 

▪ Hershey and Chase conducted experiments on bacteriophage to prove that DNA is the genetic material. 

▪ Procedure: 

i. Some bacteriophage virus were grown on a medium that contained radioactive phosphorus (³²P) and some in another medium with radioactive sulphur (^35S). 

ii. Viruses grown in the presence of radioactive phosphorus (³²P) contained radioactive DNA. 

iii. Similar viruses grown in presence of radioactive sulphur (³⁵S) contained radioactive protein. 

iv. Both the radioactive virus types were allowed to infect E. coli separately. 

v. Soon after infection, the bacterial cells were gently agitated in blender to remove viral coats from the bacteria. 

vi. The culture was also centrifuged to separate the viral particle from the bacterial cell. 

▪ Observations and Conclusions: 

i. Only radioactive ³²P was found to be associated with the bacterial cell, whereas radioactive ³⁵S was only found in surrounding medium and not in the bacterial cell. 

ii. This indicates that only DNA and not protein coat entered the bacterial cell. 

iii. This proves that DNA is the genetic material which is passed from virus to bacteria and not protein.

When both the eyes can be focused simultaneously on a common object it is called binocular vision e.g., humans.

If the pressure in a liquid is changed at a particular point, the change is transmitted to the entire liquid without being diminished in magnitude.

The increase in pressure at one point of the enclosed liquid in equilibrium of rest is transmitted equally to all other points of the liquid and also to the walls of the container, provided the effect of gravity is neglected. 

Example : Hydraulic lift, hydraulic press and hydraulic brakes.

The correct answer is aa(A) (C)

(a) The flux of the electric field through the sphere is zero.

(c) The electric field is not zero anywhere on the sphere.

The correct answer is (c) q/2ε₀ 

(d) The flux of the electric field through a closed surface due to all the charges is equal to the flux due to the charges enclosed by the surface.

(d) The interior remains charge free and the surface gets nonuniform charge distribution.

Explanation:

Since the cube is metallic, the charge gets distributed on the surface and the interior remains charge-free. However, when a positive point charge Q is brought near the metallic cube, a negative charge gets induced on the face near the positive charge Q and an equal positive charge gets induced on the face, which is away from the charge Q. Thus, the metallic surface gets a non-uniform charge distribution. 

(d) Zero

The charge q, which is kept at the centre of metallic spherical shell transfered to the outer surface of shell and inside the shell the electric field is zero and hence force is also zero.

(a) towards the plate.

As the negative charge will be induced.

Given – A charge is placed o a plain surface with area = a^2, about a/2 from its centre.
Assumption : let us assume that the given plain forms a surface of an imaginary cube. Then the charge is found to be at the centre of the cube.
Hence flux through the surface = Q/ε₀ x 1/6 = Q/6ε₀

The correct answer is (c) (d)

(c) remains unchanged 

(d) remains zero.

The correct answer is (b) (c) 

(b) the electric field may be zero everywhere on the surface
(c) the charge inside the surface must be zero

The height of the object and height of the image is positive, if measured upward.

Magnification is positive for erect images and negative for the inverted images.

The angle of reflection (∠r): The angle between normal and reflected rays is called the angle of reflection.

The angle of incidence (∠i): The angle between the incident ray and normal is called the angle of incidence.

Curved Surface: The surfaces which are not flat are called curved surface

Magnification (m): Ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object.

There are two special significance :

(1) Specific heat of a gas at constant volume (C_v) : It is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of gas through 1 K when its volume is kept constant. 

(2) Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure (C_p) : It is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of gas through 1 K when its pressure is kept constant.

C_p – C_v = R 

This relation is called Mayer’s formula and shows that C_p > C_v i.e., molar specific heat at constant pressure is greater than that at constant volume.

(d) number of molecules in the gas.