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(a) Short term migration – Few years

(c) Emigrant

(b) Migration

(d) International

Poverty is the major push factor operating in Rural areas.

Human migration is categorized under five groups

1. Housing and Slums:

• There is a lack of space for housing and a marked reduction in the quality of housing in the urban areas due to increase in population.

2. Over Crowding:

• Over – crowding leads to unhealthy environment in the urban areas.
• It also the cause of many diseases and riots.

3. Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation:

• No city has round the clock water supply in the world.
• Drainage situation is equally bad.
• The removal of garbage is a Himalayan task for urban local bodies.

4. Transportation and Traffic:

• Absence of planned and adequate arrangements for traffic and transport is another problem in urban centers.
• The increasing number of two wheeler and cars make the traffic problem worse.

5. Pollution:

• Towns and cities are the major polluters of environment.
• Several cities discharge their entire sewage and industrial effluents untreated into the near by rivers. Industries in and around the urban centers pollute the atmosphere with smoke and toxic gases.

(a) Rural to Urban

(b) Voluntary migration

People migrate for a number of reasons. The reasons and causes for migration would normally fall under these areas:

1. Environmental – Better climate, calamities and natural disasters are examples of environmental causes or reasons.

2. Economic – Moving to find work or moving to follow a particular career path is an example of economic cause or reason. 

3. Cultural – Religious freedom and education is an example of cultural cause or reason.

4. Political – Civil war or escaping from political persecution is an example of political cause.

5. Social – Moving for a better quality of life or moving closer to a family member or friend is an example of a social cause or reason.

Migration has been defined differently by different experts. In general migration is defined as the permanent or semi permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people over a significant distance. So, the term migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another.

The term migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another.

The unfavorable factors which make the people to move out from a location are called Push

(a) A is correct but R is incorrect

(b) Internal

(c) Involuntary

The favorable factors which attract people towards a location are called pull factors.

The favorable factors which attract people towards a location are called pull factors.

1. There are number of factors which are responsible for the migration of human population.

2. These factors can be grouped under the heads of favorable and unfavorable factors.

(a) Brain drain – Economic consequence

Migration can be classified in several ways.

They are:

1. Based on the movement associated with administrative limits.

(a) Internal Migration

(b) International Migration

2. Based on the willingness of the migrants for migration.

(a) Voluntary Migration

(b) Involuntary Migration

3. Based on the duration of stay of migrants in the place of destination.

(a) Short term Migration

(b) Long term Migration 

(c) Seasonal Migration 

1. Based on the movement associated with administrative limits.

(a) Internal Migration: 

1. The movement of people within a country is known as internal migration. 

2. Further internal migration is classified into four types. 

They are, 

• Rural to Urban migration 
• Urban to Urban migration 
• Rural to Rural migration and 
• Urban to Rural migration

(b) International Migration:

Migration that occurs across the national boundaries are known as international migration.

2. Based on the Willingness of the migrants for migration: 

(a) Voluntary migration:

1. If the migration takes place on perspus free will, initiative and desire to live in a better place.

(b) Involuntary migration:

1. If the migration takes place against the will of migrants is known as involuntary migration.

3. Based on the duration of stay of migrants in the place of destination:

(a) Short term migration:

1. The migrants stay outside only for a short duration before returning to the place of origin.

(b) Long term migration:

1. The migrants stay outside at least for a few years.

(c) Seasonal migration: 

1. Usually a group of people migrates from their native places during a particular season and return after end of that season.

2. Transhumance is an another example of seasonal migration.

1. Natural causes include volcanic eruption, mankind changed considerably.

2. At this stage, people continued to move from one region to another in search of fertile land for cultivation.

(c) Socio – Cultural Migration

1. True 

2. True 

3. False

4. True 

5. True

(d) (i), (iii) and (iv) are Correct

(b) Seasonal

(c) Both A and R are correct

(c) Industries

1. Availability of better job opportunity.

2. Fertile land

(d) Urbanization

Delhi Metropolitan City in India has the Second highest urbam population in the world.

1. e 

2. a 

3. d 

4. b 

5. c

1. Tokyo (Japan) 

2. Delhi (India) 

3. Shanghai (China) 

4. Mexico city (Mexico)

Slums are generally found in cities.

Mardari, sittolia, gilli-danda, chhupa- chhupi, pakra-pakri etc. are played in our village.

1. False 

2. True 

3. False 

4. False 

5. False 

6. True 

7. False 

8. False 

9. True 

10. False

I like to play gilli-danda.

(c) 19th Century

1. Short – term

2. Long – term

3. Ancient period

4. Urbanization

5. 7th Century

6. Modern 

7. Africa 

8. 30%

9. garbage

10. Smoke, toxic

In Modern time urban growth was accelerated by the development of towns and cities

Urbanization refers to the process in which there is an increase in the proportion of population living in towns and cities.

1. Three 

2. Poverty 

3. Delhi

4. Voluntary 

5. Towns and cities

The elderly persons in our home played during their childhood Mardari, sittolia, gillidanda, chhupa-chhupi, pakra-pakri etc.

(i) Human Security

(i) In the Post – Cold War period, the concept of National Security changed and became broader. National Security is not just the security of the country but also of the people living in it, because security is ultimately for the people.

(ii) Hence; human security refers to human-centric thinking. In human security, it is expected that human beings should be protected from all sorts of dangers and they should be given the opportunities of education, health and development.

(iii) The concept of human security also includes the idea that a conducive environment should be created for everybody to live a respectable life by overcoming illiteracy, poverty, superstition, backwardness, etc. Human security necessitates the protection of the rights of minorities and weaker sections

(ii) Home Guards

(i) This organisation was established in the preindependence period. Citizens can join the Home Guards and assist in the defence of the country.

(ii) Any citizen, man or woman, between the age of 20 and 35 years can join the Home Guards.

(iii) This force has the following tasks: Maintain public security, supply of milk, water and other essential services during riots or strikes, to regulate traffic, to help people at the time of natural disasters like floods, earthquakes, etc.

(b) Domestication of cattle

False. 

• There are several disputes between India and Pakistan. For example, the Kashmir issue, disputes over river water sharing, the problem of infiltrations, dispute over the border, etc.
• India has continually tried to solve these issues through discussion and negotiations

True. 

• The biggest challenge to human security is that of terrorism. 
• Terrorism targets common, innocent people. 
• It aims at creating terror or fear in their minds, so that they begin to feel insecure. 
• Thus, in order to protect human security, it is necessary to put an end to terrorism.

The Rapid Action Force performs the task of bringing people’s lives to normalcy by moving in quickly in incidents of the threat to National Security such as bomb blasts or riots.

(c) Chaupad, singh-bakri, char-bhar