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IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment and GNU stands for General Public License.

(d) 1 – (i) 2 – (ii) 3 – (iv) 4 – (iii)

Line printers can print 1000 lines per minute

(d) more than 1000

(a) 1 – 20 PPM

(a) Integrated Development Environment

(d) 30 to 1550 CPS

In programming language fields are referred as variables and the values are referred to as data.

Bit manipulation operators manipulate individual bits within a variable. Bitwise operators modify variables considering the bit patterns that represent the values they store.

In C++ shorthand operators mean writing certain type of assignment statements in a simplified manner.

For example, if x = 5 and x + = 10 means x = x +10 i.e., x = 5 + 10 = 15.

The creator of C++ is Bjarne Stroustrup.

Sizeof() – it returns the size of a variable.

. (dot) – member operator used to reference member of a structure.

The smallest individual unit in a program is Tokens

Character set is a set of valid characters that a language can recognize.

• Letters A – Z, a – z
• Digits 0 – 9
• Special Characters + – * / ˆ \ () [] {} = != <> ‘ “ $ , ; : % ! & ? _ # = @

The earlier name of C++ was ‘C with classes’.

(d) all the above

A token is a group of characters that logically belong together. C++ uses the following types of tokens. Keywords, Identifiers, Literals, Punctuators, and Operators.

A few tokens are keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, and operators.

C++ is a case sensitive programming language so, all the keywords must be in lowercase. Case sensitive means that the uppercase and lowercase letters are considered differently.

Object-oriented programming and portability are two characteristics of C++.

C++ program statements are constructed by many different small elelments such as commands, variables, constants and many more symbols called as operators and punctuators. Individual elements are collectively called as Lexical units or Lexical elements or Tokens.

C++ has the following tokens:

1. Keywords

2. Identifiers

3. Literals

4. Operators

5. Punctuators

(b) Source code

size of is called as compile time operators

Answer is (a) 4

(c) 14882 : 2017

Integer constants are whole numbers without any fractional part.

1. n = x + y / x;

= 5 + 4/5

= 5 + 0 (both x and y are int type. Therefore only integer part of quotient is considered)

= 5

2. z = m * x + y;

= 2.5 * 5 + 4 (m is float type, so x value is promoted to float [implicit conversion])

= 12.5 + 4 ‘

= 16 (2 is int type. So ‘.2’ , the fractional part is discarded)

3. z = (x++) * m + x;

= 5*2.5 + x

= 12.5 + 5

= 18 (z is int type, therefore the fractional part is removed, x is incremented after the addition)

1. 23.197 = 0.23197 x 10² = 0.23197E2

2. 00 7.214 = 0.7214 x 10¹ = 0.7214E1

3. 0.00005 = 0.5 x 10^-4 = 0.5E – 4

4. 0.319 = 3.19 x 10^-1 = 3.19E – 1

The symbols that perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, modulus, and division are called arithmetic operators.

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to performs specific operations and give a value as the result.

A character constant in C++ must contain one or more characters and must be enclosed in single quotation marks.

A sequence of characters enclosed within double quotes is called a string constant or literal.

Punctuators are symbols other than alphabets and numbers that are used in C++.

1. C++ is a highly portable language and is often the language of choice for multi – device, multi – platform app development.

2. C++ is an object – oriented programming language and includes classes, inheritance, polymorphism, data abstraction and encapsulation.

Four punctuator of C++are (),{}, ; , and :

Pass by value or Call by value is the method where a copy of the value of the actual argument are passed to the called function to do a specific operation to return the result.

Boolean literals are used to represent one of the Boolean values (True or false). Internally true has value 1 and false has value 0.

The following types of literals are available in C++.

• Integer-constants
• Character-constants
• Floating-constants
• Strings-constants

const is the keyword used to declare a constant, const keyword modifies / restricts the accessibility of a variable. So, it is known as Access modifier.

The identifier is a sequence of characters taken from the C++ character set.

The rules for the formation of an identifier are:

• It can consist of alphabets, digits and/or underscores. 
• It must not start with a digit
• C++ is case sensitive, that is upper and lower case letters are considered as different from each other.
• It should not be a reserved keyword.

The value of a constant argument cannot be modified or changed during the execution of the function.

The five arithmetical operations supported by the C++ language are:

+ addition – subtraction

* multiplication

/ division

% modulus Operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division literally correspond with their respective mathematical operators.

For example,

sum = 5 + 10;

difference = 10 – 5;

product = 2 * 5;

quotient = 10 / 2;

remainder = 11 % 3;

The arguments which are declared using a const keyword are called constant arguments.