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#include

// main()

int main()

{

cout<< “Hello World”; // prints Hello World

return 0;

}

The various parts of the above program:

• Headers, which contain information that is either necessary or useful to the program. For this program, the header is needed.
• The next line // main() is where the program execution begins. It is a single-line comment available in C++. Single-line comments begin with // and stop at the end of the line.
• The line int main() is the main function where program execution begins.
• The pair of {} indicates the body of the main function. 
• The next line cout<< “Hello World.”; causes the message “Hello World” to be displayed on the screen.
• The next line return 0; terminates main() function and causes it to return the value 0 to the calling process.

Printf() and scanf() are the two functions of stdio.h.

A called function is a function which is called from the calling function.

Atoi() and itoa() are the two functions for stdlib.h

The data elements are arranged in a sequential manner is called a linear data structure.

The modifiers change the meanings of the predefined built-in data types and expand them to a much larger set.

The data elements that are arranged non-sequentially is called non-linear data structure.

While defining a function, one can specify a default value for each of the arguments is called default arguments.

The default value will be used if the corresponding argument is left blank when calling the function.

The default arguments are useful in a function where some arguments always have the same value.

endl is a manipulator.

Code Reusability:

Writing the same sequence of code at two or more locations in the program can be avoided with the use of functions and universal use feature reduces rewriting of repetitive codes.

A manipulator is a C++ is used to control the formatting of output and/or input values.

internal documentation

Program maintenance is an important duty of programmers. It involves all steps from problem definition to program preparation. In certain organizations, programmers can do nothing but maintain the programs. 

At the initial stage of computerization, an organization’s programming effort mostly goes into the development of new applications. As the number of installed programs grows, the programming effort shifts from program development to program maintenance, in fact, in many organizations, more than half of the programming effort is on program maintenance. An estimate shows that the cost of program maintenance is twice larger than that of initial development.

All programs need not be short and simple. Complex programs can be better understood if additional information is provided. Documentation is a method of providing useful information about a program. It consists of written descriptions, specification, and development of the program.

There are two types of comments in a C+ + program; single line comment and multi-line comment. Single line comment begins with the double slash (/ /) and ends in the same line. We can write a program statement and a comment in the same line. Whatever written after the / / is ignored by the compiler.

Syntax error: The errors which are traced by the compiler during compilation, due to wrong grammar for the language used in the program, are called syntax errors.

For example, cin<<a; // instead of extraction operator insertion operator is used.

Runtime Error: The errors encountered during execution of the program, due to unexpected input or output are called run-time error.

For example – a=n/0; // division by zero

Logical Error: These errors are encountered when the program does not give the desired output, due to a wrong logic of the program. 

For example : remainder = a+b// instead of using % operator + operator is used.

The grammatical rules of a language are referred to as syntax of that language. If we do not strictly follow the syntax of programming language at the time of writing a program, syntax errors are bound to occur.

1. A program must have meaningful constant and variable names.

2. A program should include specification of the problem.

3. The initial lines of comment should contain the programmer’s name, date, the brief description of the problem, and the purpose of the program.

4. Other comments include the input by form and type, output by form and type, data structures used, main function and other functions used, and assumptions.

5. The purpose of every function and their inter-relationships must be described with comments.

6. Comments are to be inserted in the program wherever necessary for clarity. The purpose of such comments is not to tell how or why something is done, but what is being done.

GETS( ): In ‘C’ scanf( ) is not capable of receiving a multiword string, therefore, names such as “Rajeev Sharma” would be unacceptable. The function collects a string of characters terminated by a new line, the standard input.

PUTS(): The function puts() can display only one string at a time. Puts copies the nullterminated string to the standard output. Also on display a string, unlike printf(), puts() places the cursor on the next line.

Example:

void main()
{
char name [20];
printf (“enter your name");
gets (name);
puts (“Good Morning !”);
puts (name);
}

Output:

Enter your name, Rajeev Sharma

Good Morning

Rajeev Sharma.

Correct option is (b) conio.h

Correct option is (a) String data type

String Functions. String functions are those functions which  handle string data. ‘C’ language uses a large set of useful string handling library functions. Three string functions are:

1. STRCPY( ): This function copies the contents of one string into another. The base addresses of the source and target strings should be supplied to this function.
Example:

void main()
{
char src[ ] = “Rajeev”;
char tgt[20];
strcpy (tgt, src);
printf (“Source string = %s”, src);
printf (“Target string = %s”, tgt);
}
Output:
Source string = Rajeev
Target string = Rajeev

2. STRLWR(): This function converts upper case (A to Z) string to all lower case (a to z).
Example:

void main()
{
char STR[ ] = “RAJEEV”;
printf (“Upper case = %s”, STR);
strlwr(STR);
printf(“lower case = %s”, STR);
}
Output:
Upper case = RAJEEV
Lower case = rajeev

3. STRUPR( ): This function converts lower case (a to z) string to upper case (A to Z) string:
Example:

void main()
{
char str[ ] = “rajeev”;
prinft (“lower case = %S”, str);
strupr (str);
printf (“upper case = %S”, str);
}

Output:

Lower case = rajeev

Upper case = RAJEEV

Correct option is (b) if

Concatenation.

In ‘C’ language a string is terminated by null character or ‘10’.

i) b. suffering from an epidemic. 

ii) b. weary

iii) b. An expression of sorrow 

iv) a. done his duty. 

v) d. the people of the parish 

vi) c. God 

vii) a. graves covered over by green grass 

viii) c. evening

It shows Fr. Gilligan was very humble. He considers himself the least of things, an unimportant being. But God had pity on him and sent his angel to do his duties.

Simile – as merry as a bird.

He knew that God had done a miracle to send an angel to do the work Fr. Gilligan must have done.

They mean that God made the beautiful night of stars so that the tired and suffering people can find some rest and comfort.

God saved Fr Gilligan from damnation by sending an angel to give the sacraments to the dying man. If the man had died without getting forgiveness for his sins, Fr. Gilligan would have been damned for neglecting his priestly duties.

The sick man’s wife was surprised to see Father Gilligan because she thought he had come earlier and given the last sacraments to her dying husband. In fact it was an angel that came earlier and not Father Gilligan. She did not know that.

Father Gilligan was needed to give the sick man his sacrament of ‘anointing the sick’. He is referred to as poor because he is poor in soul. A person with sin is supposed be poor in soul as he will not get heaven if he dies in a state of sin.

His flock were either in bed or lying under green sod because an epidemic had hit the parish. People were sick and dying.

Flock is the collective noun meaning a collection of sheep. In Christianity, the parish priest is supposed to be the shepherd and the parishioners are the flock.

The young man was without friends and slowly he got into bad company. He started living a life beyond his means. He began to bet on horses and it ruined him.

I found liking him instinctively because there was much enthusiasm in his voice, manner and his personality

Closed Word Classes

• Determiner : the, one, every
• Pronoun : I, me, his
• Preposition : On, out, from, of, with, to
• Conjunction : while, that, and

Open Word Classes

• Noun : day, New York, promenade, deck, passengers, gaze, time, tedium, shipboard, contacts, sign, man
• Verb : making, became, was watching, following, passed, wanted, rest, avoid, gave, having, noticed
• Adjective : round, second, aware, casual, importunate, no Adverb: suddenly, closely

A sergeant of police was banging on the door. There was a case of attempted suicide and he had come to call Cronin as he is a doctor.

The man told him of the incident 25 years ago, when Cronin had helped him. Now Cronin remembered everything. The veils parted. Now he knew why the man was keen on talking to him.

The tedium of life in old age homes has been pointed out by many. The awkwardness old people face there is mainly out of the importunate curiosity of the visitors who come there. Many of the old people are maladjusted because of the long and solitary lives they have to lead there. Apparently there are no genuine cases of abandoned parents because of the financial conditions of the family.

Most of them are given up by their wealthy children. We have to go on enlightening our youths against the tendency to fly away from their parents. The paltry sum they send ¡s nothing if they really know the value of the disarming smiles that bloom on the faces of their parents when they are properly cared for in their old age.

Yes, I have come across a person with importunate behaviour. I felt very bad about it. This person sells lottery tickets. He goes on pestering me to buy tickets from him. I feel very bad as I have to repeatedly tell him I don’t need any lottery ticket.

He learned that the man and his wife had been active for the past 15 years in the field of youth welfare. He was a solicitor by profession but in addition to his practice in courts, he found time to act as the director of a charitable organization devoted to the care of boys and. girls who were punished by the courts.

They took derelict adolescents from the juvenile courts and placed them in a healthy environment. They healed them in mind and body and sent them back into the world. They were given training in some handi craft so that they could live as worthy citizens.

The narrator was not interested in the man who was watching him because he wanted to rest and avoid strangers who would bore him with unnecessary questions.

My dear Principal, teachers and students, Today I am going to talk on the topic “Self help is the best help.” We all heard about the story of John. John’s parents were dead. His uncle helped him to get the job of a clerk in a London lawyer’s office. He had no friends and he fell into bad company. He started enjoying pleasures beyond his means. He started betting on horses. Soon he lost all his savings. In an effort to get money he stole some money from his office safe to make a final bet. But again he lost. He now wanted to commit suicide. He went to the room and turned on the gas.

A doctor was called in to attend to him as he was found unconscious. There was also a policeman as well as the land lady of John. The doctor soon revived him. John told them his story. The doctor, the policeman and the landlady felt pity for him and they agreed to help him. The doctor gave him the money to replace what he took from the office safe. The policeman would not report against John. The landlady would give him a month’s free board.

John changed completely. He worked hard and he became a success in life. Now he and his wife are helping children with problems to settle in life. John learned to help himself and others. Self help is the best. If you are determined to succeed, no one can stop you. “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Thank you for listening.