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Process means a combination of many actions/steps to be performed in the given order to get things done. A manager performs five functions/ activities starting from planning to controlling in a given order. That is why management is a process.

Management as a Art The main features are : 

(a) Practical knowledge: Every art requires practical knowledge therefore learning of theory is not sufficient. It is very important to know practical application of theoretical principles. 

(b) Personal skill: Theoretical base may be same for every artist, but each one has his own style towards his job. That is why the quality of performance differs from one person to another.

(c) Personalised application: Every manager has his own way of managing things depending upon his knowledge, experience and personality. 

(d) Perfection through practice: Practice makes a man perfect. Every artist becomes more and more proficient through constant practice. Similarly a manager becomes perfect in application of management principles through practice.

(e) Goal oriented: Every art is result oriented as it seeks to achieve concrete results. In the same manner, management is also directed towards accomplishment of pre-determined goals. 

(f) Creativity: Every artist has an element of creativity. It means producing something that has never existed before. It is a combination of intelligence & imagination. Management is also creative in nature like any other art.

Management as a Science The main features are : 

Universally acceptance principles: Scientific principles represent basic truth about a particular field of enquiry. These principles may be applied in all situations, at all times & at all places. Management also contains some fundamental principles which can be applied universally like the Principle of Unity of Command i.e. one man, one boss. This principle is applicable to all type of organization – business or non-business.

Principles based on Experimentation: Scientific principles are developed through observation and experimentation. Similarly management principles are also developed through experiments & practical experiences of managerial personnel.

Cause and Effect Relationship: A scientific principle establishes cause and effect relationship between various variables. Similarly management also establishes cause and effect relationship in dealing with various situations in an organisation.

Conclusion: From the above discussion we can say that management is both science and an art.

Art is the skillful and personal applications of existing knowledge to achieve desired goal. Management is considered an art due to the following reasons 

(i) Existence of Theoretical Knowledge: All art subjects are based on theoretical knowledge e.g., written material is available on dancing, time arts, music etc same way there is lot of literature available on management and its branches – finance, marketing, human resource etc. 

(ii) Personalised Application: The use of this basic knowledge differs from one individual to the other. Two painters, two dancers or two singers all use their knowledge in their own way. Same way two managers who have acquired the same knowledge may use it in their own different ways to get the work done. 

(iii) Based on Practice and Creativity : All art is practical. It involves creative practice. The more we practice it better we become at it. It also requires creativity. Same way a manager applies his acquired knowledge in a unique manner. More practice makes him a better manager and he also develops his own style of management.

Management is an In-exact Science 

(i) Systematised Body of Knowledge: Science is a systematised body of knowledge. Its principles are based on cause and effect relationship, e.g., water evaporates on being heated. Same way management is a body stigmatised Knowledge. All managerial principles have cause and effect relationship. 

(ii) Principles Based on Experimentation: Scientific principles are first developed through observation and then tested through repeated experimentation. Same way management principles are also propounded after observation and repeated experimentation. 

(iii) Universal Validity : All scientific principles have universal validity. They give same result wherever applied. Principles of management do not have Universal validity. They have to be adjusted and applied according to the need of the situation. Thus, management is an in-exact science.

Yes, it is important for the management to achieve its objectives effectively and efficiently. Effectiveness and Efficiency are two sides of the same coin.

(i) Efficiency: It means performing the task correctly with the minimum cost. It involves a input-output relationship.

(ii) Effectiveness: It means finishing the task on time. It involves doing the required task, completing activities and achieving goals on time.

A management has to balance these two aspects. It has to achieve goals effectively on time with optimum utilisation of scarce resources.

It includes survival, profit and growth.

The organisational objective of management are:

(i) Survival

(ii) Profit

(iii) Growth.

Detailed Answer:

(i) Survival: Management must strive to ensure the survival of the organisation by earning adequate revenues to cover its costs, producing or selling standardised goods or services, keeping the motivation level of the employees high.

(ii) Profit: Management should make every effort to minimise the cost and maximise profits and production. Profit provides a vital incentive for the continuous successful operations of the enterprise.

(iii) Growth: To remain in the industry, the management of an organisation must optimally utilise its all scarce resources.

The following are the elements of directing:

i. Supervision: It refers to monitoring the progress of work of one’s subordinates and guiding them properly.

ii. Communication: It refers to an art of transferring facts, ideas, feelings, etc. from one person to another and making him understand them.

iii. Leadership: It refers to influencing others in such a manner to do what the leader wants them to do.

iv. Motivation: It refers to that process which excites people to work for the attainment of a desired objective.

Characteristics of Management:

(a) Management is a goal-oriented process: An organisation has a set of basic goals which are the reason for its existence. These should be simple and clearly stated. Different organisations have different goals. For example, the goal of a retail store may be to increase sales, but the goal of the Spastics Society of India is to impart education to children with special needs. Management unites the efforts of different individuals in the organisation towards achieving these goals.

(b) Management is all pervasive: The activities involved in managing an enterprise are common to all the organisations whether economic, social or political.

(c) Management is multidimensional: Management is a complex activity that has three main dimensions. These are:

(i) Management of work

(ii) Management of people

(iii) Management of operations

(d) Management is a continuous process: The process of management is a series of continuous, composite, but separate functions. These functions are simultaneously performed by all managers all the time. The task of a manager consists of an ongoing series of functions.

Coordination is never established by itself but it is a deliberate effort. Only cooperation is not suffice but coordination is also needed. For example, a teacher aspires to teach effectively (this is cooperation) but the time-table is not prepared in the school (this is lack of coordination). In this situation, classes cannot be arranged for. Here, the effort made by the teacher is meaningless, in the absence of coordination. On the other hand, in the absence of cooperation, coordination dissatisfies the employees. Thus, both are required at a given point of time.

Coordination acts as the binding force between departments and ensures that all actions are aimed at achieving the goals of the organisation.

The organisational objective of management are:

(i) Survival

(ii) Profit

(iii) Growth.

Detailed Answer:

(i) Survival: Management must strive to ensure the survival of the organisation by earning adequate revenues to cover its costs, producing or selling standardised goods or services, keeping the motivation level of the employees high.

(ii) Profit: Management should make every effort to minimise the cost and maximise profits and production. Profit provides a vital incentive for the continuous successful operations of the enterprise.

(iii) Growth: To remain in the industry, the management of an organisation must optimally utilise its all scarce resources.

a. Planning: Planning refers to thinking before hand. Under this it is decided—what is to be done, how it is to be done, when it is to be done and by whom it is to be done.

b. Organising: Organising refers to harmonious adjustment of various elements to achieve common objectives. It involves determining activities needed to achieve the objectives, grouping these activities into departments, assigning such group of activities to managers and defining the interrelationship among various posts so that ambiguity in performance of duties can be eliminated.

c. Staffing: Staffing refers to filling and keeping filled the posts with people. It ensures that competent persons are appointed. The chief activities undertaken in it are recruitment, selection, training, promotion, transfer, etc.

Features of management are ; 

1. Management is a goal oriented process: Every organization has some goals. Management is a goal oriented activity. Management unites all the activities of the organization and directs it towards the achievement of established goals more efficiently. 

2. Management is Multi Dimensional: Management is a complex activity and involves 

3 dimensions:

(a) Management of work 

(b) Management of People 

(c) Management of operations

3. Management is a continuous process: Management has a series of function which is performed regularly. Management is an ongoing function and doesn’t stop anywhere. 

4. Management is a group activity: Every organization consists of number of persons from different level with different need. Management helps these people to take initiative, communicate and coordinate with join hands for attaining organizational goal. 

5. Management is an intangible force: Management cannot be seen but its presence can be felt in the operation of the organization. Effects of management are noticeable in terms of attainment of targets and employee satisfaction etc.

The process by which the activities of different departments are integrated and orderly arrangement of group efforts directed towards the achievement of goal is called as coordination.

The different levels of management are ; 

a. Top Management: They consist of the senior-most executives of the organisation by whatever name they are called. They are usually referred to as the chairman, the chief executive officer, president and vice-president. Their basic task is to integrate diverse elements and coordinate the activities of different departments according to the overall objectives of the organisation. 

The top level managers are responsible for the welfare and survival of the organisation. They analyse the business environment and its implications for the survival of the firm and formulates overall organisational goals and strategies for their achievement. 

b. Middle Management: Middle Management is the link between top and lower level managers. They are subordinate to top managers and superior to the first line managers. They are usually known as division heads, operations manager or plant superintendent. Middle management is responsible for implementing and controlling plans and strategies developed by top management. Their main task is to carry out the plans formulated by the top managers. 

For this they need to:

• Interpret the policies framed by top management, 
• Ensure that their department has the necessary personnel, – 
• Assign necessary duties and responsibilities to them, 
• Motivate them to achieve desired objectives, and 
• Co-operate with other departments for smooth functioning of the organisation.

c. Supervisory or Operational Management: Foremen and supervisors comprise the lower level in the hierarchy of the organisation. Supervisors directly oversee the efforts of the workforce. Their authority and responsibility is limited according to the plans drawn by the top management. Supervisory management plays a very important role in the organisation since they interact with the actual work force and pass on instructions of the middle management to the workers.

Importance of management are : 

a. Management helps in achieving group goals: Management is required not for itself but for achieving the goals of the organisation. The task of a manager is to give a common direction to the individual effort in achieving the overall goal of the organisation.

b. Management increases efficiency: The aim of a manager is to reduce costs and increase productivity through better planning, organising, directing, staffing and controlling the activities of the organisation.

c. Management creates a dynamic organisation: All organisations have to function in an environment which is constantly changing. It is generally seen that individuals in an organisation resist change as it often means moving from a familiar, secure environment into a newer and more challenging one. Management helps people adapt to these changes so that the organisation is able to maintain its competitive edge.

d. Management helps in achieving personal objectives: A manager motivates and leads his team in such a manner that individual members are able to achieve personal goals while contributing to the overall organisational objective.

e. Management helps in the development of society: An organisation has multiple objectives to serve the purpose of the different groups that constitute it. In the process of fulfilling all these, management helps in the development of the organisation and through that it helps in the development of society. It helps to provide good quality products and services, creates employment opportunities etc.

Organizational objectives of the management are Profit, Growth and Survival.

The two importance of co-ordination are; 

a. Growth in size. 

b. Functional differentiation.

Foreman, Supervisors, Inspectors etc.

The important features of Management are profession are; 

a. Well-defined body of knowledge: All professions are based on a well-defined body of knowledge that can be acquired through instruction. 

b. Restricted entry: The entry to a profession is restricted through an examination or through acquiring an educational degree. For example, to become a chartered accountant in India, a candidate has to clear a specified examination conducted by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. 

c. Professional association: All professions are affiliated to a professional association which regulates entry, grants certificate of practice and formulates and enforces a code of conduct. To be able to practice in India, lawyers have to become members of the Bar Council which regulates and controls their activities.

d. ‘Ethical code of conduct: All professions are bound by a code of conduct which guides the behaviour of its members. All doctors, for example, take the oath of ethical practice at the time they enter the profession. 

e. Service motive: The basic motive of a profession is to serve their client’s interests by rendering dedicated and committed service. The task of a lawyer is to ensure that his client gets justice.

The two basic features of management as a profession are; 

a. Well-defined Body of Knowledge, 

b. Ethical code of conduct.

Survival, Profit and Growth are the organizational objective of management.

Art is the skillful and personal application of existing knowledge to achieve desired goal Management considered an art due to the following reasons

a. Existence of Theoretical Knowledge: All art subjects are based on theoretical knowledge e.g, written material is available on dancing, public speaking, music etc. In the same way, there is lot of literature available on management and its branches – finance, marketing, human resource etc. 

b. Personalised Application: The use of this basic knowledge differs from one individual to the other. Two painters, two dancers or two singers all use their knowledge in their own way. In the same way two managers who have acquired the same knowledge may use it in their different ways to get the same work done 

c. Based on Practice and Creativity: All art is practical. Art involves creative practice. The more we practice it, the better we become at it. It also requires creativity.

In the same way, a manager applies his acquired knowledge in a unique manner. More practice makes him a better manager and he also develops his own style of management.

Management is an Inexact Science:

a. Systematised Body of Knowledge: Science is a systematised body of knowledge. Its principles are based on cause and effect relationship. e.g. water evaporates on being heated In the same way, management has a systematised body of knowledge. All managerial principles have cause and effect relationship

b. Principles Based on Experimentation: Scientific principles are first developed through observation and then tested through repeated experimentation. Likewise, management principles are also propounded after observation and repeated experimentation.

c. Universal Validity: All scientific principles have universal validity. They give the same result wherever applied.

Principles of management do not have Universal validity. They have to be adjusted and applied according to the need of the situation. Thus, management is an in-exact science.

Conclusion : Management does not satisfies all the features of science. Hence it is not an exact science.

D. Both ‘A’ and ‘B’

Every organization is established to achieve certain objective. Objectives always differ from organization to organization. Management helps to achieve these organizational objectives more effectively and more efficiently.

Objectives can be classified in to 

1. Organizational objective 

2. Social Objective 

3. Personal or individual objective

Organizational objective: The main objective of the management is to fulfill the economic objective of the organization. This objective is concerned with maximum possible profit with the available resources. Survival, Profit & Growth is important keys of organizational objective of management.

Survival: The basic objective of every business is to survive for a long time in the market. Management ensures the survival of the organization by earning enough revenue to cover its costs.

Profit: Only survival is not enough for the business. Management ensures earning enough profit which is very essential for successful continuity of the Business.

Growth: For business to have a long term existence management need to strive for the overall,growth and development of the organization.

Social objective: Every organization is a part of the society whether it is business or non business unit. All organizations being a part of the society have some obligation towards the well being of the people, nature and society.

• Using environmental friendly methods of production. 
• Create employment opportunities for weaker section of the society. 
• Provide amenities for the well being of the society such as schools, Hospitals, Parks. 
• Provide financial support for the social service projects.

Correct option is B. Simile

Management is the art of getting things done through others-and with the help of others in order to achieve the specific organizational goal. Management is defined as the process of planning, organizing, actuating & controlling an organizational operation in order to achieve coordination of resources to attain the organizational objectives more effectively. 

Features of management are:

• Goal oriented 
• Continuous process 
• Group activity 
• Intangible force 
• Universal process 
• Multi disciplinary 
• Integrating Process

1. Management is a goal oriented process: Every organization has some goals. Management is a goal oriented activity’. Management unites ail the activities of the organization and directs it towards the achievement of established goals more efficiently. 

2. Management is Multi Dimensional: Management is a complex activity and involves 

3 dimensions 

(a) Management of work 

(b) Management of People 

(c) Management of operations

3. Management is a continuous process: Management has a series of function which is performed regularly. Management is an ongoing function and doesn’t stop anywhere.

4. Management is a group activity: Every organization consists of number of persons from different level with different need. Management helps these people to take initiative, communicate and coordinate with join hands for attaining organizational goal,

5. Management is an intangible force: Management cannot be seen but its presence can be felt in the operation of the organization. Effects of management are noticeable in terms of attainment of targets and employee satisfaction etc.

6. Management is a universal process: Management activities are not applicable to the business unit alone. It is universally applicable to all organizations; it may be economic, social, charitable, religious optical.

Correct option is C. Litotes

Organisational or Economic objectives: Every organisation is established to achieve certain objectives. Different organisations are having different objectives and management has to achieve those objectives effectively and efficiently.

a. Survival: The basic objectives of any business are survival. Management must make great efforts to ensure the survival of the organisation. In order to survive for a long time, an organisation must earn enough revenues.

b. Profit: Earning profit is the main object of every business. It is very essential to meet the expenses and for successful continuity of the business. Therefore management should ensure sufficient profit to cover risk of business.

c. Growth: Growth is another organisational objective. The management must ensure growth of business. It can be measured in terms of sales volume increase, the number of products or the increase in capital investment, etc.

Social objectives: Every organisation is a part of society, whether it is business or non- business, has certain social obligation towards society.

Social objective includes: 

• Using environmental friendly methods of production. 
• Generating employment opportunities to weaker sections of society. 
• Providing quality product at reasonable price. 
• Providing financial support to society for noble causes. 
• Providing basic amenities like schools to children of employees.

Personal or individual objectives: Personal or individual objectives means objectives of the employees of an organisation.

Personal objective includes: 

• Financial needs such as competitive salaries, incentives, other benefits. 
• Social needs such as recognition, job security etc in the organisation 
• Higher level needs such as personal growth and development.

(b) Principles of management are formed by the experiences of managers as it provides useful insights into reality.

In the poem, the poet uses a name Northland. In the area of Northland, the nights are longer and the days are shorter. As a result, there are very few hours in a day.

(c) Principles of management are not absolute as they are flexible behavioral and universal nature

In the Northland, an old lady lived in a cottage. She was baking cakes when St. Peter came knocking at her door. He had become weak with fasting and travelling. He was hungry and looking for food.

The lady in the poem has a winning smile and a glowing skin. According to the poet she is blessed with these things because in the last stanza the poet says that lovely cheek, the calm brow, the delicate colouring, the glowing skin all are a result of her life spent without sin. She has a peaceful mind and an innocent heart. These come together to make her face glow with an inner beauty.

A Thing of Beauty is a Joy Forever 

We all love beauty. We are instantly attracted toward anything beautiful. Even children are drawn toward something pretty. We admire its qualities like lovely colour or soft texture. We admire something beautiful created by someone, like a painting or sculpture. We exclaim on the realistic appearance and the artist’s skill. We appreciate beauty in nature. Gorgeous flowers, majestic mountains, the green of hills and the charming waterfalls. We enjoy the sweetness of fruits.

To create something beautiful requires patience, effort and care. When all these come together the result is beautiful. We appreciate it whether it is in nature or is man-made. Our ears keenly listen to birds calling in the morning, melodious music, the rush of waves and the splashing of rain. Thus all our senses are attracted and we feel good when we see, hear or taste something. It brings us happiness. 

Thus a thing of beauty is a joy forever.

I agree with the statement. Beauty is not about perfect features, clear skin, shining hair or smart clothes. Beauty is about the person’s heart. The helpful nature, a mind without guilt, a cheerful attitude, kind way of speaking will all be reflected in the person’s outward appearance.

The eyes are windows to a person’s soul, they say. If a person has wicked thoughts and bad intentions it shows in the eyes. The expression on the face will reflect the nasty mind. Harsh words will show their unkind nature. So beautiful features and perfect skin are not real indicators of beauty.

1. The lady’s beauty – a cloudless starry night 

2. Her hair – wavy and black 

3. Her eyes – a perfect blend of light and darkness 

4. Her smile – soft, calm and eloquent 

5. Her mind – at peace with all below a heart 

6. Her face – expresses thoughts serenely and sweetly

The different forms of finance offered by SIDBI are – direct finance, indirect finance and micro finance.

(i) True

(ii) False

(iii) False

Important features of SHGs are as follows: 

(i) Formation : It is generally formed by NGO’s or team of the government. It is an informal group. It is recognized by the government and does not require any formal registration. SHGs have well-defined rules and by-laws, hold regular meetings and maintain records.

(ii) Membership : As per the National Urban Livelihood Mission at least 5 members are required. It is difficult to manage bigger group and members cannot actively participate. From one family only one person can become a member so that more families can participate. Mixed groups are generally not preferred.

(iii) Entrepreneurship Development : The poor individuals in rural area face scarcity of capital and managerial skills. SHGs provide them capital at low interest rate which give them opportunity to start micro enterprise. These micro enterprises use untapped manpower in the area which generates employment opportunities in rural area.

(iv) Collateral Free L oan: SHGs provide small loans to the poor individuals for undertaking self-employment projects. Loans are given on the principle of mutual trust and either minimum or no documentation is required to get loan. The rate of interest differs from group to group and it is little higher than the interest charged by banks. It ensures timely repayment of loans as all members of the group are responsible for collecting repayment amount from the members who borrowed the loan.

(v) Democratic Setup : SHG is group of members, for the members and by the members. It is the group which reflects the people’s real participation in the process of development. Members elect or select leader for proper functioning of the group. Leader is responsible for holding regular meetings and maintaining records and accounts of the group.

(vi) Empowerment of Women : SHG is an emerging tool for socio-economic development of women all over the world. SHGs are working effectively in promoting women entrepreneurship. SHGs empower women by providing her knowledge, finance and opportunities.

(vii) Saving Habits : The SHG encourages small saving habits at regular interval among its members. The Self Help Group inculcates the thrift and savings habit among the members of each group.

(viii) Mutual Trust : Most of the Indian villages are facing challenges such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of skills, health care, etc. The basic philosophy of forming SHGs is to overcome individual shortcomings and weaknesses with collective efforts. Through mutual trust thousands of the poor and marginalized individuals are building their lives, their families and their society.

Democratic set up in SHGs:

1. SHG is group of the members, for the members and by the members. 

2. It is the group which reflects the people’s real participation in the process of development.

3. Every member of the group actively participates in the functioning of SHGs. 

4. Members are responsible for their own future by organizing themselves into SHGs. 

5. They elect or select leader for proper functioning of the group. 

6. Leader is responsible for holding regular meetings and maintaining records and accounts of the group.

All three could be reasons. 

The children are angry that the father is unable to earn more, provide better life for them. 

The father is old and the youngsters cannot relate to him. They are selfish and don’t care for the man who is doing his best. The children have no care, love or respect for the father. It might not be a close-knit family. So there is no concern for the hard-working breadwinner.

1. The empowerment of women through SHG’s would lead to benefits not only to the individual women but also for the family and community as a whole. 

2. The SHGs empower women and trains them to take active part in socioeconomic progress of the nation. 

3. SHG develops saving habits among the women. 

4. It enhances status of women as they participate, lead, take decisions and get benefited through collective efforts, 

5. Thus, we can say that SHG’s play an important role in empowerment of women.

The poet asks the reader again and again if he/she spent each day well or wasted it -‘sorely spent’. We all are busy with our own lives, acting for our own benefit. The poet inspires us to be mindful and must be of use to the world around us. The poet prompts us to speak kindly and unselfishly help, at least one fellow human everyday. The message is implied throughout the poem.

He asks if you have made one person happy, some stranger who had lost all hope, to find some hope again. So he will speak well of you. Is someone grateful to you at the end of (each) the day?

The father silently ponders on his past. There is no communication with his family members. He would have sat with family members together to recall happy memories and enjoy them again. Reliving the past would have been one way for the family to bond. But the father thinks of the past alone. Future plans could be also discussed with family members. A lot of discussions could have happened about money, savings, career, a wedding and so on.

Advice, suggestions are given, arguments and disagreements happen, and even anger sometimes. But the father has nothing like this happening in his presence. There is only a sullen silence. He remembers his past and thinks of possible grandchildren. No one shares his dreams. He spends the past, present and future alone and in silence.

There are two scenarios in the poem. The first part is about the father’s time spent time outside, and the second part describes his time in his home. The first line says he is travelling on the evening train. The Mumbai local trains are famously crowded. But among the crowds he does not speak to a fellow passenger. He stands silently through the commute till he gets down. He doesn’t take leave of any friend and no one waves to him. Among the crowds he is alone.

1. The World Bank work with governments, communities, civil societies, private sectors and the marginalized for the cause of social development. 

2. Social development promotes economic growth and leads to higher quality of life. 

3. The World Bank work on social development, brings voices of the poor and vulnerable into development process. 

4. World Bank is also undertaking timely social risk analysis, including poverty and social impact analysis, 

5. Thus, World Bank plays a vital role in social development.

The father reaches home. He has a lonely poor meal, served without care. The stale cold food also indicates the coldness in relationships in the family. The weak tea is a metaphor for the fragile family bond. There is no bonding. Home is only a shelter for him and he is only a provider for them. The father is lonely among his own family as well. So the father is alone in the crowd of strangers and also among his own family.

(a) ‘Home again, I see him drinking weak tea Eating a stale chapati’

(b) His sullen children have often refused to share Jokes and secrets with him.